How Does Urban Shrinkage Affect Land Use Efficiency?A Case Study of Shrinking Cities in Northeast China

The effect of urban shrinkage has gradually become a new topic.Theoretically,urban shrinkage may exert great influence on land use efficiency(LUE)through various urban subsystems,but there is currently limited research examining these pathways.Using the Super-SBM-Undesirable model and the Structural Equation Model(SEM),this study calculates the LUE of shrinking cities in Northeast China and simulates the process of urban shrinkage affecting LUE.To quantify the process of urban shrinkage affecting LUE,three mediation variables,namely the economy,public services,and innovation,are used as latent variables to apply SEM.The results show that urban shrinkage will affect LUE through a direct path and indirect paths.In the direct path,urban shrinkage leads to an improvement in LUE.In the indirect paths,the economy and innovation will transmit the negative effect of urban shrinkage on LUE,while public services will reverse this effect.An important contribution of this study is that it quantifies the paths of urban shrinkage affecting LUE,thereby expanding the understanding of urban shrinkage effect and laying a foundation for the sustainable development of shrinking cities.

Urban Land Use Efficiency and Contributing Factors in the Yangtze River Delta Under Increasing Environmental Restrictions in China

Evaluating urban land use efficiency(ULUE) provides insights into the interactions between land use systems and their external environment. Specifically, changes in ULUE are important for monitoring urban transformation in developing countries. In this study, using a traditional input-output index model, we incorporated slack-based measurements and undesirable outputs into a SBM-UN(slack-based measure-undesirable) model to investigate ULUE within the context of increasing environmental restrictions in China. The model was used to estimate the ULUE of 26 cities in the highly developed urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to2018. The average ULUE in the Yangtze River Delta was relatively low compared to that of developed city regions in the European Union(EU) and North America and exhibited a U-shaped curve over the study period. Incorporating undesirable outputs, such as environmental pollution, into the model reduced ULUE by 19.06%. ULUE varied spatially, with the kernel density estimation exhibiting a bimodal distribution. Efficiency decomposition analysis showed that scale efficiency made a greater contribution to ULUE than pure technical efficiency. Based on our findings, recommended approaches to improve ULUE include optimizing factor allocation, reducing undesirable outputs, and increasing the effective output per land unit. The study suggests that ULUE and the SBM-UN model are useful planning tools for sustainable urban development.

Efficiency of Land Utilizationand Urbanization Progress of China

Urbanization is a process that is undergoing all over the world, which will speed up in the forthcoming years, especially in China as the boom of economy. On average, urbanization level is not only depended on the speed, but theefficiency, particularly efficiency of using land resource which affects urbanization directly. This paper provided status quo of land resource utilization efficiency, indictors, methods and factors, and illustrated the reference of well land utilization, aiming at fostering urbanization in China.

Driving Mechanism of Urban Space Expansion in Luoyang, China

Urban space expansion is the result of the interaction between internal and external forces of the urban. Based on the remote sensing image data of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, and the social and economic development data, this paper analyzes the driving mechanism of the Luoyang space expansion characteristics and its correlation characteristics. By using urban land use efficiency index, urban expansion elastic index;urban allometric growth index, and grey correlation analysis in 4 times sections and 3 periods. The research results show that the urban space expansion of Luoyang mainly comes from the needs and support of economic development, the coordination between urban space expansion and population development is poor, and urban space expansion effectively attracts the inflow of external funds, and the settlement of migrants, drives the development of the tertiary industry, and increases the local revenue.

