Machine learning techniques for prediction of capacitance and remaining useful life of supercapacitors: A comprehensive review

Supercapacitors are appealing energy storage devices for their promising features like high power density,outstanding cycling stability,and a quick charge–discharge cycle.The exceptional life cycle and ultimate power capability of supercapacitors are needed in the transportation and renewable energy generation sectors.Hence,predicting the capacitance and lifecycle of supercapacitors is significant for selecting the suitable material and planning replacement intervals for supercapacitors.In addition,system failures can be better addressed by accurately forecasting the lifecycle of SCs.Recently,the use of machine learning for performance prediction of energy storage materials has drawn increasing attention from researchers globally because of its superiority in prediction accuracy,time efficiency,and costeffectiveness.This article presents a detailed review of the progress and advancement of ML techniques for the prediction of capacitance and remaining useful life(RUL)of supercapacitors.The review starts with an introduction to supercapacitor materials and ML applications in energy storage devices,followed by workflow for ML model building for supercapacitor materials.Then,the summary of machine learning applications for the prediction of capacitance and RUL of different supercapacitor materials including EDLCs(carbon based materials),pesudocapacitive(oxides and composites)and hybrid materials is presented.Finally,the general perspective for future directions is also presented.

Water, land, and energy use efficiencies and financial evaluation of air conditioner cooled greenhouses based on field experiments

High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m^(2) for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m^(2) in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.

Regional differences and threshold characters of the impact of energy use efficiency on energy scarcity in China

The improvement of the technical efficiency of energy use has been widely seen as an important way to alleviate energy scarcity.However,the energy rebound effect demonstrates the vulnerability and unsustainability of alleviating energy scarcity relying on technology.Under the background of the consistent development of energy factor market,it is of great importance to explore the paths and differences of energy source allocation constrained by technology and cost to promote the sustainable use of energy.This study analyzed the regional differences and threshold characteristics in the impact of the technical and cost efficiency of energy use on energy scarcity using the instrumental variable-two-stage least square method,based on the panel data of Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2017.The results showed that:①Technology and price were the critical forces of the technical and cost efficiency of energy use.They changed the degree of use of surplus production factors by affecting the complementary and replacement demand relationship between energy and non-energy factors.Meanwhile,the impact of energy use efficiency on energy scarcity showed regional and time features due to the different technology capabilities and different levels of market development in different regions and different time.②The alleviation of energy scarcity at the national level relied on the improvement of energy cost efficiency.At the regional level,the alleviation of energy scarcity in central China came from the improvement of the technical efficiency of energy use.However,the alleviation of energy scarcity in the eastern and western regions was due to the improvement of energy cost efficiency.③Constrained by the economic development,openness,science and technology input and the industrial development structure,the impact of the technical and cost efficiency of energy use on energy scarcity demonstrated a nonlinear feature.And structural mutation occurred after passing a specific‘inflection point’,which showed a significant threshold feature.Therefore,energy price should play an important role in energy use and it is necessary to pay attention to the regional differences and time characteristics of energy economic development to promote the sustainable development of energy resources.

Energy and water saving by using modified closed circuits of drip irrigation system

