Poverty Reduction in China: Experiences and Measurement of Effects

This study employs the generalized method of moments(GMM)and panel vector autoregression(PVAR)models for a multi-factor quantitative dissection of China’s poverty reduction process across multiple stages,using provincial panel data from 2000 to 2019.According to our research,economic growth and social development are the key drivers of poverty reduction in China,but the trickle-down effect of economic growth is diminishing and marketization is having a lesser pro-poor effect.Public expenditure has failed to provide social protection and income redistribution benefits due to issues such as targeting error and elite capture.Increasing the efficiency of the poverty reduction system calls for adaptive adjustments.Finally,this study highlights China’s poverty reduction experiences and analyzes current challenges,which serve as inspiration for consolidating poverty-reduction achievements,combating relative poverty,and attaining countryside vitalization.

Speed Measurement Feasibility by Eddy Current Effect in the High-Speed MFL Testing

It is known that eddy current effect has a great influence on magnetic flux leakage testing(MFL).Usually,contacttype encoder wheels are used to measure MFL testing speed to evaluate the effect and further compensate testing signals.This speed measurement method is complicated,and inevitable abrasion and occasional slippage will reduce the measurement accuracy.In order to solve this problem,based on eddy current effect due to the relative movement,a speed measurement method is proposed,which is contactless and simple.In the high-speed MFL testing,eddy current induced in the specimen will cause an obvious modification to the applied field.This modified field,which is measured by Hall sensor,can be utilized to reflect the moving speed.Firstly,the measurement principle is illustrated based on Faraday’s law.Then,dynamic finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the modified magnetic field distribution.Finally,laboratory experiments are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.The results show that Bmz(r1)and Bmx(r2)have a linear relation with moving speed,which could be used as an alternative measurement parameter.

Forward modelling of the Cotton-Mouton effect polarimetry on EAST tokamak

Measurement of plasma electron density by far-infrared laser polarimetry has become a routine and indispensable tool in magnetic confinement fusion research.This article presents the design of a Cotton-Mouton polarimeter interferometer,which provides a reliable density measurement without fringe jumps.Cotton-Mouton effect on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST)is studied by Stokes equation with three parameters(s_(1),s_(2),s_(3)).It demonstrates that under the condition of a small Cotton-Mouton effect,parameter s_(2)contains information about Cotton-Mouton effect which is proportional to the line-integrated density.For a typical EAST plasma,the magnitude of Cotton-Mouton effects is less than 2πfor laser wavelength of 432μm.Refractive effect due to density gradient is calculated to be negligible.Time modulation of Stokes parameters(s_(2),s_(3))provides heterodyne measurement.Due to the instabilities arising from laser oscillation and beam refraction in plasmas,it is necessary for the system to be insensitive to variations in the amplitude of the detection signal.Furthermore,it is shown that non-equal amplitude of X-mode and O-mode within a certain range only affects the DC offset of Stokes parameters(s_(2),s_(3))but does not greatly influence the phase measurements of Cotton-Mouton effects.

Finesse measurement for high-power optical enhancement cavity

Finesse is a critical parameter for describing the characteristics of an optical enhancement cavity(OEC). This paper first presents a review of finesse measurement techniques, including a comparative analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, and potential limitations of several main methods from both theoretical and practical perspectives. A variant of the existing method called the free spectral range(FSR) modulation method is proposed and compared with three other finesse measurement methods, i.e., the fast-switching cavity ring-down(CRD) method, the rapidly swept-frequency(SF) CRD method, and the ringing effect method. A high-power OEC platform with a high finesse of approximately 16000 is built and measured with the four methods. The performance of these methods is compared, and the results show that the FSR modulation method and the fast-switching CRD method are more suitable and accurate than the other two methods for high-finesse OEC measurements. The CRD method and the ringing effect method can be implemented in open loop using simple equipment and are easy to perform. Additionally, recommendations for selecting finesse measurement methods under different conditions are proposed, which benefit the development of OEC and its applications.

