Factors influencing pore-pressure prediction in complex carbonates based on effective medium theory

A calculation model based on effective medium theory has been developed for predicting elastic properties of dry carbonates with complex pore structures by integrating the Kuster-Toksǒz model with a differential method.All types of pores are simultaneously introduced to the composite during the differential iteration process according to the ratio of their volume fractions.Based on this model,the effects of pore structures on predicted pore-pressure in carbonates were analyzed.Calculation results indicate that cracks with low pore aspect ratios lead to pore-pressure overestimation which results in lost circulation and reservoir damage.However,moldic pores and vugs with high pore aspect ratios lead to pore-pressure underestimation which results in well kick and even blowout.The pore-pressure deviation due to cracks and moldic pores increases with an increase in porosity.For carbonates with complex pore structures,adopting conventional pore-pressure prediction methods and casing program designs will expose the well drilling engineering to high uncertainties.Velocity prediction models considering the influence of pore structure need to be built to improve the reliability and accuracy of pore-pressure prediction in carbonates.

Optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for polarizing beam splitter based on effective medium theory

A novel optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for the polarizing beam splitter （PBS） is proposed. The method is based on effective medium theory and the method of designing single layer antireflection coating. The polarization performance of PBS is discussed by rigorous couple-wave analysis （RCWA） method at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The result shows that sub-wavelength metal rectangular grating is characterized by a high reflectivity, like metal films for TE polarization, and high transmissivity, like dielectric films for TM polarization. The optimal design accords well with the results simulated by RCWA method.

New assembly route for three-dimensional metamaterials obtained through effective medium theory

In this study, we illustrate the effective medium theories in the designs of three-dimensional composite metama- terials of both negative permittivity and negative permeability. The proposed metamaterial consists of random coated spheres with sizes smaller compared to the wavelength embedded in a dielectric host. Simple design rules and formulas following the effective medium models are numerically and analytically presented. We demonstrate that the revised Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory enables us to design three-dimensional composite metamaterials through the assembly of coated spheres which are random and much smaller than the wavelength of the light. The proposed ap- proach allows for the precise control of the permittivity and the permeability and guides a facile, flexible, and versatile way for the fabrication of composite metamaterials.

A novel binary effective medium model to describe the prepeak stressstrain relationship of combined bodies of rock-like material and rock

Combined bodies of rock-like material and rock are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering,such as tunnels and mines.The existing theoretical models describing the stress-strain relationship of a combined body lack a binary feature.Based on effective medium theory,this paper presents the governing equation of the“elastic modulus”for combined and single bodies under triaxial compressive tests.A binary effective medium model is then established.Based on the compressive experiment of concretegranite combined bodies,the feasibility of determining the stress threshold based on crack axial strain is discussed,and the model is verified.The model is further extended to coal-rock combined bodies of more diverse types,and the variation laws of the compressive mechanical parameters are then discussed.The results show that the fitting accuracy of the model with the experimental curves of the concretegranite combined bodies and various types of coal-rock combined bodies are over 95%.The crack axial strain method can replace the crack volumetric strain method,which clarifies the physical meanings of the model parameters.The variation laws of matrix parameters and crack parameters are discussed in depth and are expected to be more widely used in geotechnical engineering.

多孔中药固体片剂孔隙率的太赫兹有效介质模型研究

目前对中药片剂的孔隙测量,一般采用的是具有破坏性的密度测量方法,缺乏无损量化方法。太赫兹辐射能用于无损的提取药物若干光学信息。针对直压型中药片剂,通过太赫兹时域和频域信号处理等不同方法分别计算各种片剂的有效折射率,发现两种方法得到的有效折射率和片剂的孔隙率均呈良好的线性关系。根据有效折射率特性,利用四种有效介质模型提取了中药片剂的孔隙率并进行量化回归,通过交叉验证与相对分析误差(RPD)发现通过时域信号处理的有效折射率得到的孔隙率回归模型解释性与验证准确性更高,其中最佳模型是Bruggeman模型(RPD=11.3325)。为中药多孔粉体制剂工艺优化提供支持。

High color saturation and angle-insensitive ultrathin color filter based on effective medium theory

An ultrathin angle-insensitive color filter enabling high color saturation and a wide color gamut is proposed by relying on magnesium hydride-hydrogenated amorphous silicon[MgH2-a-Si:H]lossy dielectric layer.Based on effective medium theory,the MgH2-a-Si:H layer with an ultrathin thickness can be equivalent to a quasi-homogeneous dielectric layer wit an effective complex refractive index,which can be tuned by altering the thickness of MgH2to obtain the targeted value o the imaginary part,corresponding to the realization of high color saturation.It is verified that the proposed color filte offers highly enhanced color saturation in conjunction with a wide color gamut by introducing a few-nanometer thic MgH2layer.As the MgH2-a-Si:H layer retains the advantages of high refractive index and tiny thickness,the proposed colo filter exhibits large angular tolerance up to±60°.In addition,MgH2with an unstable property can interconvert with Mg unde a dehydrogenation/hydrogenation reaction,which empowers the proposed color filter with dynamically tunable outpu color.The proposed scheme shows great promise in color printing and ultracompact display devices with high color sat uration,wide gamut,large angular tolerance,and dynamic tunability.

