Theoretical study on the effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels based on a cross-aligned and cubic pore model

Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, making them a new type of lightweight and highly efficient nanoscale super-insulating material. However, prediction of their effective thermal conductivity is challenging due to their uneven pore size distribution. To investigate the internal heat transfer mechanism of aerogel nanoporous materials, this study constructed a cross-aligned and cubic pore model(CACPM) based on the actual pore arrangement of SiO_(2) aerogel. Based on the established CACPM, the effective thermal conductivity expression for the aerogel was derived by simultaneously considering gas-phase heat conduction, solid-phase heat conduction, and radiative heat transfer. The derived expression was then compared with available experimental data and the Wei structure model. The results indicate that, according to the model established in this study for the derived thermal conductivity formula of silica aerogel, for powdery silica aerogel under the conditions of T = 298 K, a_(2)= 0.85, D_(1)= 90 μm, ρ = 128 kg/m^(3), within the pressure range of 0–10^(5)Pa, the average deviation between the calculated values and experimental values is 10.51%. In the pressure range of 10^(3)–10^(4)Pa, the deviation between calculated values and experimental values is within 4%. Under these conditions, the model has certain reference value in engineering verification. This study also makes a certain contribution to the research of aerogel thermal conductivity heat transfer models and calculation formulae.

Numerical Investigation of Effective Heat Conductivity of Fluid in Charging Process of Thermal Storage Tank

This paper presents a numerical case study of heat transfer mechanisms during the charging process of a stratified thermal storage tank applied in a specific adsorption heat pump cycle. The effective thermal conductivity of the heat transfer fluid during the charging process is analyzed through CFD simulations using Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS). The aim of the study is to provide an equivalent thermal conductivity for a one-dimensional storage tank model to be used in a system simulation of the complete adsorption heat pump cycle. The influence of the turbulent mixing and also the advection effect due to fluid bulk motion are investigated. The results show that in the case considered here, the turbulence effect on the effective thermal conductivity is more considerable than the advection effect.

Localized Theoretical Analysis of Thermal Performance of Individually Finned Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger for Air Conditioning with Freon R404A as Working Fluid

This work contributes to the improvement of energy-saving in air conditioning systems. The objective is to apply the thermal efficiency of heat exchangers for localized determination of the thermal performance of heat exchangers with individually finned heat pipes. The fundamental parameters used for performance analysis were the number of fins per heat pipe, the number of heat pipes, the inlet temperatures, and the flow rates of hot and cold fluids. The heat exchanger under analysis uses Freon 404A as a working fluid in an air conditioning system for cooling in the Evaporator and energy recovery in the Condenser. The theoretical model is localized and applied individually to the Evaporator, Condenser, and heat exchanger regions. The results obtained through the simulation are compared with experimental results that use a global approach for the heat exchanger. The thermal quantities obtained through the theoretical model in the mentioned regions are air velocity, Nusselt number, thermal effectiveness, heat transfer rate, and outlet temperature. The comparisons made with global experimental results are in excellent agreement, demonstrating that the localized theoretical approach developed is consistent and can be used as a comprehensive analysis tool for heat exchangers using heat pipes.

Localized Theoretical Analysis of Thermal Performance of Individually Finned Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger for Air Conditioning with Freon R404A as Working Fluid

This work contributes to the improvement of energy-saving in air conditioning systems. The objective is to apply the thermal efficiency of heat exchangers for localized determination of the thermal performance of heat exchangers with individually finned heat pipes. The fundamental parameters used for performance analysis were the number of fins per heat pipe, the number of heat pipes, the inlet temperatures, and the flow rates of hot and cold fluids. The heat exchanger under analysis uses Freon 404A as a working fluid in an air conditioning system for cooling in the Evaporator and energy recovery in the Condenser. The theoretical model is localized and applied individually to the Evaporator, Condenser, and heat exchanger regions. The results obtained through the simulation are compared with experimental results that use a global approach for the heat exchanger. The thermal quantities obtained through the theoretical model in the mentioned regions are air velocity, Nusselt number, thermal effectiveness, heat transfer rate, and outlet temperature. The comparisons made with global experimental results are in excellent agreement, demonstrating that the localized theoretical approach developed is consistent and can be used as a comprehensive analysis tool for heat exchangers using heat pipes.

Thermal conductivity of dense hcp iron:Direct measurements using laser heated diamond anvil cell

Thermal conductivity(k)of iron is measured up to about 134 GPa.The measurements are carried out using the single sided laser heated diamond anvil cell,where the power absorbed by a Fe metal foil at hotspot is calculated using a novel thermodynamical method.Thermal conductivity of fee(γ)-Fe increases up to a pressure of about46 GPa.We find thermal conductivity values in the range of 70-80 Wm-1K-1(with an uncertainty of 40%),almost constant with pressure,in the hcp(e)phase of Fe.We attribute the pressure independent k above 46 GPa to the strong electronic correlation effects driven by the electronic topological transition(ETT).We predict a value of thermal conductivity ofε-Fe of about 40±16 Wm-1K-1 at the outer core of Earth.