Non-Kramers doublet ground state in a quaternary cubic compound PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) investigated by ultrasonic measurements

We performed ultrasonic measurements on a quaternary cubic compound PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) to explore the ground state properties derived from non-Kramers Γ_(3) doublet of Pr^(3+).PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) is a quaternary derivative of the ternary compound PrRu_(2)Zn_(20) that exhibits a structural phase transition at T_S=138 K.In PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18),the Zn atoms at the 16c site in PrRu_(2)Zn_(20) are selectively replaced by In atoms.A monotonic increase was observed in the temperature dependence of elastic constants C_L=(C_(11)+2C_(12)+4C_(44))/3 and C_(T)=(C_(11)-C_(12)+C_(44))/3 in the temperature range around T_(S) to which an elastic softening was observed in(C_(11)-C_(12))/2 for PrRu_(2)Zn_(20).The disappearance of the softening indicates that the structural transition in PrRu_(2)Zn_(20) is suppressed by the substitution of Zn ions by In ones with a larger ionic radius.Alternatively,the C_(T) of PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) exhibits a precursor Curie-type elastic softening toward low temperatures being responsible for the non-Kramers Γ_(3) ground state.We discuss the ground state and the evolution of the elastic properties of the different single-crystal samples of PrRu_(2)In_(2)Zn_(18) grown under different conditions.

Two properties of sequence of vector measures on effect algebras

Let （L, ,0, 1） be an effect algebra and let X be a Banach space. A function ： L→ X is called a vector measure if μ（a b） =μ（a） ＋ μ（b） whenever a⊥b in L. The function μ is said to be 8-bounded if limn→∞μ（an） = 0 in X for any orthogonal sequence （an）n∈N in L. In this paper, we introduce two properties of sequence of s-bounded vector measures and give some results on these properties.

Effects of policies and containment measures on control of COVID- 19 epidemic in Chongqing

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an emerging,rapidly evolving disease that spreads through the respiratory system and is highly contagious.In March 2020,the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.In China,the pandemic was controlled after 2 mo through effective policies and containment measures.Describing the detailed policies and containment measures used to control the epidemic in Chongqing will provide a reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in other areas of the world.AIM To explore the effects of different policies and containment measures on the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing.METHODS Epidemiological data on COVID-19 in Chongqing were prospectively collected from January 21 to March 15,2020.The policies and prevention measures implemented by the government during the epidemic period were also collected.Trend analysis was performed to explore the impact of the main policy measures on the effectiveness of the control of COVID-19 in Chongqing.As of March 15,the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Chongqing was 1.84/100000(576 cases)and the infection fatality rate was 1.04%(6/576).The spread of COVID-19 was controlled by effective policies that involved establishing a group for directing the COVID-19 epidemic control effort;strengthening guidance and supervision;ensuring the supply of daily necessities and medical supplies and equipment to residents;setting up designated hospitals;implementing legal measures;and enhancing health education.Medical techniques were implemented to improve the recovery rate and control the epidemic.Policies such as“the lockdown of Wuhan”,“initiating a first-level response to major public health emergencies”,and“implementing the closed management of residential communities”significantly curbed the spread of COVID-19.Optimizing the diagnosis process,shortening the diagnosis time,and constructing teams of clinical experts facilitated the provision of“one team of medical experts for each patient”treatment for severe patients,which significantly improved the recovery rate and reduced the infection fatality rate.CONCLUSION The prevention policies and containment measures implemented by the government and medical institutions are highly effective in controlling the spread of the epidemic and increasing the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients.

