Different fertilizer types affected nitrogen and carbon cycling in eroded and colluvial soils of Southern Ecuador

A tropical smallholder cash crop farming system in a semi-arid Inter-Andean valley of Ecuador was investigated. Intensive irrigated agriculture with up to 400 kg of urea-N fertilization ha-1·a-1 prevails in colluvial sites whereas urea application in the steep eroded sites is lower. Farmers did recently introduce manure to partly replace urea fertilization. Knowledge about the effects of mineral and organic fertilizers on nitrogen and carbon cycling needs to be improved to maintain sustainable agriculture in the research area. Therefore, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate effects of urea and guinea pig manure on microbial activity of col-luvial foot slope and eroded upper slope soils. Soil samples were treated with 200 kg·N·ha-1 either applied as urea, guinea pig manure or a combination of both and compared to a control. Urea fertilizer was labeled with 15N to trace its fate. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were determined in different time intervals. Urea fertilization induced an acceleration of soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization (positive priming effect) in the first seven days of incubation. The combined fertilization served as a positive alternative to the present urea management since it increased the amount of microbial biomass and provided mineral nitrogen for immediate plant uptake. Moreover, low recovery rates suggested an immobilization of fertilized nitrogen into the microbial biomass inducing an efficient and sustained nutrient release throughout the entire growing season. SOM stocks in colluvial soils were 40% below those of eroded soils which was partly due to the positive priming effect after urea fertilization. Microbial activity and efficiency were not reduced by soil erosion.

红壤油茶幼林地间种绿肥牧草的培肥效应

培肥减流是南方丘陵红壤地区新垦油茶幼林地需要解决的两大任务,林下间种是解决这两大问题普遍采用的种植模式,它既能提高造林成活率,又能促进幼树生长。在油茶幼林地间种的基础上,采用最新科研成果,合理组装间种技术,以期达到最大化培肥减流的目的。为此,在湖南省衡南县油子岭低山丘陵区选取全垦成梯的红壤油茶幼林地为研究对象,设间种夏季、冬季绿肥、(牧草)+新技术应用(代号iswf+nt)、间种夏季冬季绿肥(牧草)(代号iswf)、间种冬季绿肥(代号iwf)、清耕(代号CK)等4个处理,采用田间小区实验,研究间种绿肥(牧草)的培肥减流效应。结果表明:1)间种3 a后,iswf+nt、iswf、iwf处理0～20 cm土层有机质含量为31.67、21.75、15.32 g/kg,比清耕(8.97 g/kg)提高22.7、12.78、6.35 g/kg,分别提高了253.1%、142.5%、70.8%,差异极显著。2)间种3 a后,iswf+nt、iswf、iwf处理比清耕减流109.9%、56.1%、20.6%,减少了136.9%、66.2%、29.2%;因而,0～20 cm土层土壤容重均值iswf+nt、iswf、iwf处理分别比CK处理减少0.12、0.05、0.02 g/cm^3,减少7.9%、3.1%、1.2%,其中,iswf+nt处理差异显著。3)间种3 a后,iswf+nt处理比清耕,全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷流失量分别减少80.9%、75.1%、82.7%、81.6%;0～20 cm土层,无论是有机质、全量养分还是速效养分都属"丰富级"(我国土壤养分分级标准),由试验前的"严重缺乏"连跨3级(缺乏级、轻度缺乏级、基本不缺级)。4)间种绿肥(牧草)是一个费省效宏的技术,iswf+nt处理改种一季绿肥(牧草)为种两季绿肥(牧草)、改种单一绿肥(牧草)品种为种绿肥(牧草)品种组合、改部分使用新技术为全面使用新技术,是该技术的3个创新点,也是这种新方法的技术支撑。