Analytical design of effective thermal conductivity for fluid-saturated prismatic cellular metal honeycombs

A comparative optimal design of fluid-saturated prismatic cellular metal honeycombs （PCMHs） having different cell shapes is presented for thermal management applications. Based on the periodic topology of each PCMH, a unit cell （UC） for thermal transport analysis was selected to calculate its effective thermal conductivity. Without introducing any empirical coefficient, we modified and extended the analytical model of parallel-series thermal-electric network to a wider porosity range （0.7 ~ 0.98） by considering the effects of two-dimensional local heat conduction in solid ligaments inside each UC. Good agreement was achieved between analytical predictions and numerical simulations based on the method of finite volume. The concept of ligament heat conduction efficiency （LTCE） was proposed to physically explain the mechanisms underlying the effects of ligament configuration on effective thermal conductivity （ETC）. Based upon the proposed theory, a construct strategy was developed for designing the ETC by altering the equivalent interaction angle with the direction of heat flow： relatively small average interaction angle for thermal conduction and relatively large one for thermal insulation.

Prediction of Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Native Maize Starch and Comparison with HMT Treated Starch

Specific heat(Cp)and effective thermal conductivity(λ)of native maize starch(NS)were measured by DSC and transient heat transfer method,respectively,at different moisture contents and temperatures.The dependency of temperature(T)and moisture content(W)on the two parameters were investigated.The thermophysical properties of treated starch(TS)by four hydrothermal processes(RP-HMT,IV-HMT,DV-HMT and FV-HMT)were measured and compared to native strach.Hydrothermal treatments were performed at 3 bars(133°C)for 10 min.For Cp andλmeasurements,moisture content varied for NS from 5 to 21.5%d.b.and from 8.8 to 25%d.b.,respectively,and was fixed at 6%d.b.for TS.Empirical models were developed to specific heat and effective thermal conductivity,using a multiple regression algorithm with subsequent statistical analysis.The proposed models for NS based on T and W predict Cp andλwith a mean absolute error of 3.5%and 1.3%,respectively.Large differences in specific heat were observed between TS and NS.In a temperature range of 40 to 160°C,Cp values varied from 1.964 to 2.699 for NS and 1.380 to 2.085(J.g-1.°C-1)for TS.In contrast,the conductivity of NS was almost identical to that of treated starch by FV-HMT,followed in an increasing order by those treated by DV-HMT,RP-HMT,and IV-HM processes.

The Possibilities of Determining the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Steel Rectangular Section Bundles Based on the Selected Literature Models

The article presents the results of calculations of the effective thermal conductivity kef for bundles of steel rectangular sections obtained for a few analytical models. This coefficient expresses the ability of the bundles to heat transfer. The knowledge about the values of the kef coefficient of the section bundles is essential to correctly identify the parameters of their heat treatment process. The quality of the Calculation results were verified by the experimental measurement data. These measurements were performed in the guarded hot plate apparatus. It should be noted, that none of the eleven analyzed models of effective thermal conductivity is suitable for evaluation of thermal properties of the section bundles.

Thermal performance analysis of borehole size effect on geothermal heat exchanger

Thermal performance was the most important factor in the development of borehole heat exchanger utilizing geothermal energy. The thermal performance was affected by many different design parameters, such as configuration type and borehole size of geothermal heat exchanger. These eventually determined the operation and cost efficiency of the geothermal heat exchanger system. The main purpose of this work was to assess the thermal performance of geother^nal heat exchanger with variation of borehole sizes and numbers of U-tubes inside a borehole. For this, a thermal response test rig was established with line-source theory. The thermal response test was performed with in-line variable input heat source. Effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance were obtained from the measured data. From the measurement, the effective thermal conductivity is found to have similar values for two- pair type （4 U-tubes） and three-pair type （6 U-tubes） borehole heat exchanger systems indicating similar heat transfer ability. Meanwhile, the thermal resistance shows lower value for the three-pair type compared to the two-pair type. Measured data based resistance have lower value compared to computed result from design programs. Overall comparison finds better thermal performance for the three-pair type, however, fluctuating temperature variation indicates complex flow behavior inside the borehole and requires further study on flow characteristics.