Problems and Effective Measures of Enhancing Medical Record Coders’ Professional Qualities

Medical record coding plays an important role in hospital management and the improvement of medical record coding quality is quite important to hospital management.The professional qualities of medical record coders significantly affect the improvement of coding quality.At present,Medical record coders lack in professional knowledge,clinical knowledge and disease classification knowledge.In order to improve the quality of medical record coding,medical record coders should receive regular professional training,and hospital management departments should strengthen the monitoring of the quality of medical record coding.When encountering problems in the process of coding,medical record coders should take the initiative to consult and learn from clinicians.At the same time,medical record coders should cultivate a sense of responsibility,which can continuously improve their professional qualities and achieve the objective of improving the quality of medical record coding.

Ecological Effects Measures and Regulation of Tourism Island

With the sustainable development of tourism in China, the phenomenon of ecological islanding in tourist attractions gradually becomes prominent, affecting the sustainable development of landscape and ecological environment in scenic spots. Tourist attractions are influenced by spatial location, resource characteristics and ecology, environmental protection and other factors. The appeals of government, tourism enterprises, developers and community villagers in the aspect of landscape and ecology are different in the development process of tourism, leading to different degrees, frequencies and scopes of tourism ecological islanding with prominent conflicts. This is a typical problem in the development stage of tourist attractions in China. Taking six scenic spots in Puzhehei as examples, the values of tourism ecological islanding were measured scientifically, and a anti-planning regulatory mechanism against tourism ecological islanding was established in this paper to achieve the sustainable development of the tourist attractions and ecological environment.

Effects of cultivation measures on Hirschmanniella oryzae

Hirschmanniella oryzae is one of the most im-portant pathogenic nematodes of rice. Thereare few data on the Integrated Pest Manage-ment (IPM) of H. oryzae except for somestudies on the chemical control of this nema-tode. A study on the IPM of H. oryzae wascarried out in Guangzhou from 1991 to 1995.

Study on Effective Measures of Environmental Protection for Sustainable Development of Tourism Industry in the World Natural Heritage Wulingyuan

In the course of exploiting its tourist resources and developing tourism industry in the early days in Wulingyuan, the government did not pay enough attention and no forceful measures were taken to control the environment. As a result, a series of problems are produced. By analyzing the relationship between the tourism development in Wulingyuan scenic area and its environmental evolution, the paper exposes the basic reason why these environmental problems are produced, and according to the requirement of developing tourism, the paper puts forward some effective measures to reasonably control the distribution of the tourists flow and to protect tourist resources as well as the environment, so as to achieve the sustainable development of the area.

Reliability of Blood Pressure Measurements: An Analysis of the White Coat Effect and Its Fluctuations

In this paper, we evaluate the difference between the first and second measurements of blood pressure (BP) when BP is measured twice using the results of 17,775 medical checkups. The two measurements for both systolic BP (SBP) and the diastolic BP (DBP) fluctuated a large amount even though they were measured at a short interval. The first measurements were 6.7 and 2.4 mmHg higher than the second ones for SBP and DBP, suggesting a white coat effect. Then, the factors that might affect the differences between the two measurements were analyzed by the regression models. For both SBP and DBP, the difference increased as the first measurement increased. Age, gender, BMI and alcohol consumption were other important factors affecting the difference. In the case of a typical male individual, the typical criteria for hypertension of 140/90, 160/100 and 180/110 mmHg criteria in the first measurement would correspond to 135/86, 150/94 and 165/102 mmHg in the second measurement. The necessity of developing accurate and cost-efficient BP measurement methods is strongly suggested.

Strain Effect of Manganin Transverse Piezoresistive Gauge and Measurement of Dynamic Transverse Stresses

Manganin piezoresistive gauges have been extensively used in dynamic stress measurement for decades.It is noted,however,that when used to measure transverse stresses,considerable strain effect is caused as the consequence of change of electrical resistance resulted from bending of wires in the longitudinal-strain-experiencing sensing element of the gauge,a phenomenon discussed in this paper theoretically as well as experimentally.This effect yields unwanted signals to blend with output piezoresistive signals and is not negligible,hence decreases measurement accuracy sizably if not properly handled.To overcome this drawback,a new type of manganin transverse piezoresistive gauge has been developed by authors of this paper,which can reduce the resistance increment to acceptable low level so as to effectively bring the adverse effect under control.

