Research on the Threshold Effect of China’s Pharmaceutical Export Trade on Internal and External R&D Investment

Objective To study the threshold effect of export trade on internal and external R&D investment in China’s pharmaceutical industry,and to provide reference for some pharmaceutical enterprises to improve the investment.Methods The panel data of pharmaceutical industry in 25 provinces and cities in China from 2009 to 2019 were selected to conduct empirical analysis by establishing a threshold regression model,and a better export trade interval was obtained.Results and Conclusion There is a threshold value for the effect of new product export on both internal and external R&D expenditures,and the threshold values are 845.2788 million yuan and 318.4198 million yuan,respectively.There is a single threshold effect of export trade on both internal and external R&D investment in China’s pharmaceutical industry,and the effect of export trade on internal and external R&D investment changes from negative to positive as the export trade develops from low to high.

Study on Communication Effect of Food Safety Risk in Social Media:the Influence of Response Effort Level on Consumption Willingness Change

By constructing influence model for communication effect of food safety risk in social media environment,the influences of different response manners taken by relevant enterprises on consumers' cognition and purchasing intention are analyzed,and influence mechanisms of response effort level,interaction and content reliability on consumers' attitudes are revealed. Based on quasi-experimental study with three kinds of response effort levels,it is found that content reliability,interaction and effort degree of enterprise response under negative information of food safety event have significant impacts on communication effect and consumers' purchasing intention.

Optimal decision-making considering inter-supply-chain competition and negative-spillover from environmental effort

Focusing on negative-spillover from environmental effort,this paper explores the issues of competition and optimal decision-making based on two competing two-stage manufacturer-dominated supply chains:centralized and decentralized.We develop the Stackelberg competition models according to four identified competition scenarios(pure centralized structure-CC,mixed structure-DC,mixed structure-CD,and pure decentralized structure-DD).By comparing the results of the four scenarios,we find that negative-spillover from environmental effort negatively impacts environmental-effort providers and reduces the optimal profit of the manufacturer who provide the environmental effort,which in turn reduces the profit of the entire supply chain.The inter-supply-chain competition also produces a negative incentive for environmental-effort providers but provides a free riding effect on the non-provider,and this effect increases as competition increases.In terms of network externality,the structural change of a supply chain from centralized to decentralized is altruistic,which generates a double-marginalization(i.e.,the network externality enhances competitor performance).Furthermore,the leader supply chain with a centralized structure is more willing to provide greater environmental effort,whereas when the leader supply chain structure remains unchanged,its environmental effort depends on the negative-spillover effect and the follower supply chain structure.Therefore,excessive supply chain competition should be avoided,and the negative-spillover effect of environmental effort should be reduced to motivate environmental-effort providers to increase their environmental efforts and promote the development of sustainable green supply chains.Future research should examine retailer-dominated supply chain competition and compare the results with the conclusions of this study.

学习型联盟中R&D方式与最优投资水平分析——吸收能力的观点

研发方式和R＆D投资水平是学习型联盟决策的主要内容,而传统的组织学习理论忽视了联盟成员的吸收能力在学习型联盟决策中的重要作用。本文首先根据学习型联盟成员吸收能力的特点和影响因素,给出了吸收能力的一般表示方法。并通过三阶段的博弈模型分析了吸收能力对联盟成员的研发投入、研发方式决策等方面的影响。

Dynamic Promotional Resource Allocation for Segment Specific and Spectrum Effect of Promotion for a Product Line Incorporating Repeat Purchase Behavior

