Ethical Decision-Making Framework Based on Incremental ILP Considering Conflicts

Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their lives,such as unmanned vehicles,service robots,voice assistants,and intelligent medical care.If the artificial agents cannot align with social values or make ethical decisions,they may not meet the expectations of humans.Traditionally,an ethical decision-making framework is constructed by rule-based or statistical approaches.In this paper,we propose an ethical decision-making framework based on incremental ILP(Inductive Logic Programming),which can overcome the brittleness of rule-based approaches and little interpretability of statistical approaches.As the current incremental ILP makes it difficult to solve conflicts,we propose a novel ethical decision-making framework considering conflicts in this paper,which adopts our proposed incremental ILP system.The framework consists of two processes:the learning process and the deduction process.The first process records bottom clauses with their score functions and learns rules guided by the entailment and the score function.The second process obtains an ethical decision based on the rules.In an ethical scenario about chatbots for teenagers’mental health,we verify that our framework can learn ethical rules and make ethical decisions.Besides,we extract incremental ILP from the framework and compare it with the state-of-the-art ILP systems based on ASP(Answer Set Programming)focusing on conflict resolution.The results of comparisons show that our proposed system can generate better-quality rules than most other systems.

创业网络从何而来?——决策逻辑视角下创业者结网研究回顾与展望

创业网络对于新创企业的存活和发展而言意义重大。伴随网络能动观的提出,创业网络研究开始关注创业者结网(Entrepreneurial Networking),探讨“创业网络从何而来”的问题,即创业者如何建立和发展创业网络。然而,既有研究未能清晰界定创业者结网的概念内涵及其背后的决策逻辑,对于创业网络来源多样性及其原因的体系化研究框架亟待整合。基于文献回顾,首先本文结合目标与行动先后顺序的不同理论假设,明晰创业者结网的概念内涵与策略类型;其次,梳理创业者“决策逻辑-结网模式”的逻辑链条,系统归纳创业网络“搜集”“汇集”“搜集+汇集”三条来源路径,并引入不确定性这一关键条件,从区域、企业和个体三个层次解构不同路径的适用边界;最后,从细化创业者结网概念、探索数字组织场景新议题、拓展研究方法三个角度提出未来研究方向。本文通过刻画创业者结网研究的“认知-行为”路径框架,为拓展能动观视角下创业网络来源研究以及推动创业网络微观机制研究提供了理论借鉴。

本土制造企业高端化转型的战略决策逻辑研究

依托纵贯式单案例研究方法,以实现高端化转型的本土领先企业雅迪为例,在内外部双重压力下,搭建了传统制造企业转型突围背后的决策逻辑动态演化模型。研究发现:①在本土制造企业高端化转型过程中,因果逻辑和效果逻辑间呈现出“关系依赖式共存”“冲突式共存”与“互补式共存”3种微观共存模式;②外部环境不确定性是决策逻辑“何时”转换的“触发器”,内部资源位置则是其“如何”转换的“使能器”,内外部压力间的动态适配是混合逻辑动态属性的重要来源;③分离或整合双重压力间的矛盾与悖论,将引致混合逻辑间消极的冲突或积极的互补,而兼具积极面与消极面的双元性认知特征,将有助于传统制造企业在高质量发展背景下动态维持竞争优势。

创业情境下的效果推理研究述评与展望

传统因果逻辑以详实的分析、清晰的目标和准确的预测为基础,而现实中的创业情境通常面临不确定性环境、目标模糊和未来无法预测,此时因果逻辑不再适用。效果推理给解决不确定性创业情境下的决策问题带来新思路,也能为创业实践提供启示。通过对相关文献进行回顾和梳理,在分析效果推理概念内涵和结构测量的基础上,对其影响因素和作用机制等内容进行述评,以厘清现有研究可能存在的不足,明确后续研究方向,为未来的深入研究提供理论借鉴。研究结果不仅对效果推理理论相关研究具有重要学术价值,还能为不确定性情境下的创业实践提供指导性建议。

Complex Decision Modeling Framework with Fairly Operators and Quaternion Numbers under Intuitionistic Fuzzy Rough Context