Effective medium theory of checkboard structures in the long-wavelength limit

Effective medium theory is a powerful tool to solve various problems for achieving multifarious functionalities and applications. In this article, we present a concise empirical formula about effective permittivity of checkboard structures for different directions. To verify our empirical formula, we perform simulations of checkboard periodic structures in squares, rectangles, and sectors in two dimensions. Our results show that the formula is valid in a large range of parameters. This work provides a new way to understand and design composite materials, which might lead to further optical applications in transformation optics.

纳米金属粒子梯度掺杂的硅基近红外吸收增强结构

硅基光电子与CMOS工艺兼容,借助成熟的微电子加工工艺平台可以实现大规模批量生产,具有低成本、高集成度、高可靠性的优势。其中,硅基半导体探测器是目前应用最为广泛的可见光波段探测设备,将其工作频段拓展到近红外波段具有重要意义。由于硅的禁带宽度,硅基材料在近红外波段电磁波吸收存在明显限制,硅基探测器在近红外波段的应用受到挑战。根据纳米金属粒子发生局域表面等离子共振时产生的近场增强效应,提出了一种纳米金属粒子梯度掺杂的硅基结构。通过应用等效介质理论,模拟了复合硅基结构在可见光与近红外波段的吸收特性。结果表明:该结构在近红外波段具有电磁波吸收提升效果,并且当选择纳米金粒子梯度递增掺杂时,可以在610~1 450 nm波段提升吸收性能,最高提升可达到10.7 dB。所提出的结构可以有效增强硅基材料在近红外波段的吸收效率,研究结果为硅基半导体探测器在近红外波段的应用提供了重要参考。

聚合物基导电复合材料几种导电理论的评述

近年来,有关聚合物基导电复合材料的研究已受到普遍的重视,但对导电复合材料导电机理研究的不足制约了其应用和发展。导电复合材料的导电机理相当复杂,通常可分为导电通路如何形成和材料形成导电通路后如何导电这两个方面来研究。人们提出了许多导电机理模型,详细介绍了渗滤理论、有效介质理论、量子力学隧道效应理论等几种具有代表性的导电理论,对其适用范围、优缺点等进行了评述。通过对这些导电机理的探讨,有助于加深对复合型导电塑料以及其它导电复合材料导电行为的了解。

岩石裂纹闭合效应及其定量模型研究

岩石的裂纹闭合效应对于岩石的变形以及强度性质具有重要影响。主要研究了岩石内部微裂纹的闭合压密效应及其定量评价方法。首先,基于有效介质理论将岩石的轴向应变分为基质轴向应变和裂纹轴向应变两部分;然后通过3组岩石压缩试验资料,建立裂纹轴向应变随轴向应力变化的负指数模型。分析发现,负指数模型可以较好地描述岩石裂纹闭合压密阶段的非线性。裂纹闭合应变可以在一定程度上反映岩石内部的微裂纹数量(密度),能够描述微裂纹密度在单轴、三轴压缩条件下的变化规律。

导电胶粘剂的导电机理研究进展

综述了导电胶的导电机理。导电胶作为无铅焊焊料的替代品,相关研究已受到普遍的重视,但对导电胶导电机理研究的不足在一定程度上制约了其应用与发展。导电胶的导电机理相当复杂,通常可以分为导电通路如何形成与材料形成导电通路后如何导电这两个方面的内容来研究。对此,人们提出了许多阐述导电胶导电机理的理论和模型。本文详细介绍了渗流理论、界面热力学理论、有效介质理论、量子力学隧道效应理论等几种具有代表性的导电理论,对其适应范围、优缺点等进行了评述。

