Mechanism of principal stress rotation and deformation failure behavior induced by excavation in roadways

The failure modes of rock after roadway excavation are diverse and complex.A comprehensive investigation of the internal stress field and the rotation behavior of the stress axis in roadways is essential for elucidating the mechanism of roadway failure.This study aimed to examine the spatial relationship between roadways and stress fields.The law of stress axis rotation under three-dimensional(3D)stress has been extensively studied.A stress model of roadways in the spatial stress field was established,and the far-field stress state at different spatial positions of the roadways was analyzed.A mechanical model of roadways under a 3D stress state was established using far-field stress solutions as boundary conditions.The distribution of principal stressesσ1,σ2 andσ3 around the roadways and the variation of the stress principal axis were solved.It was found that the stability boundary of the stress principal axis exhibits hysteresis when compared with that of the principal stress magnitudes.A numerical analysis model for spatial roadways was established to validate the distribution of principal stress and the mechanism of principal axis rotation.Research has demonstrated that the stress axis undergoes varying degrees of spatial rotation in different orientations and radial depths.Based on the distribution of principal stress and the rotation law of the stress principal axis,the entire evolution mechanism of the two stress adjustments to form the final failure form after roadway excavation has been revealed.The on-site detection results also corroborate the findings presented in this paper.The results provide a basis for the analysis of the failure mechanism under a 3D stress state.

Instability mechanism of mining roadway passing through fault at different angles in kilometre-deep mine and control measures of roof cutting and NPR cables

The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and field experiments in the context of the Daqiang coal mine located in Shenyang, China. The stability control countermeasure of "pre-splitting cutting roof + NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR) is simultaneously proposed. According to the different deformation characteristics of the roadway, the faults are innovatively classified into three types, with α of type I being 0°-30°, α of type II being 30°-60°, and α of type III being 60°-90°. The full-cycle stress evolution paths during mining roadway traverses across different types of faults are investigated by numerical simulation. Different pinch angles α lead to high stress concentration areas at different locations in the surrounding rock. The non-uniform stress field formed in the shallow surrounding rock is an important reason for the instability of the roadway. The pre-cracked cut top shifted the high stress region to the deep rock mass and formed a low stress region in the shallow rock mass. The high prestressing NPR anchor cable transforms the non-uniform stress field of the shallow surrounding rock into a uniform stress field. PSCR-NPR is applied in the fault-through roadway of Daqiang mine. The low stress area of the surrounding rock was enlarged by 3-7 times, and the cumulative convergence was reduced by 45%-50%. It provides a reference for the stability control of the deep fault-through mining roadway.

Failure mechanisms of roadways with non-coplanar axial direction and stress space:True triaxial test and mechanical analysis

The axial direction of a roadway often forms a certain spatial angle with the in-situ stress field.Variations in the spatial angles can lead to differences in the stress environment in which the roadway is exposed.Different forms of failure characteristics occur in the roadway.In order to study the failure mechanism with different spatial characteristics,rock-like material specimens with holes in 9 different horizontal and vertical angles were designed.The true triaxial test system was used to carry out the test with the same loading path.The results show that the horizontal angle a and vertical angle β have a significant effect on the specimen strength,specimen rupture angle,and the form of spalling failure in the hole.The spatial angle leads to the formation of asymmetric heterotype V-notches in both sides within the hole.The asymmetry is evident in both the depth and extent of spalling.The strength of the specimen increases and then decreases with increasing vertical angle β.The rupture angle increases and then decreases with increasing horizontal angle a and increases with the increase of the vertical angle β.The stress analytical model of the specimen under three-dimensional compression was established.The distribution of principal stresses around the holes was theoretically analyzed.It is found that the presence of spatial angle changes the distribution of principal stresses around the hole from symmetric to asymmetric distribution.The shift of the principal stresses is responsible for the change from a V-notch to a heterotype V-notch.

Sub-Homogeneous Peridynamic Model for Fracture and Failure Analysis of Roadway Surrounding Rock

The surrounding rock of roadways exhibits intricate characteristics of discontinuity and heterogeneity.To address these complexities,this study employs non-local Peridynamics(PD)theory and reconstructs the kernel function to represent accurately the spatial decline of long-range force.Additionally,modifications to the traditional bondbased PD model are made.By considering the micro-structure of coal-rock materials within a uniform discrete model,heterogeneity characterized by bond random pre-breaking is introduced.This approach facilitates the proposal of a novel model capable of handling the random distribution characteristics of material heterogeneity,rendering the PD model suitable for analyzing the deformation and failure of heterogeneous layered coal-rock mass structures.The established numerical model and simulation method,termed the sub-homogeneous PD model,not only incorporates the support effect but also captures accurately the random heterogeneous micro-structure of roadway surrounding rock.The simulation results obtained using this model show good agreement with field measurements from the Fucun coal mine,effectively validating the model’s capability in accurately reproducing the deformation and failure mode of surrounding rock under bolt-supported(anchor cable).The proposed subhomogeneous PD model presents a valuable and effective simulation tool for studying the deformation and failure of roadway surrounding rock in coal mines,offering new insights and potential advancements.