Promotion is an essential element in the marketing mix. It is used by businesses to inform, influence and persuade customers to adopt the products and services they offer. Without promotion, business would be stagnant and lack substantial growth because the brands would have low visibility in the market. Moreover, today’s vast and assorted markets comprise of customers with different needs and varied behavior. So it is rarely possible for companies to satisfy all customers by treating them alike. Thus there arises a need to divide the market into segments having customers with similar traits/characteristics. After identifying appropriate market segments, firms can design differentiated promotional campaigns for each segment. At the same time there can be a mass market promotional campaign that reaches different segments with a fixed spectrum. Also since promotional effort resources are limited, one must use them judiciously. In this paper, we formulate mathematical programming problem under repeat purchase scenario, which optimally allocates mass promotional effort resources and differentiated promotional effort resources across the segments dynamically in order to maximize the overall sales obtained from multiple products of a product line under budgetary and minimum sales aspiration level constraint on each product under consideration in each segment. The planning horizon is divided into multi periods, the adoption pattern of each product in each segment is observed in every subinterval and accordingly promotional effort allocations are determined for the next period till we reach the end of planning period. The optimization model has been further extended to incorporate minimum aspiration level constraints on total sales for each product under consideration from all the segments taken together. The non linear programming problem so formulated is solved using differential evolution approach. A numerical example has been discussed to illustrate applicability of the model.

Relevance-driven Pragmatic Inferences

Relevance theory, an inferential approach to pragmatics, claims that the hearer is expected to pick out the input of optimal relevance from a mass of alternative inputs produced by the speaker in order to interpret the speaker's intentions. The degree of the relevance of an input can be assessed in terms of cognitive effects and the processing effort. The input of optimal relevance is the one yielding the greatest positive cognitive effect and requiring the least processing effort. This paper attempts to assess the degrees of the relevance of a mass of alternative inputs produced by an imaginary speaker from the perspective of her corresponding hearer in terms of cognitive effects and the processing effort with a view to justifying the feasibility of the principle of relevance in pragmatic inferences.

On Annotation in Subtitle Translation Under Relevance Translation Theory——A Case Study of The Big Bang Theory Season One to Four

Annotations in the subtitle translation of The Big Bang Theory season one to four can be categorized into cultural and linguistic phenomena.Guided by relevance translation theory,translation should achieve the biggest contextual effects with the least processing efforts by audience.It is argued that annotations intensify contextual effects by providing information and characterization.Nevertheless,it is uncertain whether these annotations reduce the audience’s efforts to comprehend.

Treatment of Cultural Default in Literary Translation from the Relevance-Theoretic Perspective

The present paper intends to argue that treatment of cultural default in literary translation can be accounted for within the relevance theory. An account of relevance theory is presented. Detailed analysis of some representative examples of translation within the relevance-theoretic framework is made. The notions in Relevance Theory can effectively account for the operation of different translation methods and techniques when tackling the cultural default. The purpose of using various translation skills is to obtain the optimal relevance between cognitive context in target readers' minds and communication intention of the original author.

基于DEA方法的学生有效努力程度的评价研究

学生是否努力以及努力程度的大小无法由具体的数据直接评价,但一段时间内学生成绩的变化可以在一定程度上反映其是否努力以及努力程度的大小。本文采用DEA(数据包络分析)方法中评价生产技术相对有效性的BC2模型,对学生的有效努力程度进行了测算,并验证了用单投入单产出模型评价学生个体有效努力程度的合理性。

科技服务业集群城市创新绩效多元提升路径研究——基于fsQCA方法

科技服务业集群城市是创新网络中促进创新流动的关键节点和重要组成部分。在实践中,嵌入相同网络的城市会产生差异化的创新绩效。创新网络如何影响这些差异,以及创新网络嵌入和内生创新努力如何相互作用影响城市创新绩效,需要进一步分析。基于组态视角,以中国23个科技服务业集群城市为案例,运用fsQCA方法,从外因和内因两个维度,探讨多层次创新网络嵌入、内生创新努力的协同效应及其影响城市创新绩效的多重并发因果关系与多元路径。结果表明:(1)多层次创新网络嵌入、内生创新努力与创新绩效之间存在多重并发因果关系,单个条件不足以激发高创新绩效,需要多条件联动发挥组合效应;(2)高创新绩效的组态有4个,可归纳为关系—人员驱动型和结构—经费驱动型两条提升路径,有12个案例,多为北京、上海、广州等一线城市;(3)非高创新绩效的组态有两个,归纳为关系—经费抑制型和关系—结构抑制型2种构型,具有强隶属度的案例多为东北和中西部的城市。研究结论克服已有单层面因果关系研究的缺陷,从“因果不对称”的角度,找到了影响集群城市高创新绩效的等效驱动路径,并讨论了高创新绩效抑制路径,拓宽了QCA方法的应用范围。