高质量发展视角下的安徽省城市建设用地利用效率时空演变分析

为了研究安徽省城市建设用地利用效率在我国高质量发展视角下的时空演变情况,本文通过构建城市建设用地利用效率评价体系,并选取2006—2020年安徽省相关指标数据,运用三阶段DEA模型,把产业结构协调、技术进步协调、内外发展协调均纳入进环境因素,借此从时空2个维度对安徽省城市建设用地利用效率进行定量分析,并对安徽省非DEA有效设区市的城市建设用地投入及其产出指标进行投影分析。研究结果表明:1)从时间维度上看,2006—2020年安徽省的城市建设用地利用效率均处于较高水平,但上升趋势逐渐减缓,该省Malmquist全要素生产率变化指数的均值为1.023,技术进步是提升安徽省城市建设用地利用效率的主要驱动力量。2)从空间维度上看,安徽省城市建设用地高水平利用效率的空间分布主要沿着西北—东南城市带(淮北-淮南-合肥-铜陵)与西南-东北城市带(六安-滁州)大致成十字状对称布局,并且随着时间的推移,安徽省城市建设用地高水平利用效率还会沿着西北—东南、西南-东北2条轴线呈十字状向外扩散,其中在皖北地区主要以淮北、淮南2座资源型城市为核心向周边扩张,在皖南与江淮地区主要以芜湖、合肥2座交通枢纽城市为核心向周边扩张。3)通过冗余分析发现,安徽省城市建设用地利用效率主要受到城市产业协调发展和绿色协调发展的影响。在投入方面,城市第二、第三产业从业人数冗余是制约着安徽省城市建设用地利用效率提升的主要因素;在产出方面,安徽省各设区市的产业结构不合理、生态产出不足,以及资源配置不当等问题也均是制约着安徽省城市建设用地利用效率提升的重要因素。

城市建设用地效率评价与用地分配优化策略——基于中国2 165个市辖区、县级市和县的实证分析

为弥补用地效率研究缺乏全域评估、存在概念混淆、难以指导实务等不足,本文以中国31个省、自治区、直辖市的2165个市辖区、县级市、县为分析单元,采用SBM-undesirable模型计算各区市县城市建设用地利用效率,量化用地效率与供应的匹配程度和匹配类型,以为指标分配提供依据。中国城市建设用地效率整体偏低,保守估计,近七成区市县拥有冗余用地;若要达到最优效率,全国可削减冗余城市建设用地2.45万km^(2)。人口规模、行政等级与用地效率呈U型关系,人均GDP对用地效率具有边际递减的正向影响。中国城市面临用地利用效率与用地供应速率的空间错配问题,应根据两者匹配关系分类施策,对“效率不足-供应过剩型”和“效率较高-供应不足型”区市县的计划及周转指标分别给予压缩和调增,以实现总量稳定、效率提升、刚弹结合、动态调整的用地指标分配优化目标。

江苏省城市韧性与土地利用效率耦合协调时空演化及影响因素研究

基于2005—2020年江苏省市级面板数据,运用熵值法和SFA模型分别测算出城市韧性与土地利用效率,并借助耦合协调模型和脱钩模型对二者关系进行量化,最后借助Tobit模型对二者协调发展的驱动因素进行挖掘。结果表明:城市韧性、土地利用效率以及二者间耦合协调水平呈增长式发展,但增速均在逐渐减缓,且在空间格局演变上整体表现为“南高北低”分布;城市韧性与土地利用效率耦合状况良好,属于高水平耦合,整体协调度均值为0.67,属于“基本协调—初级协调”状态,且逐渐以中级协调类型城市为主;城市韧性与土地利用效率的脱钩类型以扩张负脱钩为主,未实现协同增进,多以土地利用效率增速相对滞后型发展,存在退耦风险;从江苏省整体尺度看,政府干预、人口密度、产业结构和科技投入对协调发展具有明显促进作用,而财政压力具有抑制作用。从三大区域尺度看,人口密度、产业结构和科技投入能够显著促进协调发展,其余要素均表现出区域异质性特征。城市科学发展离不开“城市韧性与土地利用”双系统的良性协同联动增长,研究结果可为城市高质量建设与可持续发展提供一定的参考价值。

Understanding the change of land space utilization efficiency with different functions and its coupling coordination: A case study of Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Land spaces function in capacities of urban development,agricultural production,and ecological conservation,among many others.Research of land space utilization efficiency(LSUE)and coupling coordination relationships among its subsystems are significant for sustainable land space development.In this study,taking the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River(UAMRYR)as the study area,we establish a measurement index system to evaluate the LSUE(2000–2018)and analyze its coupling coordination degree by utilizing an improved coupling coordination model.The main results include the following.(1)The average efficiency levels of urban space and agricultural space in the UAMRYR increased 2000–2018,while the average efficiency of ecological space declined.(2)The spatial pattern of the LSUE values varied greatly,with the distributions of high-efficiency and low-efficiency levels significantly different.(3)The coupling degree of LSUE includes three types,i.e.,high-level coupling,break-in,and antagonism.Each coupling degree type was characterized by change over time.(4)The proportion of areas with high coupling coordination and moderate coupling coordination increased from 2000 to 2018,while the proportion of areas with basic coupling coordination,moderate imbalance,and serious imbalance declined during this period.Given that the spatial differentiation of the LSUE and its coupling coordination,it is necessary to implement a differential land space development strategy in the UAMRYR.This study is helpful to promote the efficient utilization and coordinated development of land space utilization systems.

Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use efficiency from the perspective of agricultural multi-functionality： A case study of the Xi＇an metropolitan zone

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utili- zation, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological en- vironment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circum- stances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, eco- logical, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi＇an metropolitan zone （XMZ） to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, out- puts, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, provide more economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transforma- tion from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating ser- vices, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility tO urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the compre- hensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision-making, and guidance for rational land utilization.

Evolution Characteristics of Urban Land Use Efficiency under Environmental Constraints in China

In the context of high-quality economic development and coordinated regional development,this paper measures the urban land use efficiency of 275 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2016,taking into account the unexpected output(environmental pollution),and explores the temporal and spatial evolution of urban land use efficiency through kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation analysis.The results show that:(1)From 2003 to 2016,China’s urban land use efficiency showed an overall fluctuating growth,but it remained at a low level.The mean value of urban land use efficiency has been gradually decreasing in east,west and central regions.(2)In the whole country and the eastern,central and western regions,the regional differences have been increasing,and the efficiency values of the whole country and the east have become polarized.(3)Urban land use efficiency shows a weak spatial positive correlation,but the degree of spatial agglomeration is increasing.High-high agglomeration areas are mostly distributed in the southeastern coastal areas,and extend into the central region,while most of the high-low polarized areas are the capital cities of the central and western regions.The low-high depressed areas are scattered around the high-value accumulation areas,some of which have turned into high-high agglomeration areas during the study period,while the low-low homogeneous areas are mainly distributed in the central,western and northeastern regions.Therefore,it is proposed that strengthening the utilization of urban stock land,strengthening the regional cooperation mechanism,and formulating policies which improve the efficiency of land use are effective ways to promote the intensive and economical use of urban land,as well as regional coordinated development.

Spatio-Temporal Changes of Urban Population and Urban Construction Land in China

This paper first analyzes the general development trend and regional patterns of urban population and urban construction land in China from 1981 to 2009. Then it conducts a quantitative analysis on the coupling state between the growth rate of urban construction land and the urban population growth rate. Considering the status quo of urban development, it proposes that China should maximally optimize the allocation of land resources during the process of urban construction, so as to lessen the confl icts between the supply and demand of construction land.

绿色发展视角下城镇建设用地效率评价与提升对策研究——以江苏省为例

随着我国城镇化进程的推进,资源环境约束加剧,提高土地利用效率是实现绿色发展和高质量发展的客观要求。文章基于非期望产出的超效率SBM超效率模型,测算了绿色发展背景下2010—2018年江苏省城镇建设用地利用效率,并剖析了时空分异特征。结果表明:(1)2010—2018年江苏省城镇建设用地利用效率介于0.804~1.377,不考虑非期望产出的全省平均值为1.081,略高于考虑非期望产出的1.078。(2)2010—2018年全省均未出现明显的上升或者下降趋势,而是一直处于波动变化状态,前期波动下降后一直处于波动上升状态。但是部分经济发达城市的城镇建设用地效率反而有所下降。(3)如考虑生态环境等非期望产出,经济发展所带来的生态环境负效应在一定程度上会降低城镇建设用地效率,尤其是苏南地区部分经济发达城市,城镇建设用地以粗放式发展为主的局面仍未得到有效转变。因此,要实现经济社会可持续发展,体现在国土开发利用方面就是要不断提高土地节约集约利用水平,推动发展方式绿色转型。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市对城市土地利用效率的影响

研究目的:探究农村集体经营性建设用地入市对城市土地利用效率的影响,拓展对入市改革效应的认知视野,为凝聚改革共识和完善改革举措提供学理支撑。研究方法:基于2006—2020年333个县级市面板数据,采用双重差分法估计并进行异质性分析。研究结果:农村集体经营性建设用地入市对城市土地利用效率具有提升作用,且具有较强的稳健性;农村集体经营性建设用地入市对城市土地利用效率的影响存在基于区域、规模和自然资源禀赋的城市间异质性,在位于中东部地区、规模大的和资源型城市中不显著。研究结论:在稳慎推进农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革的同时,地方政府应基于全局思维科学系统地预判和评估入市的影响,把握改革在土地利用维度产生的红利由城乡共享的契机,有效发挥农地入市对提升城市土地利用效率的协同互补和竞争倒逼机制,加快转变土地依赖型的发展模式。