Investigating the thermal conductivity of materials by analyzing the temperature distribution in diamond anvils cell under high pressure

Investigating the thermal transport properties of materials is of great importance in the field of earth science and for the development of materials under extremely high temperatures and pressures.However,it is an enormous challenge to characterize the thermal and physical properties of materials using the diamond anvil cell(DAC)platform.In the present study,a steady-state method is used with a DAC and a combination of thermocouple temperature measurement and numerical analysis is performed to calculate the thermal conductivity of the material.To this end,temperature distributions in the DAC under high pressure are analyzed.We propose a three-dimensional radiative-conductive coupled heat transfer model to simulate the temperature field in the main components of the DAC and calculate in situ thermal conductivity under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.The proposed model is based on the finite volume method.The obtained results show that heat radiation has a great impact on the temperature field of the DAC,so that ignoring the radiation effect leads to large errors in calculating the heat transport properties of materials.Furthermore,the feasibility of studying the thermal conductivity of different materials is discussed through a numerical model combined with locally measured temperature in the DAC.This article is expected to become a reference for accurate measurement of in situ thermal conductivity in DACs at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.

Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Heated/Cooled Rods Having a Composite Board in between: Effect of Thermal Vias

By placing a sample between a heated and a cooled rod, a thermal conductivity of the sample can be evaluated easily with the assumption of a one-dimensional heat flow. However, a three-dimensional constriction/spreading heat flow may occur inside the rods when the sample is a composite having different thermal conductivities. In order to investigate the thermal resistance due to the constriction/spreading heat flow, the three-dimensional numerical analyses were conducted on the heat transfer characteristics of the rods. In the present analyses, a polymer-based composite board having thermal vias was sandwiched between the rods. From the numerical results, it was confirmed that the constriction/spreading resistance of the rods was strongly affected by the thermal conductivity of the rods as well as the number and size of the thermal vias. A simple equation was also proposed to evaluate the constriction/spreading resistance of the rods. Fairly good agreements were obtained between the numerical results and the calculated ones by the simple equation. Moreover, the discussion was also made on an effective thermal conductivity of the composite board evaluated with the heated and the cooled rod.

Effective thermal conductivity estimation using a convolutional neural network and its application in topology optimization

Topology optimization of heterogeneous structures can find significant use in a wide range of applications,and its fabrication has been made possible by recent advances in additive manufacturing.However,the optimization procedure is computationally expensive,as each structural update requires the re-evaluation of the properties.The computational time is the major limiting factor in large-scale and complex structural optimization.In this study,a convolutional neural network(CNN)model for predicting effective thermal conductivity inspired by the VGG networks is proposed.Trained using 130,000 unique binary images,the model achieves high predictive accuracy.Specifically,it shows a mean absolute percent error(MAPE)of 0.35%in testing when the thermal conductivity of the solid is ten times larger than the fluid,and when the thermal conductivities assigned are that of aluminum and water,the MAPE is 2.35%.The prediction time is 15 ms for a single image with 128×128 pixels,which is 3 to 5 orders of magnitude faster than a finite volume simulation.When employed in topology optimization,the CNN retains a MAPE between 0.67%and 11.8%for different cases.The CNN model correctly predicts trends in effective thermal conductivity and improves the structure to close proximity of a theoretical maximum in all cases.

Interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress in an infinite elastic plane with two circular holes

Numerous researches have focused on the physical behavior of an elastic material in the vicinity of a single hole under the assumption that the interaction effects arising from the introduction of multiple holes remain negligible if the holes are placed sufficiently far from each other.In an effort to understand hole interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress,we consider the case when two circular holes are embedded in an infinite elastic material and use complex variable methods together with numerical analysis to obtain solutions describing temperature and elastic fields in the vicinity of the two circular holes.The results indicate that the interaction effects on temperature distribution and stress strongly depend on the relative size of the two holes and the distance placed between them but not on the actual size of the holes.

Statistical Analysis of Subsurface Diffusion of Solar Energy with Implications for Urban Heat Stress

Analysis of hourly underground temperature measurements at a medium-size (by population) US city as a function of depth and extending over 5+ years revealed a positive trend exceeding the rate of regional and global warming by an order of magnitude. Measurements at depths greater than ~2 m are unaffected by daily fluctuations and sense only seasonal variability. A comparable trend also emerged from the surface temperature record of the largest US city (New York). Power spectral analysis of deep and shallow subsurface temperature records showed respectively two kinds of power-law behavior: 1) a quasi-continuum of power amplitudes indicative of Brownian noise, superposed (in the shallow record) by 2) a discrete spectrum of diurnal harmonics attributable to the unequal heat flux between daylight and darkness. Spectral amplitudes of the deepest temperature time series (2.4 m) conformed to a log-hyperbolic distribution. Upon removal of seasonal variability from the temperature record, the resulting spectral amplitudes followed a log-exponential distribution. Dynamical analysis showed that relative amplitudes and phases of temperature records at different depths were in excellent accord with a 1-dimensional heat diffusion model.