The aim of this research was determine the en- ergy and water use efficiencies under the modification of closed circuit drip irrigation systems designs. Field experiments carried out on transgenic maize (GDH, LL3), (Zea Mays crop) under two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Drip Irrigation System (CM1DIS);b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Drip Irrigation System (CM2DIS), and c) Traditional Drip Irrigation System (TDIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter;30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar under Two levels slope conditions 0% and 2%. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Res. Fields., Soil and Plant & Agric. System Dept., Agric. Faculty, Southern Illinois University, Car- bondale (SIUC), Illinois, USA. Under 0% level slope when using CM2DIS the increase percent of Energy Use Efficiency (EUE) were 32.27, 33.21, and 34.37% whereas with CM1DIS were 30.84, 28.96, and 27.45% On the other hand when level slope 2% were with CM2DIS 31.57, 33.14, and 34.25 while CM1DIS were 30.15, 28.98, and 27.53 under lateral lengths 40, 60 and 80 m respectively relative to TDIS. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) when level slope 0% under CM2DIS were 1.67, 1.18, and 0.87 kg/m3 compared to 1.65, 1.16, and 0.86 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.35, 1.04, and 0.75 kg/m3 with TDIS whereas with level slope 2% when using CM2DIS were 1.76, 1.29, and 0.84 kg/m3 compared to 1.77, 1.30, and 0.87 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.41, 1.12, and 0.76 kg/m3 (for lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Water saving percent varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types relative to TDIS. Under slope 0% level CM2DIS water saving percent values were 19.26, 12.48, and 14.03%;with CM1DIS they were 18.51, 10.50, and 12.78%;and under slope level 2% with CM2DIS they were 19.93, 13.26, and 10.38% and CM1DIS were 20.49, 13.96, and 13.23% (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The energy use efficiency and water saving were observed under CM2DIS and CM1DIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitters, lateral line uniformity, and friction losses. CM2DIS was more energy use efficiency, EUE, water saving, and WUE than either CM1DIS or TDIS.

Exergy Analysis of Charge and Discharge Processes of Thermal Energy Storage System with Various Phase Change Materials:A Comprehensive Comparison

Thermal energy storage(TES) is of great importance in solving the mismatch between energy production and consumption.In this regard,choosing type of Phase Change Materials(PCMs) which are widely used to control heat in latent thermal energy storage systems,plays a vital role as a means of TES efficiency.However,this field suffers from lack of a comprehensive investigation on the impact of various PCMs in terms of exergy.To address this issue,in this study,in addition to indicating the melting temperature and latent heat of various PCMs,the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of each material are estimated and compared with each other.Moreover,in the present work the impact of PCMs mass and ambient temperature on the exergy efficiency is evaluated.The results proved that higher latent heat does not necessarily lead to higher exergy efficiency.Furthermore,to obtain a suitable exergy efficiency,the specific heat capacity and melting temperature of the PCMs must also be considered.According to the results,LiF-CaF_(2)(80.5%:19.5%,mass ratio) mixture led to better performance with satisfactory exergy efficiency(98.84%) and notably lower required mass compared to other PCMs.Additionally,the highest and lowest exergy destruction are belonged to GR25 and LiF-CaF_(2)(80.5:19.5) mixture,respectively.

A New Type of Paper-frame Cavernous Material and Its Application in Energy Efficiency in Buildings

This paper introduces a new type of paper-frame cavernous material, which is a made-up hollow material, by using silicate-cinder size to drench and daub. It possesses excellent performances such as light-weight, high-intensity, fire-resistance, sound-insulation, heat-insulation and no-pollution. Composed with concrete materials, a new type of bearing and energy-efficient block can be gained, which is kind of excellent wall materials and has a wide application prospect.

Charge Storage Properties of Aqueous Halide Supercapatteries with Activated Carbon and Graphene Nanoplatelets as Active Electrode Materials

Device level performance of aqueous halide supercapatteries fabricated with equal electrode mass of activated carbon or graphene nanoplatelets has been characterized.It was revealed that the surface oxygen groups in the graphitic structures of the nanoplatelets contributed toward a more enhanced charge storage capacity in bromide containing redox electrolytes.Moreover,the rate performance of the devices could be linked to the effect of the pore size of the carbons on the dynamics of the inactive alkali metal counterion of the redox halide salt.Additionally,the charge storage performance of aqueous halide supercapatteries with graphene nanoplatelets as the electrode material may be attributed to the combined effect of the porous structure on the dynamics of the non-active cations and a possible interaction of the Br^(-)/(Br_(2)+Br^(-)_(3))redox triple with the surface oxygen groups within the graphitic layer of the nanoplatelets.Generally,it has been shown that the surface groups and microstructure of electrode materials must be critically correlated with the redox electrolytes in the ongoing efforts to commercialize these devices.