Applying the AHP-FUZZY method to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: a case study of Chaidaer-Muli Railway

This article attempts to investigate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a case study, Chaidaer-Muli Railway is used to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is thus employed to establish the evaluation indicator system. The evaluation factor is selected by analyzing the mutual relation between the permafrost environment and roadbed engineering. Thus, a hierarchical structure model is established based on the selected evaluation indices. Each factor is weighted to determine the status in the evaluation system, and grading standards are built for providing a basis for the evaluation. Then, the fuzzy mathematical method is introduced to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions along the Chadaer-Muli Railway. Results show that most of the permafrost roadbed is in a preferable condition(b) along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway due to rubble engineering measures. This proportion reaches to 86.1%. The proportion in good(a), general(c) and poor states(d) are 0.0%, 7.5% and 6.4%, respectively, in all the evaluation sections along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway. Ground-temperature monitoring results are generally consistent with AHP-FUZZY evaluation results. This means that the AHP-FUZZY method can be applied to evaluate the effect of rubble roadbed engineering measures in permafrost regions. The effect evaluation of engineering measures will provide timely and effective feedback information for further engineering design. The series of engineering measures will more effectively protect permafrost stability.

Temperature Effects on the Electrical Performance of Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Current Shunt Measuring Technique

The temperature effects on the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell with back-contact technology have been studied in a desert area under ambient conditions using the current shunt measuring technique. Therefore, most of the problems encountered with traditional measuring techniques are avoided. The temperature dependency of the current shunt from 5oC up to 50oC has been investigated. Its temperature coefficient proves to be negligible which means that the temperature dependency of the solar cell is completely independent of the current shunt. The solar module installed in a tilted position at the optimum angle of the location, has been tested in two different seasons (winter and summer). The obtained solar cell short circuit current, open circuit voltage and output power are correlated with the measured incident radiation in both seasons and all results are discussed.

Border effect-based precise measurement of any frequency signal

Limited detection resolution leads to fuzzy areas during the measurement, and the discrimination of the border of a fuzzy area helps to use the resolution stability. In this way, measurement precision is greatly improved, hence this phenomenon is named the border effect. The resolution fuzzy area and its application should be studied to realize highresolution measurement. During the measurement of any frequency signal, the fuzzy areas of phase-coincidence detection are always discrete and irregular. In this paper the difficulty in capturing the border information of discrete fuzzy areas is overcome and extra-high resolution measurement is implemented. Measurement precision of any frequency-signal can easily reach better than 1 × 10^-11/s in a wide range of frequencies, showing the great importance of the border effect. An in-depth study of this issue has great significance for frequency standard comparison, signal processing, telecommunication,and fundamental subjects.

The Experimental Measurement of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of Carbon Ions with Different Qualities

The relative biological effectiveness （RBE） of carbon ions with linear energy transfer （LET） of 172 keV/μm and 13.7 keV/μm were determined in this study. The clonogenic survival and premature terminal differentiation were measured on normal human fibroblasts AG01522C and NHDF after exposure of the cells to 250 kV X-rays and carbon ions with different qualities. RBE was determined for these two biological end points. The results showed that the measured RBE10 with a survival fraction of 10% was 3.2 for LET 172 keV/μm, and 1.33 for LET 13.7 keV/μm carbon ions. RBE for a doubling of post-mitotic fibroblasts （PMF） in the population was 2.8 for LET 172 keV/μm, and 1 for LET 13.7 keV/μm carbon ions. For the carbon ion therapy, a high RBE value on the Bragg peak results in a high biological dose on the tumour. The tumour cells can be killed effectively. At the same time, the dose on healthy tissue would be reduced accordingly. This will lighten the late effect such as fibrosis on normal tissue.