电机散热中毛细芯热管等效导热系数演变规律实验研究

为推动毛细芯热管在电机中的应用并提供理论参考和数据支撑,本文通过实验研究了加热功率、运行角度以及风速对毛细芯热管等效导热系数的影响。结果表明,热管正常运行过程中,加热功率对热管等效导热系数影响不大。不同运行角度下的热管等效导热系数也存在一定的差异,在10 W加热功率下,等效导热系数的差异最高可达25%。当风速增大时,热管的等效导热系数呈现出减小的趋势,这种现象对高加热功率下的热管运行尤为明显。

岩土热物性对深埋管换热性能的影响

建立深度为2500m的地埋管-岩土耦合换热模型,对地埋管换热进行2880h(4个月)模拟计算,分析岩土导热系数和地温梯度对地埋管换热特性和岩土温度的影响,探究地埋管累计换热量与影响半径的关系。结果表明:岩土导热系数的增大会提升地埋管的换热能力,但随着导热系数的增大提升速率减缓,导热系数为1 W/(m·K)和4 W/(m·K)时,地埋管在2880h内的平均换热量分别为216.17kW和495.92kW;地温梯度增大同样可以提升地埋管换热能力,且提升速率基本不变,地温梯度为20℃/km和35℃/km时,地埋管在2880h内的平均换热量分别为310.15kW和485.55kW;在换热条件确定时,地埋管累计换热量与受到影响的岩土体积线性相关。

少层石墨烯纳米流体的球磨法制备及其导热性能

针对高频化电子器件对散热技术日益增高的迫切需求,该文提出利用物理-机械手段,以天然膨胀石墨为原料,依靠机械碰撞和电荷相互作用,通过改变研磨时间,制备出不同粒径的少层改性球磨石墨烯,并通过水溶液分散技术获得了不同浓度的少层石墨烯纳米流体.利用XRD、Raman、TEM和激光粒度仪对所制备的少层石墨烯形貌、结构和粒径分布进行了表征.结果表明,所制备的少层石墨烯层数约为6~7层,其微晶尺寸较小,且具有规则的层状结构,粒径集中分布在80 nm附近且分布均匀.借助自主搭建的导热测试平台,研究了在浓度和粒径影响下少层石墨烯纳米流体的导热性能.研究发现,少层石墨烯纳米流体的热阻随着质量分数的增大而减小,导热系数明显大于基液且随着少层石墨烯粒径的减小而增大,在热管中的平均传热功率随质量分数的增大而增大.粒径为83.72 nm,质量分数为0.1%的少层石墨烯纳米流体的热阻比水降低10.96%,导热系数提高27.31%,平均传热功率提高193.1%.因此,这一方法未来将对电子器件、芯片散热技术的优化和提升具有重要的指导价值.

填料水泥导热性能实验及对U型地热井取热影响的数值模拟研究

地层与井筒之间的导热性能是以热传导为主的U型地热井技术取得成功应用的关键因素之一。针对U型地热井如何提升固井水泥的导热性能问题,采用室内实验和数值模拟方法研究了导热填料对固井水泥导热性能和取热效果的影响。研究结果表明,石墨相比于实验所用其他填料而言具有更好的提升固井水泥导热性能的潜力;随着石墨掺入比例的增加,固井水泥的导热系数近似线性增加,而抗压强度近似线性下降;高掺入比例的石墨固井水泥能显著提高工作介质在U型井水平段入口处的温度,但由于U型井换热主要发生在较长的水平段上,从长期运行来看过高的掺入比例并不能显著提高取热效果,建议固井材料中石墨掺入比例控制在10%左右。研究结果对U型地热井固井水泥导热填料类型筛选和掺入参数确定具有重要意义。

小倾角对Ω形弯曲热管传热特性的影响

为研究小倾角对Ω形槽道弯曲热管传热特性的影响,搭建了热管传热性能实验台,基于实验对不同小倾角下热管的温度分布、总热阻、当量导热系数和最大输入功率进行分析。结果表明:在相同输入功率下,倾角为0°和倾角为负的热管壁温均匀性优于倾角为正的热管;倾角为正的热管总热阻最大,倾角为0°和倾角为负的热管总热阻相近;热管倾角为0°时的最大输入功率最高。热管安装和应用中易出现重力倾角偏差,研究结果表明,较小倾角会对Ω形槽道弯曲热管的传热性能造成影响。

仿松球效应传热导湿功能服装的研究

松球叶片随空气湿度变化而自动张开—闭合,这一效应可用于传热导湿功能服装的研发中。文章首先从松球效应截面的微观角度分析松球效应机理,并介绍松球仿生的相关材料、功能面料和服装的发展历程,然后从仿松球效应功能服装的面料研发、服装制作和服装评价的角度,分别阐述仿松球效应功能服装的面料研制(面料结构和耐用性)、仿松球叶片和服装的人体工效学设计以及现阶段可行的面料和服装的评价方式,并针对现有仿生服装的不足提出了创新思路。