The main goal of informal computing is to overcome the limitations of hypersensitivity to defects and uncertainty while maintaining a balance between high accuracy,accessibility,and cost-effectiveness.This paper investigates the potential applications of intuitionistic fuzzy sets(IFS)with rough sets in the context of sparse data.When it comes to capture uncertain information emanating fromboth upper and lower approximations,these intuitionistic fuzzy rough numbers(IFRNs)are superior to intuitionistic fuzzy sets and pythagorean fuzzy sets,respectively.We use rough sets in conjunction with IFSs to develop several fairly aggregation operators and analyze their underlying properties.We present numerous impartial laws that incorporate the idea of proportionate dispersion in order to ensure that the membership and non-membership activities of IFRNs are treated equally within these principles.These operations lead to the development of the intuitionistic fuzzy rough weighted fairly aggregation operator(IFRWFA)and intuitionistic fuzzy rough ordered weighted fairly aggregation operator(IFRFOWA).These operators successfully adjust to membership and non-membership categories with fairness and subtlety.We highlight the unique qualities of these suggested aggregation operators and investigate their use in the multiattribute decision-making field.We use the intuitionistic fuzzy rough environment’s architecture to create a novel strategy in situation involving several decision-makers and non-weighted data.Additionally,we developed a novel technique by combining the IFSs with quaternion numbers.We establish a unique connection between alternatives and qualities by using intuitionistic fuzzy quaternion numbers(IFQNs).With the help of this framework,we can simulate uncertainty in real-world situations and address a number of decision-making problems.Using the examples we have released,we offer a sophisticated and systematically constructed illustrative scenario that is intricately woven with the complexity ofmedical evaluation in order to thoroughly assess the relevance and efficacy of the suggested methodology.

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Modeling Method of Deciding Maintenance Policies

To make equipment maintenance policies more suitable to real operations, a fuzzy logic-based modeling method of deciding maintenance policies was proposed in this paper. Five maintenance policies which are built with downtime and breakdown frequency as decision criteria are discussed. To decide efficiently maintenance policies, the decision criteria are divided into low, medium, and high levels. On the basis of the levels, fuzzy sets and membership functions of the decision criteria are established with a fuzzy logic theory. A fuzzy logic algorithm of solving overall degree of satisfaction is presented to select the most efficient maintenance policy for equipment. Finally, the modeling method is tested. Experiment results show that the proposed method can solve efficiently problems of the traditional decision-making bias, and it is more valid and practical than the method of traditional decision-making grid (DMG).

Discussion on the Logical Coordination between Legal Theory and Legal Practice——from the Perspective of the Legal Basis of NPC5s Discussion and Decisiomaking Power on Major Issues

The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.

创业中的合法性阈值跨越过程研究

依据因果逻辑,跨越合法性阈值是目标导向性的理性选择行为的结果;依据凑效逻辑,跨越合法性阈值是以手段为前提的即兴行为达成的效果。通过对一个技术型新创企业的案例研究,发现合法性阈值跨越过程中呈现凑效与因果过程的迭起现象:在产品研发阶段,跨越隐性合法性阈值是凑效过程形成的效果,即创新等因素带来的"副产品",企业以手段为前提,并通过沟通互动获得利益相关者的自我承诺;在商业化阶段,跨越显性合法性阈值是一个通过采用理性的合法化战略而实现的目标,新创企业在"舞台"上表演,并通过讲故事和身份宣称而进行意义建构;在成长阶段,新产品研发和商业化并行,合法性阈值的跨越是凑效与因果这两个过程的结合。

效果逻辑和因果逻辑在商业模式构建过程中如何发挥作用--基于互联网创业企业的多案例研究

近年来,学者们引入效果逻辑理论考察商业模式构建问题,但现有文献就效果逻辑和因果逻辑在商业模式构建过程中因何和如何使用等问题还有待深入探究。鉴于此,本研究以过程取向的效果逻辑理论为视角,运用多案例研究方法考察效果逻辑和因果逻辑在创业企业商业模式构建过程中发挥作用的机理。研究发现,创业企业商业模式构建呈现多个阶段,在此过程中,效果逻辑主导价值主张的构建,因果逻辑主导活动系统的构建;构建前期呈现阶段性的迭代过程,且各阶段均起始于由效果逻辑主导提出新价值主张,随即转向由因果逻辑主导构建活动系统,后期阶段均由因果逻辑主导活动系统构建以实现既定价值主张;阶段性的商业模式可行性(包括价值可行性和架构可行性)评估,特别是价值可行性评估的结果决定决策逻辑的选择,进而影响后续商业模式的构建。这些发现为深入理解创业企业商业模式构建过程机理、丰富和拓展效果逻辑理论做出了贡献。