耕作措施对缓坡耕地土壤养分分布及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同耕作措施对坡耕地土壤养分坡面分布特征及作物产量与肥料利用率的影响,该研究在2017—2018年期间,以宁南山区10°缓坡耕地为研究对象,开展传统平作(CK)、垄沟种植(NH)、垄沟+秸秆覆盖(SM)和垄沟+地膜覆盖(PM)4种不同耕作措施对坡耕地耕层养分、作物产量的影响及其坡位效应分析研究,探讨不同耕作措施下作物肥料利用率。结果表明,相较于CK,NH、SM和PM 3种耕作措施显著提高耕层土壤有机质和土壤速效氮含量,分别提高了18.50%和14.47%、18.22%和17.64%、21.75%和18.71%,3种耕作措施之间差异并不显著。CK处理下耕层土壤有机质含量和速效氮随着坡位自上而下的变化而增加,表现出流失风险,而PM、SM和NH 3种措施表现出能够削弱坡位效应的作用,由高到低顺序为坡中、坡下、坡上。相对于CK,其他3种耕作措施下坡耕地土壤有效磷、速效钾有所降低,其中PM措施下土壤有效磷显著低于其他耕作处理。NH、SM和PM显著增加作物产量,玉米和马铃薯产量比CK分别增加27.03%和2.89%、12.85%和8.50%、204.56%和2.52%,且具有显著的坡位效应。2个覆盖措施SM和PM显著提高作物肥料利用率,种植玉米N、P利用率分别提高7.92%和16.83%、217.03%和241.59%,种植马铃薯分别提高89.43%和44.62%、97.31%和49.66%。由此可知,以垄沟、覆盖为核心的保护性耕作措施能够有效阻断养分损失途径,阻控土壤养分的坡面运移,提高肥料利用率和作物产量。

滨海盐渍麦田施用微生物菌肥的降盐效果及冬小麦长势响应

本文旨在探究滨海盐渍麦田施用微生物菌肥的降盐效果及冬小麦长势响应。选择黄河三角洲滨海盐渍麦田,布设不同种类生物产品、不同用量微生物菌肥的小麦田间试验,采集土壤盐分、小麦株高、SPAD值、冠层NDVI和小麦产量数据,以各处理间的对比分析及方差分析方法,系统分析微生物菌肥对盐渍麦田的降盐效果及其冬小麦长势响应。结果表明:不同种类的生物产品处理均有一定降盐效果,表层和下层含盐量均有所下降,降幅在11.66%~33.89%之间,其中微生物菌肥的降盐效果最为明显。各处理小麦SPAD值增幅在22.78%~31.64%之间,NDVI值增幅27.18%~44.74%,产量增幅1.85%~20.49%,微生物菌肥处理效果最佳。微生物菌肥施用量小于7 kg/hm^(2)时,降盐效果随施用量增加而加大,冬小麦长势和产量提高明显,施用量超过7 kg/hm^(2)后则效果降低,最佳施用量为7 kg/hm^(2)。滨海盐渍麦田施用微生物菌肥有明显降盐效果,并对冬小麦的长势和产量有积极影响。

微生物菌肥的降盐效果及对冬小麦生长的影响

【目的】探究不同程度盐渍化土壤施用微生物菌肥的降盐效果及冬小麦生长响应。【方法】选取滨海盐渍土,调配轻度、中度、重度盐渍化土壤,选用亿安改进2型土壤修复菌剂,设置750、1500、2250 kg/hm^(2)施肥梯度,比较分析土壤含盐量和冬小麦株高、SPAD值、鲜重、根系长度。【结果】不同程度盐渍化土壤施用微生物菌肥均有一定的降盐效果,土壤含盐量较对照降幅为6.02%~36.27%,其中微生物菌肥施用量为1500 kg/hm^(2)的轻度盐渍化处理降盐效果最为明显;施用微生物菌肥处理,冬小麦株高比对照增幅18.01%~33.52%,SPAD值提高9.82%~24.30%,鲜重提升10.53%~38.46%,根系长度增加14.08%~32.19%。微生物菌肥施用量小于1500 kg/hm^(2)时,降盐效果随施用量增加而增强,冬小麦长势提高明显;施用量大于1500 kg/hm^(2),降盐效果增幅减缓。【结论】不同程度盐渍化土壤施用微生物菌肥后有明显降盐效果,对冬小麦生长有显著促进作用。