The Identification of Peak Period Impacts When a TMY Weather File Is Used in Building Energy Use Simulation

When typical meteorological year (TMY) data are used as an input to simulate the energy used in a building, it is not clear which hours in the weather data file might correspond to an electric or natural gas utility’s peak demand. Yet, the determination of peak demand impacts is important in utility resource planning exercises and in determining the value of demand-side management (DSM) actions. We propose a formal probability-based method to estimate the summer and winter peak demand reduction from an energy efficiency measure when TMY data and model simulations are used to estimate peak impacts. In the estimation of winter peak demand impacts from some example energy efficiency measures in Texas, our proposed method performs far better than two alternatives. In the estimation of summer peak demand impacts, our proposed method provides very reasonable results which are very similar to those obtained from the Heat Wave approach adopted in California.

Experimental study and numerical modeling of the thermal behavior of an industrial prototype ceramic furnace:Energy and environmental optimization

This article focuses on the experimental and numerical study of an industrial prototype furnace intended for the production of ceramics in order to improve the energy efficiency and therefore optimize the fuel consumption and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions.In order to understand the thermal behavior from which stems the energy efficiency of the experimental prototype,we establish in this work,a simplified modeling allowing to establish a mathematical model describing the thermal behavior of the furnace.The model is able to accurately predict the spatial and temporal distribution of the temperature at each point of the furnace to control the firing of the refractory product so that the final product is of good quality in terms of resistance and hardness.In addition,the power consumed by the prototype must be optimized in order to reduce energy and environmental consumption.In particular,this efficient technology has allowed us to save 83% of energy used in the traditional furnace and to reduce 87.36% of the relative carbon dioxide emission.The simulation of the mathematical model made it possible to compare the numerical results with the experimental measurements obtained by the prototype as well as to validate the model and to adjust the heat transfer parameters.

Improving energy utilization efficiency of electrical discharge milling in titanium alloys machining

Electrical discharge milling(ED-milling) can be a good choice for titanium alloys machining and it was proven that its machining efficiency can be improved to compete with mechanical cutting. In order to improve energy utilization efficiency of ED-milling process, unstable arc discharge and stable arc discharge combined with normal discharge were implemented for material removal by adjusting servo control strategy. The influence of electrode rotating speed and dielectric flushing pressure on machining performance was investigated by experiments. It was found that the rotating of electrode could move the position of discharge plasma channel, and high pressure flushing could wash melted debris out the discharge gap effectively. Both electrode rotating motion and high pressure flushing are contributed to the improvement of machining efficiency.

Contrasting Behaviours of AC and DC Excited Plasmas in Contact with Liquid

A comparative study of the needle-to-liquid plasma in the continuous mode with DC and AC excitations is detailed in this paper. All plasmas studied here are shown to be glow discharges. This study is based on measurements of several key parameters, including electrical energy, optical emission intensities of active species, rotational and vibrational temperatures, and temperatures of the needle and liquid electrodes. AC plasmas can produce 1.2～5 times higher excited state active species than DC plasmas under the same dissipated power. AC excited liquid plasmas have the highest energy utilization efficiency among the three systems （AC excited plasmas, DC excited plasmas with water anode and DC excited plasmas with water cathode）; most of the energy is used to produce useful species rather than to heat the electrodes and plasmas.

Energy Saving in Construction by Wide Application of High-Quality Insulation Based on Basalt Fibers

The influence of modern heat insulation materials on the ecological compatibility and fire resistance of residential and public buildings is considered. The nomenclature of fibrous heat insulation materials from basic rocks of volcanic origin is described. For basalt super thin fibers (BSTF), the production technology is described. The factors negatively influencing the engineering-and-economical performance of the duplex technology of production of the BSTF are analyzed. The engineering-and-economical performance of innovative enterprises for the production of basalt heat insulation and measures for its use in construction are given.