效果推理视角下天生国际化企业的战略选择研究

本文运用探索性案例研究方法,基于效果推理理论,结合资源依赖理论与资源基础观相关观点,对两家在非洲手机市场获得非凡业绩的中国天生国际化企业的战略选择与匹配的问题进行研究。研究发现,天生国际化企业的资源基础与市场导向能够影响战略选择决策逻辑。其中,资源约束与先动型市场导向的企业倾向于实施效果逻辑,而资源支持与反应型市场导向的企业倾向于实施因果逻辑。资源基础与市场导向通过效果逻辑与因果逻辑影响天生国际化企业战略选择类型。具体而言,资源约束与先动型市场导向的企业通过效果逻辑选择并实施利基市场战略,资源支持与反应型市场导向的企业通过因果逻辑选择并实施产品标准化战略,且两种战略均能与市场环境形成匹配。

创业决策逻辑:综述与展望

从因果逻辑和效果逻辑两种创业决策逻辑的分类和对比出发,从个体、组织和外部环境3个层面分析创业决策逻辑的前因变量,并梳理两种创业逻辑对创业不同阶段、企业创新和企业国际化的影响,为进一步深化创业认知研究、优化创业者决策和推动我国创业实践提供参考。研究发现:两种逻辑均可在不同情境下促进新创企业成长并影响其采取不同的退出策略;效果逻辑在创业进入环节和对商业模式创新的促进作用更加显著;经验丰富的企业家、资源约束与先动型市场导向的企业倾向于采用效果逻辑。最后提出创业认知研究未来应加强探讨因果逻辑与效果逻辑的双元性和创业决策逻辑的作用机制,以及关注创业决策逻辑的情境性和动态性。

效果推理研究前沿探析与未来展望

传统的决策逻辑认为,创业主体在创业活动中预先设定目标,再选择手段以达成目标。然而,创业活动的高不确定性导致未来难以预测、目标难以确定,这使得传统决策逻辑的有效性受到挑战。效果推理融合决策理论、人工物科学和实用主义哲学,阐释了决策主体在环境不确定和目标模糊时应如何决策,对决策主体有效管理不确定性具有重要启示。效果推理研究已取得一系列进展,但仍存在诸多议题亟待梳理。本文首先对效果推理相关文献进行总结,分析研究现状和趋势;其次,厘清效果推理的概念和内涵;再次,梳理效果推理的前因变量、结果变量和作用边界,构建效果推理研究框架;最后,分析现有研究不足并探讨未来研究方向,为后续研究提供启发。

环境不确定性对创业资源整合情境下因果-效果推理决策逻辑的影响:创业网络的调节效应

目的新创企业在何种情况下更倾向于因果推理逻辑或效果推理逻辑是近年创业和效果推理两个领域的重要研究议题。本文研究市场、技术和制度三种环境不确定性对创业资源整合情境下因果-效果推理决策逻辑的影响及网络关系强度和关系质量的调节作用。方法运用SPSS和AMOS对305份有效问卷数据进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析、相关分析和回归分析。结果技术不确定性对因果-效果推理决策逻辑有显著负向影响,而制度不确定性对因果-效果推理决策逻辑有显著正向影响;网络关系强度和网络关系质量都对制度不确定性与因果-效果推理决策逻辑的正向关系中有调节效应。结论技术不确定性对因果推理决策逻辑有预测作用,而制度不确定性对效果推理决策逻辑有预测作用;网络关系强度越高,制度不确定性对效果推理决策逻辑的预测作用越强;网络关系质量越好,制度不确定性对效果推理决策逻辑的预测作用越强。

国际创业理论演进和发展述评

国际创业作为一门新兴社会科学理论,受到越来越多学者的关注和研究,其研究对象的复杂性以及研究方法的多样性使其逐渐演变成一门综合性交叉性学科。国际创业理论经历了国际商务理论主导阶段、国际商务和创业理论交汇阶段和多学科交叉阶段。国际创业模型演进中主要出现了四个具有代表性的模型。当前国际企业研究还存在实证研究普遍以小企业为研究对象、国际商务和创业理论未能有机交汇、实证研究方法不科学等缺陷。效果逻辑理论为国际创业研究提供了新视角。