利用有效媒质理论对纳米金属薄膜介电函数的初步分析

利用有效媒质理论描述了纳米金属薄膜形成过程中介电函数的变化规律．与实验获得的纳米 Ａｌ和 Ｔｉ薄膜形成过程中

微粒子复合体介电特性有效媒质理论的形状修正

本文从平均极化场出发，根据平均场理论建立有效媒质理论的形状修正模型，并就微粒的实际分布形态，讨论了两种理论的具体形式，以及微粒形状对有效介电函数的影响。

金属薄膜形成过程中电导特性变化的有效媒质理论

利用有效媒质理论描述了金属薄膜形成过程中电导率变化规律，与实验测得的Ａｌ薄膜形成过程中电导率变化结果比较接近．分析和讨论了一些影响计算结果准确性的因素．

浅埋隧道施工引起的纵向地层移动与变形

应用随机介质理论分析浅埋隧道开挖施工引起的上覆地层纵向移动与变形,将隧道围岩看作一种随机介质,将隧道开挖所引起的上覆岩土体的移动看作一随机过程,从单元开挖引起的地层下沉入手,根据岩土体不可压缩的假定,得到了单元岩土体开挖引起的纵向地层水平移动公式,并据此推导了浅埋隧道开挖施工引起的沿隧道纵向上覆地层下沉、水平移动、倾斜、水平变形以及地层弯曲曲率的计算公式,并给出了圆形以及其它复杂形状隧道开挖横断面的具体计算方法。结果表明:随机介质理论用于计算由于浅埋隧道开挖引起的纵向上覆地层的移动与变形效果良好。

红外隐身涂层发射率预测模型

针对红外隐身涂层发射率受颜料形状和涂层微结构等参数影响的问题,建立了基于有效介质理论和Kubelka-Munk理论的红外隐身涂层发射率预测模型。采用了Maxwell-Garnett有效介质近似模型,以Al作为颜料粒子,计算得到了含有空气和球形Al粒子的涂层等效折射率与波长的关系。从电磁波与颜料相互作用的机理出发,对涂层结构材料内部的后向散射效应进行了研究,结合几何光学理论计算了涂层的散射系数和吸收系数,以ZnS作为颜料粒子,定量分析了颜料形状和微结构参数对涂层发射率的影响,得出了涂层发射率与颜料粒子半径、体积百分比、等效折射率的关系。计算结果表明:该模型对红外隐身涂层的制备具有一定的指导作用。

亚波长金属光栅偏振器设计

针对仿生微纳导航传感器敏感波段380～520nm的要求，基于严格耦合波理论，设计了一种适用于蓝紫光波段的金属光栅偏振器，并应用等效介质理论直观地分析了金属光栅偏振器的工作原理．所设计的金属光栅偏振器与传统的金属光栅偏振器的不同之处在于：在基底和金属线栅之间增加了氟化镁薄膜，并且刻蚀一部分氟化镁薄膜．在垂直入射条件下，在整个可见光波段，金属光栅偏振器TN透射效率大于61．5％，消光比大于370；数值计算和理论分析表明，所设计的金属光栅偏振器是一种宽带宽、高TN透射效率和高消光比的偏振器件．

页岩气藏微裂缝表观渗透率动态模型研究

为研究页岩气藏开发过程中介质变形和滑脱效应对微裂缝表观渗透率动态变化的影响规律,分析有效应力和多孔介质结构参数等对气体渗流影响机制,采用光滑平板模型,结合分形及气体微观渗流理论,建立了介质变形和滑脱效应耦合作用下的微裂缝表观渗透率动态模型,并对模型进行可靠性验证和参数敏感性分析。研究表明,页岩气藏降压开采过程中受介质变形和滑脱效应"一负一正"耦合影响,微裂缝表观渗透率呈先减小后增大趋势,且临界压力值约为5 MPa;不同有效应力状态下,由于介质变形和滑脱效应耦合机制的差异性,导致表观渗透率变化规律不同,从微观作用机制角度对实验中不同加载条件下页岩应力敏感性的差异做出了理论解释;微裂缝最大开度越小,表观渗透率曲线"凹槽"越深,同时微裂缝孔隙度及开度分形维数越高、迂曲度分形维数越低,表观渗透率值越大。

考虑时空效应的隧道开挖及降水引起的地层变形计算

隧道降水及开挖引起的地层变形在时间上和空间上是不断发展变化的,目前国内外针对这一问题的研究大多只考虑最终的地表沉降。本文采用随机介质理论和岩土固结压密理论,考虑隧道开挖前降水以及隧道开挖施工引起的地层变形随时间的变化过程,对隧道开挖及降水引起的地层沉降和变形进行分析,推导相应的计算公式。工程算例分析表明,推导的计算方法具有较好的可靠性。进一步的计算分析表明,隧道降水引起的地层沉降较大,对隧道周边建筑设施不利,当降水井距隧道较近时,降水及开挖引起的地层变形在最大值处相互叠加,使得最终的地层变形值很大。因此,为保护隧道周边的建筑设施,降水井应距离隧道有一定的距离。

SiO_2/SiO_2复合材料高温介电性能演变规律及温度特性研究

根据经高温烧蚀后SiO2／SiO2复合材料物态表征结果，分析了室温至1200℃温度范围内影响SiO2／SiO2复合材料介电性能的主要因素。运用有效媒质理论，建立计算SiO2／SiO2复合材料介电参数的经验模型，实现SiO2／SiO2复合材料高温介电性能温度特性模拟（室温～1200℃），模拟结果与实际结果基本相符。在此基础上，对1200-1500℃温度范围内SiO2／SiO2复合材料介电性能的变化规律作出预测。