收入不平等对居民幸福感的影响研究

本文基于2012-2021年共6期的中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,利用事前非参数法分解得到努力不平等和机会不平等,从结构分解的研究视角揭示了收入不平等对居民幸福感的内在机理。研究发现,努力不平等对居民幸福感存在正向作用,机会不平等产生负向影响,这一研究结论经相关稳健性检验后仍稳健可靠。本研究利用分组回归和双边随机前沿模型探析了这一影响效应在不同收入水平、不同区域以及不同年份的异质性特点。进一步地,本文构建起中介效应检验模型,机制检验结果表明在机会不平等影响居民幸福感的作用路径中,社会公平感发挥着不容忽视的部分中介效应。本文研究结论为提高我国居民幸福感水平、寻求“伊斯特林悖论”的破解之道提供了政策启示与建议。

Relevance Theory in Translation

In perspective of relevance theory,translation is regarded as communication. According to relevance theory,communication not only requires encoding,transfer and decoding processes,but also involves inference in addition. As communication,translation decision-making is also based on the human beings’ inferential mental faculty. Concentrating on relevance theory,this paper tries to analyze and explain some translation phenomena in two English versions of Cai Gen Tan——My Crude Philosophy of Life.

日常情绪体验对自我控制的影响——意识努力的调节作用

沉迷于电子产品所诱发的积极情绪体验严重影响青少年的学习与生活,引起社会各界高度重视。本文通过两项研究考察日常情绪体验与意识努力程度对自我控制的影响,并探讨其背后的内在机制。研究1采用问卷调查300名大学生发现,大学生日常情绪体验差异显著,且以积极情绪体验为主,同时低意识努力的情绪刺激源显著多于高意识努力的情绪刺激源;研究2在研究1基础上,进一步通过“意识努力”介入的方式对136名被试进行干预,结果表明大学生日常情绪体验对自我控制无显著预测效应,意识努力显著正向预测其自我控制,且高水平的意识努力在日常情绪体验与自我控制之间的关系中发挥正向调节作用。

在线问答社区环境下提升用户作答努力的提问及问答匹配策略研究

基于社会影响理论和解释水平理论,将提升在线问答社区用户的作答努力程度看成一个说服问题,分析内化与认同两种不同机制的说服效应对作答努力程度的影响,并探讨回答者感知问题的社会距离发挥的调节作用。通过知乎社区2021年10月发布问题所获得的4165条回答数据,采用计量模型进行实证检验。研究表明:问题的情感极性、提问明确性及提问者声誉增强了作答的努力程度,问题的论证结构性与作答努力程度之间存在倒U形关系;社会距离越近,提问明确性和提问者声誉对作答努力程度的正向影响越大,问题论证结构性与作答努力程度之间的倒U形关系越显著。

数字经济、财政分权度与税收努力

基于2013—2019年省级面板数据,分别利用面板随机前沿估计法和面板熵值法测度了各省税收努力水平和数字经济发展指数,进而实证检验了数字经济发展对税收努力水平的影响。研究发现:数字经济发展显著地抑制了税收努力水平,且在“大数据综合试验区”省份和“流量竞争”阶段这种抑制效应更强;作用机制分析显示,财政收支分权程度的加深是数字经济发展抑制税收努力水平的重要机制;门槛效应分析发现,数字经济对税收努力的抑制效应呈现“边际效应”非线性递减特征。研究结论进一步拓展了税收努力水平的影响因素,推动了数字经济发展影响税收努力水平的效应、机制和特征的理解,同时为“数字中国”战略实施及税收努力调整提供了经验借鉴和决策参考。