不确定环境下创业新手反资源限制行为的决策逻辑理性实证研究

由于资源、经验和能力有限,创业新手往往通过反资源限制行为建构资源基础。为了分析创业新手创业拼凑和资源自举两种反资源限制行为的决策逻辑理性,通过380份问卷数据的实证研究发现:偏好效果逻辑的创业新手更愿意采取创业拼凑的反资源限制行为,而偏好因果逻辑的创业新手更愿意采取资源自举的反资源限制行为;环境不确定性在效果逻辑与创业拼凑的正向关系中起负向调节作用,而在因果逻辑与资源自举的正向关系中起正向调节作用。该研究拓展了创业新手反资源限制行为理性的理论研究视角,对创业新手开展反资源限制行为也具有一定的实践指导价值。

Managing Security-Risks for Improving Security-Durability of Institutional Web-Applications: Design Perspective

The advanced technological need,exacerbated by the flexible time constraints,leads to several more design level unexplored vulnerabilities.Security is an extremely vital component in software development;we must take charge of security and therefore analysis of software security risk assumes utmost significance.In order to handle the cyber-security risk of the web application and protect individuals,information and properties effectively,one must consider what needs to be secured,what are the perceived threats and the protection of assets.Security preparation plans,implements,tracks,updates and consistently develops safety risk management activities.Risk management must be interpreted as the major component for tackling security efficiently.In particular,during application development,security is considered as an add-on but not the main issue.It is important for the researchers to stress on the consideration of protection right from the earlier developmental stages of the software.This approach will help in designing software which can itself combat threats and does not depend on external security programs.Therefore,it is essential to evaluate the impact of security risks during software design.In this paper the researchers have used the hybrid Fuzzy AHPTOPSIS method to evaluate the risks for improving security durability of different Institutional Web Applications.In addition,the e-component of security risk is measured on software durability,and vice versa.The paper’s findings will prove to be valuable for enhancing the security durability of different web applications.

Simulation of consumers decision-making process using agent-based model approach

This paper describes a model to simulate the decision-making process of consumers that adopts technology within a dynamic social network.The proposed model use theories and tools from the psychology of consumer behavior,social networks and complex dynamical systems like the Consumat framework and fuzzy logic.The model has been adjusted using real data,tested with the automobile market and it can recreate trends like those described in the world market.

创业型领导对创业绩效的双路径影响研究:决策逻辑视角

作为应对不确定创业环境和强资源约束的有效领导力,创业型领导一直受到学者们的关注并衍生出一系列探索其效应的研究。相关研究中创业型领导对创业绩效的促进作用得到学者们的认同,然而,对于两者之间内在机制的探索却缺乏理论解释和依据,特别是从决策逻辑视角出发考察其边界影响机制的研究较为鲜见。鉴于此,基于效果推理理论,构建了一个被调节的双中介模型来诠释创业型领导影响创业绩效的双路径效应。运用跨时点的问卷收集数据验证假设,结果表明:对于秉持因果决策逻辑的创业型领导,他们倾向于通过创业学习来提升创业绩效;而对于秉持效果决策逻辑的创业型领导者,他们既能够通过创业即兴来提升创业绩效,也能够通过创业学习来影响创业绩效。

效果逻辑、机缘巧合与数字创新绩效

如何提升数字创新绩效成为企业面临的现实难题,而现有研究对此的关注却十分稀少。本文基于效果逻辑理论,以209家制造企业为研究样本,探究效果逻辑对数字创新绩效的影响机制。研究发现:(1)效果逻辑对数字创新绩效具有显著正向作用;(2)效果逻辑能促进机缘巧合的发生,机缘巧合在效果逻辑与数字创新绩效间发挥部分中介作用,也即企业数字化中秉持效果逻辑更易产生意外机会,而通过对意外机会的把握能更好促进企业数字化;(3)人工智能意识在效果逻辑与数字创新绩效间发挥负向调节作用。研究结果拓展了数字创新绩效前因变量相关研究、弥补了企业数字化研究对组织成员心理问题关注的不足、推动了机缘巧合理论在国内的发展,并为企业数字化实践提供重要启示与借鉴。

效果推理:不确定性情境下的创业决策

传统决策逻辑基于明确的目标、详实的分析和清晰的预测,然而现实情境尤其是创业过程目标模糊、情境结构不良、未来不可预测,此时传统的因果逻辑不再适用,而效果逻辑成为合适选择。效果推理以March,Mintzberg,Weick和Simon的理论为基础,指出效果过程是关注局部和强调开发偶然性的近可分解过程,它关注可承受的损失和低代价实验、注重策略联盟而非竞争分析、控制未知未来而非预测它。效果逻辑为决策理论提供了新思路,也为创业实践提供了指引。文章详细阐述了效果推理的概念和内容并对其做了评论。