Dual-Roof Solar Greenhouse—A Novel Design for Improving the Heat Preserving Capacity in Northern China

Dual-roof solar greenhouse, a new style of solar greenhouse, was designed in this study intending to reduce heat loss in cold time and improve land use efficiency in Beijing, the Capital city of China. Designing and applying the dual-roof greenhouse in metropolitan area had dual effects of saving energy and enhancing land use efficiency. According to the monitoring study and analysis conducted in winter of 2012, the averaged night temperature of south room was about 12.1°C in December, which was satisfying for growing average leaf vegetables. Total energy saved by dual-roof in whole winter was quantified as 1.1 × 107 MJ&#46yr-1 (winter), potentially about 37.4 t coal was saved in Beijing area during whole winter-growing period. Considering the application of north room, the land use efficiency was improved by 62.5% in dual-roof solar greenhouse.

Passive cooling of porous tile used on external wall

The porous tiles under the dry and wet conditions were studied. The simplified mathematical model was put forward to simulate the procedure of moisture evaporating for the densely porous tile. The results show that the capability of passive cooling of the porous tile is more than 5 ℃ with moisture content of 30% in Yangtze river region. Through the comparison between the measuring and simulating data,it can be proved that the simplified math model can be fully used to the engineering application,which provides a reference to explore the thermal performance of other porous material.

Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)analysis of garlic cultivation in Turkey

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of garlic cultivation during the 2020-2021 cultivation season in Adıyaman province of Turkey.Questionnaires,observations and field works were performed in 134 garlic farms in the region through simple random method.In garlic cultivation,energy input was calculated as 32103.20 MJ/hm^(2)and energy output was calculated as 30096 MJ/hm^(2).With regards to the three highest inputs in garlic production,46.66%of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(14979.26 MJ/hm^(2)),11.29%consisted of farmyard manure energy(3625.71 MJ/hm^(2))and 10.48%consisted of human labour energy(3363.36 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy in garlic cultivation were calculated as 0.94,1.71 MJ/kg,0.59 kg/MJ,and−2007.20 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The total energy input consumed in garlic cultivation was classified as 27.19%direct energy,72.81%indirect energy,35.17%renewable energy and 64.87%nonrenewable energy.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 8636.60 kg CO_(2)-eq/hm^(2)and 0.46 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.

Dynamic thermal performance and energy-saving potential analysis of a modular pipe-embedded building envelope integrated with thermal diffusive materials

In the context of racing to carbon neutrality,the pipe-embedded building system makes the opaque envelopes gradually regarded as the multi-functional element,which also provides an opportunity for thermal insulation solutions to transform from high to zero-carbon attributes.Based on the re-examination of the heat transfer process of conventional pipe-embedded radiant(CPR)walls,the modular pipe-embedded radiant(MPR)wall integrated with thermal diffusive materials is proposed to enhance the heat transfer capacity of CPR walls in the direction parallel to the wall surface,thereby forming a more stable and continuous invisible thermal barrier layer inside the opaque envelopes.A comprehensive thermal and energy-saving analysis study regarding the influence mechanism of several key factors of MPR walls,e.g.,the inclination angle of the filler cavity(θ-value),geometry size of the filler cavity(a:b-value)and thermal conductivity of the filler(λf-value),is conducted based on a validated numerical model.Results show that the dynamic thermal behaviors of MPR walls can be significantly improved due to that the radial thermal resistance in the filler cavity of MPR walls can be reduced by 50%,while the maximum extra exterior surface heat loss caused by the optimization measures is only 2.1%.Besides,a better technical effect can be achieved by setting the major axis of the filler cavity towards the room side,where the interior surface heat load/total injected heat first decreases/increases and then increases/decreases with the increase of theθ-value.In particular,the MPR wall withθL=60°can obtain the best performance when other conditions remain the same.Moreover,the performance indicators of MPR walls can be further improved with the increase of the cavity size(a:b-value),while showing a trend of rapid improvement in theλf-value range of 2–5λC and slow improvement increase in theλf-value range of 5–12λC.In addition,the improvement effect brought by optimizing theθ-value is more obvious as the a:b-value orλf-value increases.