产业集聚、环境规制对城市建设用地绿色效率的空间效应

土地作为各种资源要素的空间载体,提升土地利用效率,是化解人地矛盾的关键突破口。转变土地利用方式,提高土地利用效率是减缓中国土地供需矛盾,维护土地生态安全的关键途径。基于2008—2019年中国269个地级市面板数据,利用超效率EBM-DEA(Epsilon-Based Measure-Data Envelopment Analysis)模型、ArcGIS空间分析及不同权重矩阵下的空间杜宾模型,探究城市建设用地绿色效率的演化特征及产业集聚、环境规制对其空间效应。结果显示:(1)研究期内,中国城市建设用地绿色效率具有较强的时空异质性,“东高西低”的梯度分布格局较为凸显;(2)产业集聚对城市建设用地绿色效率的空间效应具有显著的“U”型关系,即产业集聚超过一定阈值才能有效突破“索洛悖论”,提升本地与邻近地区城市建设用地绿色效率;(3)环境规制的“创新补偿”效应大于“遵循成本”,在一定程度上验证了“波特假说”在中国城市建设用地绿色效率中的适用性;但环境规制的“挤出效应”,也可能使邻近城市成为“污染避难所”,从而降低其城市建设用地绿色效率。通过研究以期为合理指导产业集聚与环境规制政策制定,实现城市建设用地高质量发展提供参考。

环境约束下的陕西省城市建设用地利用效率及驱动因素

研究环境约束下的城市建设用地利用效率地区差异及驱动因素对于实现区域绿色可持续发展具有重要的意义。该文采用超效率SBM模型、核密度估计法、灰色关联度模型系统研究了2000—2020年陕西城市建设用地利用效率的时空演化特征和驱动机理。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年陕西城市建设用地利用效率均值介于1.063~1.255之间,累计上升6.3%,呈现出波动上升的趋势,地区差异显著;(2)2000—2020年陕西城市建设用地利用效率呈现出高值集聚的现象,效率差异先缩小再扩大;(3)陕西城市建设用地利用效率受到经济发展水平、城市环境治理水平、产业结构状况、经济外向度、科技教育投入以及人口密度的共同驱动,且各驱动因素在不同时期作用程度存在较大差异。

玉溪市建设用地利用效率与城镇化耦合协调的时空格局及影响因素

建设用地利用效率与城镇化协调发展有利于实现土地的节约集约利用及城镇的可持续发展.在构建评价指标体系基础上,运用极值法、熵权法、综合指数法、耦合协调度模型,对2010—2020年玉溪市建设用地利用效率与城镇化耦合关系及影响因素进行研究.结果显示:(1)2010—2020年玉溪市建设用地利用效率与城镇化水平耦合协调度水平偏低,全市平均协调水平仅为0.39,整体上处于中度失调状态;(2)玉溪市建设用地利用效率与城镇化协调发展水平的区域不均衡特征明显,呈现出中间高、四周低的中心—外围结构;(3)玉溪市建设用地利用效率与城镇化协调发展水平的时空格局深受经济发展水平、工业化水平、政府能力、科技投入等因素的影响.玉溪市要采取差异化的策略来推动建设用地利用效率与城镇化的耦合发展.

Exploring complex urban growth and land use efficiency in China's developed regions:implications for territorial spatial planning

Developed regions in China have experienced rapid urban expansion and have consequently induced a series of challenging environmental issues since its economic reform and opening-up.Taking Zhejiang as a case study area,the present paper explores the complex types of urban growth over the last four decades as well as land use efficiency.Moreover,it discusses the implications of the aforementioned on China national territorial spatial planning(TSP).The acquired results have shown that:1)urban expansion has slowed down,exhibiting a three-stage trend of"slight increase(1980-1990)—dramatic growth(1990-2010)—slow growth(after 2010)";2)the complex types of urban growth reveal that the urban diffusion has been gradually controlled and the urban form tends to be more condensed;and 3)the mean values for pure technical efficiency(PTE)and scale efficiency(SE)of urban land use are 0.83 and 0.95 respectively,indicating PTE as the main factor restricting the improvement of urban land use.Based on these results,some beneficial policy implications and suggestions for TSP are provided.First,it is suggested that"Inventory Planning"will be the main direction of TSP other than"Incremental Planning".Secondly,we should pay more attention to the protection of cultivated land and ecological resources.Lastly,TSP should guide the economic growth away from simply relying on resource inputs and steer it toward technology and capital investment.