转移支付与地方政府税收努力——基于断点回归设计的再考察

理论上,转移支付的增加会通过收入替代效应等渠道影响地方政府的税收努力程度,进而削弱转移支付的均等化功能。不过,由于无法准确界定地方政府税收努力的作用边界,以及无法有效处理两者关系之间的内生性问题,相关研究结论长期面临较大的争议。基于我国县级层面的财政税收和宏观经济数据,并结合企业层面微观数据,采用模糊断点回归设计(Fuzzy RD)的思路重新考察了转移支付对地方政府税收努力的影响。研究发现,无论是一般性转移支付还是专项转移支付,其规模的增加都显著降低了地方政府的税收努力。进一步地,对应宏观层面税收努力的下降,转移支付的增加降低了辖区内企业所得税的实际税率,但主要影响地方政府具备征税权的企业范围。

基于变分法的产品众筹动态机制设计优化

目前,对众筹成功影响因素的研究较为丰富,但对影响因素之间的关系以及在此基础上的动态机制设计的研究还略显不足。本文应用微分方程,考虑歧视性定价、网络效应和发起人努力水平,通过构建连续变量的数学模型,借助变分法求解,探究大众出资人到达的最优动态路径,并在此基础上研究发起人如何设计众筹动态机制。研究发现:众筹项目融资期限的设定,不仅存在上限,而且与产品定价、生产成本均有关联;随着大众出资人承诺出资数量的增加,众筹产品的生产存在规模化经济;项目发起人的最优努力水平受众筹平台知名度、网络效应和项目歧视性定价的影响。论文研究为众筹项目的动态机制设计提供了理论指导。

基于倾向匹配方法的加油站营销效果分析与实证

对于加油站营销管理的研究文献存在深度和适用性方面的不足。本文选用倾向得分匹配方法,以实现对促销效果的精确测量。在调研1402座加油站的基础上,将采用促销策略的站点组别(处理组)与没有采用促销策略的站点组别(控制组)进行配对,采用近邻匹配、半径匹配、核匹配三种匹配方法进行综合评估,利用倾向匹配方法建立实证模型,评估整体促销、单独使用卡折扣、电子券、价格直降和其他促销的效果,分析促销力度的影响,并对促销策略有效性进行异质性分析。成品油零售市场的价格弹性较高,促销力度和促销方式都会对加油站销量产生明显的作用。通过量化模型回答了实际业务中“选择哪种促销方案、促销力度多大”的问题,对促销方案的效果预估、可行性等进行探索,为公司和加油站进一步营销提供量化参考。该模型可对加油站进行分类分组评估,也可发展成为软件或者系统产品进行工程应用。

双渠道供应链的定价与服务努力决策研究——基于展厅效应视角

针对一个由制造商和零售商构成的双渠道供应链,考虑无服务努力、事前服务努力和事后服务努力三种策略下,展厅效应对供应链成员定价决策和服务努力决策的影响。结果表明:展厅效应视角下,制造商和零售商在事后服务努力策略中实现利润最大化;制造商在事前/事后服务努力策略中为零售商提供最高/最低的批发价格。此外,在不存在展厅效应前提下进一步探讨上述三种策略,结果表明,展厅效应强度越大,制造商和零售商在事后服务努力策略中所获收益越高。

考虑服务单双向搭便车的定价策略及品牌商激励补偿机制

考虑到消费者服务搭便车行为以及零售商努力程度不易观察的特点,构建不同环境下零售商努力信息可见(不可见)的激励模型,探索不同信息结构对品牌商服务激励契约设计的影响。研究发现:在努力不可见情形下,品牌商可以通过奖惩结合的方式激励零售商,而且零售商获得的补偿奖励与服务升级的潜力呈现非单调性质;当双向搭便车因子满足一定条件时,品牌商在努力信息不可见条件下反而会获得更大的利润,同时双向搭便车情形下,由于存在成本便车效应使得品牌商降低对零售商的信息租金给付;此外只有当渠道交互耦合效应较强以及非对称信息效应较弱时,品牌商才应该促进双向搭便车市场环境的形成。