Upcoming Transitions in the Energy Sector and Their Impact on Corporations Strategies

An analysis is presented on a set of enabling technologies which are opening new routes for energy conversion and consumption. This portfolio of innovations is complemented by a new framework in hydrocarbon production. This integration yields an optimization of energy uses that can result in lower greenhouse gases emissions and expand the lifecycle of current available resources. These options are confronted with the need for higher quantities of energy, at affordable costs in order to maintain the economic development. The conclusion is that there are no contradictions among the general objectives in global energy policy and the goals of corporations. Companies can take advantage of their previous expertise to remain competitive, but have to further develop new skills to operate in a new energy sector that is likely to be highly interlinked;evolving for the previous model that had markets segmented by specialty. New goods, such as the electric vehicles or the advanced high temperature high power fuel cells for generating electricity, should pave the way for a more synergetic and efficient energy sector.

A Novel Model of Intelligent Electrical Load Management by Goal Programming for Smart Houses, Respecting Consumer Preferences

Energy management is being highly regarded throughout the world. High-energy consumption in residential buildings is one of the dominant reasons of excessive energy consumption. There are many recent works on the demand-side management (DSM) and smart homes to keep control on electricity consumption. The paper is an intelligence to modify patterns, by proposing a time scheduling consumers, such that they can maintain their welfare while saving benefits from time varying tariffs;a model of household loads is proposed;constraints, including daily energy requirements and consumer preferences are considered in the framework, and the model is solved using mixed integer linear programming. The model is developed for three scenarios, and the results are compared: the 1st scenario aims Peak Shaving;the 2nd minimizes Electricity Cost, and the 3rd one, which distinguishes this study from the other related works, is a combination of the 1st and 2nd Scenarios. Goal programming is applied to solve the 3rd scenario. Finally, the best schedules for household loads are presented by analyzing power distribution curves and comparing results obtained by these scenarios. It is shown that for the case study of this paper with the implementation of 3rd scenario, it is possible to gain 7% saving in the electricity cost without any increasing in the lowest peak power consumption.

Economy, Environment and Government: Study on the Path of Supply-Side Reform Forced by the Fog-Haze

Unbalanced development in term as industrial structure and the efficiency use of energy have aggravated environmental pollution to different degrees resulting in the increase of range, time and degree of fog-haze. This, in turn, forced the government to carry out supply-side reforms, to improve energy efficiency and optimize the industrial structure to weaken the environmental pollution. To tackle these problems, this work provides an index system for the issues related to fog-haze, uses a non-linear ST-SVAR model to reflect the effects of industrial structure and energy use efficiency on fog-haze. Results indicated that: First, current industrial structure and energy use efficiency have greater impact on the comprehensive equation of fog-haze risk than itself. With the passage of time, this influence is still gradually expanding. Second, the equations of industrial structure and energy use efficiency are strongly influenced by themselves, and other variables as the current period have less impact on them. Finally, the non-linear or asymmetric relationship is shown among industrial structure, energy use efficiency, and the fog-haze comprehensive risk equation.

The Benefits of Integrated Methods in PV Making to Promote Their Efficiency and Achieve Low-Cost Modules

Active systems, such as solar thermal and photovoltaic offer a great potential in reducing of fuel energy consumption. To improve the sustainability of buildings, one of the challenges is to address the role of renewable energies. Today, the photovoltaic installations play an important role in creating solar renewable energy. They create 2000 MW electrical energy per year and its annual global sales grown to approximately 5.6 GWp. This paper presents a general overview on a serious effort to produce PV panels that could provide cheaper solar power. It also focuses on short background of PV. Furthermore, thin film technology benefits, the method of the most absorbing of solar spectrum and the method of solar concentration and the advantages of these systems are presented. Ultimately, a new high concentration PV power system will be assessed.