Influence of characteristics' measurement sequence on total ionizing dose effect in PDSOI nMOSFET

The influence of characteristics’ measurement sequence on total ionizing dose effect in partially-depleted SOI nMOSFET is comprehensively studied. We find that measuring the front-gate curves has no influence on total ionizing dose effect.However, the back-gate curves’ measurement has a great influence on total ionizing dose effect due to high electric field in the buried oxide during measuring. In this paper, we analyze their mechanisms and we find that there are three kinds of electrons tunneling mechanisms at the bottom corner of the shallow trench isolation and in the buried oxide during the backgate curves’ measurement, which are: Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, trap-assisted tunneling, and charge-assisted tunneling.The tunneling electrons neutralize the radiation-induced positive trapped charges, which weakens the total ionizing dose effect. As the total ionizing dose level increases, the charge-assisted tunneling is enhanced by the radiation-induced positive trapped charges. Hence, the influence of the back-gate curves’ measurement is enhanced as the total ionizing dose level increases. Different irradiation biases are compared with each other. An appropriate measurement sequence and voltage bias are proposed to eliminate the influence of measurement.

A Measure for Assessing Functions of Time-Varying Effects in Survival Analysis

A standard approach for analyses of survival data is the Cox proportional hazards model. It assumes that covariate effects are constant over time, i.e. that the hazards are proportional. With longer follow-up times, though, the effect of a variable often gets weaker and the proportional hazards (PH) assumption is violated. In the last years, several approaches have been proposed to detect and model such time-varying effects. However, comparison and evaluation of the various approaches is difficult. A suitable measure is needed that quantifies the difference between time-varying effects and enables judgement about which method is best, i.e. which estimate is closest to the true effect. In this paper we adapt a measure proposed for the area between smoothed curves of exposure to time-varying effects. This measure is based on the weighted area between curves of time-varying effects relative to the area under a reference function that represents the true effect. We introduce several weighting schemes and demonstrate the application and performance of this new measure in a real-life data set and a simulation study.

Measuring Effectiveness of Health Program Intervention in the Field

Improving and sustaining successful public health interventions relies increasingly on the ability to identify the key components of an intervention that are effective, to identify for whom the intervention is effective, and to identify under what conditions the intervention is effective. Bayesian probability an “advanced” experimental design framework of methodology is used in the study to develop a systematic tool that can assist health care managers and field workers in measuring effectiveness of health program intervention and systematically assess the components of programs to be applied to design program improvements and to advocate for resources. The study focuses on essential management elements of the health system that must be in place to ensure the effectiveness of IMNCI intervention. Early experiences with IMNCI implemented led to greater awareness of the need to improve drug delivery, support for effective planning and management at all levels and address issues related to the organization of work at health facilities. The efficacy of IMNCI program from the experience of experts and specialists working in the state is 0.67 and probability of effective- ness of all management components in the study is 58%. Overall the standard assessment tool used predicts success of around 39% for the IMNCI intervention implemented in current situation in Rajasthan. Training management component carried the highest weight-age of 21% with 73% probability of being effective in the state. Human resource management has weight-age of 13% with 53% probability of being effective in current scenario. Monitoring and evaluation carried a weight-age of 11% with only 33% probability of being effective. Operational planning carried a weight-age of 9% with 100% probability of being effectively managed. Supply management carried a weight-age of 8% with zero probability of being effective in the current field scenario. In the study, each question that received low score identifies it as a likely obstacle to the success of the health program. The health program should improve all sub-components with low scores to increase the likelihood of meeting its objectives. Public health interventions tend to be complex, programmatic and context dependent. The evaluation of evidence must distinguish between the fidelity of the evaluation process in detecting the success or failure of the intervention, and relative success or failure of the intervention itself. We advocate management attributes incorporation into criteria for appraising evidence on public health interventions. This can strengthen the value of evidence and their potential contributions to the process of public health management and social development.