城市建设用地利用效率的空间非均衡及影响因素

探寻空间差异视角下中国城市建设用地利用效率的基本特征及其内在机制对于创新城市建设用地高效配置路径、实现区域协调发展具有重要的现实意义。本文以中国大陆31个省(直辖市、自治区)2001—2014年数据为研究样本,在构建城市建设用地利用效率评价指标体系的基础上,采用数据包络分析方法测度中国城市建设用地利用效率综合指数,并根据Mookheriee&Shorrocks提出的基尼系数分解方法,结合面板数据模型对中国城市建设用地利用效率的空间非均衡程度及其影响因素进行了定量刻画。结果表明:1中国城市建设用地利用效率表现出明显的空间非均衡特征,基本呈现出东部地区>西部地区>中部地区的地理格局,且从数据包络分析结果来看,中国城市建设用地利用效率总体上呈下降趋势,平均效率指数从2001年的0.750 1下降至2014年的0.694 8;2在全国层面和区域层面,城市建设用地利用效率的空间非均衡程度均不断加剧,基尼系数表现出"稳定上升——逐渐下降——趋于稳定"的变化路径,且从东、中、西部地区基尼系数平均值来看,东部地区城市建设用地利用效率的空间非均衡程度低于中部和西部地区;3三大区域分组设定的情况下,组内差异增加是中国城市建设用地利用效率空间非均衡程度加剧的主要来源,但其贡献率表现出逐渐缩小的趋势;4政策因素、发展因素、规模因素和结构因素是导致城市建设用地利用效率空间非均衡的主要原因,但是从面板数据模型回归结果来看,仅在西部地区,所有变量都通过了显著性检验,在全国和东、中部地区,各变量的显著性结果存在差异。

市场机制引入对城镇新增建设用地配置效率的影响

市场机制引入是否可以提高城镇新增建设用地配置效率优化城镇新增建设用地配置体系是学界和政界关注的热点问题。本文以实施"地票"交易政策,尝试引入市场机制配置城镇新增建设用地的重庆市为典型区域,结合理论分析与实证检验,通过构建以Logit模型为基础的"地票"指标流转模型,利用重庆市2008—2012年38个区县的"地票"交易数据,定量分析"地票"指标市场化流转行为及其关键影响因素,从而探究市场机制引入对城镇新增建设用地配置效率的影响。研究结果表明,重庆市各区县城镇建设用地边际产出与区域"地票"指标的流入行为存在正向的作用关系,而与"地票"指标的流出行为存在负向的作用关系。在市场机制的作用下,市场上的"地票"指标主要由城镇建设用地边际产出较低的区域提供,而"地票"指标最终流入了城镇建设用地边际产出相对较高的区域,从而拉平了区域之间城镇建设用地边际产出,一定程度上提高了城镇新增建设用地配置效率。为此,认为伴随着"地票"交易政策的实施,重庆市逐步形成了一种计划配置为主、市场配置为辅的混合型城镇新增建设用地配置体系,这种配置体系极大地增加了指标供给的弹性并优化了指标的配置效率。因此,我国应积极尝试在现有城镇新增建设用地配置体系中引入市场机制,引导地方政府从"增量"、"计划"的用地理念逐步向"存量"和"市场"的用地理念过渡,最终形成以区域资源禀赋和实际需求为导向的城镇新增建设用地配置体系。

中国城市建设用地利用效率、配置效率及其影响因素

盘活存量和用好增量是缓解当前我国城市建设用地供需矛盾日益突出的有效手段。利用2005年-2012年30个省以及275个地级市的相关数据对我国城市建设用地的利用效率和配置效率进行实证分析，结果表明：城市建设用地利用效率整体上呈下降之势，但效率改进幅度较大，且改进方式存在着空间差异性；城市建设用地利用效率及土地冗余情况存在着显著的空间差异性；配置效率呈现出显著的层级和空间分异特征，省内各市间的配置效率高于省际，且东部地区省际配置效率最高；人均收入、产业结构、人口密度以及土地交易市场的市场化程度对城市建设用地的利用效率均具有显著影响，不同的市场交易方式对城市土地初始配置扭曲状态的校正作用存在着显著的差异。