Failure mechanism and safety control technology of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses:a case study

The construction of coal mines often encounters deep composite soft rock roadways,which is characterized by significant deformation and poor stability.To deeply study the failure mechanism and large deformation challenges of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses,a numerical model of 3DEC tetrahedral blocks was established based on the method of rock quality designation(RQD).The results showed that original support cannot prevent asymmetric failure and large deformation due to the adverse geological environment and unsuitable support design.According to the failure characteristics,a coupling support of“NPR bolt/cable+mesh+shotcrete+steel pipe”was proposed to control the stability of the surrounding rock.The excellent mechanical properties of large deformation(approximately 400 mm)and high constant resistance force(bolt with 180 k N;cable with 350 k N)were evaluated by the tensile tests.The numerical results showed that the maximum deformation was minimized to 243 mm,and the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock of the roadway was enhanced.The field test results showed that the maximum deformation of the surrounding rock was 210 mm,and the forces of the NPR bolt and cable were stable at approximately 180 k N and 350 k N,respectively.This demonstrated the effectiveness of the coupling support with the NPR bolt and cable,which could be a guiding significance for the safety control of large deformation and failure in deep composite soft rock roadways.

Influence of axial stress on failure characteristics of deep arched hard rock roadway

To study the influence of axial stress on the failure characteristics of deep arched roadway considering structural effect,true triaxial compression tests were conducted on cubic granite specimens with a three-centered arched hole structure.A video monitoring device was utilized to record the failure process of surrounding rocks.The test results show that under 10−60 MPa axial stress,the surrounding rock failure process included the calm stage,particle ejection stage,fragment ejection stage,and rock slice buckling and spalling stage.Under higher axial stresses(70 and 80 MPa),the failure process is characterized by violent fragment spray during the fourth stage.As the axial stress increases,the failure of surrounding rock increases,while the initial vertical failure stress first increases and then decreases.According to the failure characteristics of roadway under different axial stresses,arranging the roadway along the direction of a moderate axial stress level is desired.

The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Roadway Design and Evacuation Routes in Delaware

As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the transportation infrastructure. Many people living in low elevation coastal areas can become trapped by flooding with no way in or out. With Delaware being a coastal state, this would affect a large portion of the population and will have detrimental effects over time if nothing is done to combat sea level rise. The issue with sea level rise in transportation is that once the roads become flooded, they become virtually unusable and detour routes would be needed. If all the roads in a coastal area were to be affected by sea level rise, the options for detours would become limited. This article looks at direct solutions to combat sea level rise and indirect solutions that would specifically help transportation infrastructure and evacuation routes in Delaware. There is not one solution that can fix every problem, so many solutions are laid out to see what is applicable to each affected area. Some solutions include defense structures that would be put close to the coast, raising the elevation of vulnerable roads throughout the state and including pumping stations to drain the water on the surface of the road. With an understanding of all these solutions around the world, the ultimate conclusion came in the form of a six-step plan that Delaware should take in order to best design against sea level rise in these coastal areas.

Bearing mechanism of roof and rib support structure in automatically formed roadway and its support design method

Non-pillar mining technology with automatically formed roadway is a new mining method without coal pillar reservation and roadway excavation.The stability control of automatically formed roadway is the key to the successful application of the new method.In order to realize the stability control of the roadway surrounding rock,the mechanical model of the roof and rib support structure is established,and the influence mechanism of the automatically formed roadway parameters on the compound force is revealed.On this basis,the roof and rib support structure technology of confined lightweight concrete is proposed,and its mechanical tests under different eccentricity are carried out.The results show that the bearing capacity of confined lightweight concrete specimens is basically the same as that of ordinary confined concrete specimens.The bearing capacity of confined lightweight concrete specimens under different eccentricities is 1.95 times higher than those of U-shaped steel specimens.By comparing the test results with the theoretical calculated results of the confined concrete,the calculation method of the bearing capacity for the confined lightweight concrete structure is selected.The design method of confined lightweight concrete support structure is established,and is successfully applied in the extra-large mine,Ningtiaota Coal Mine,China.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

The influence of the disturbing effect of roadways through faults on the faults' stability and slip characteristics

In order to mitigate the risk of geological disasters induced by fault activation when roadways intersect reverse faults in coal mining,this paper uses a combination of mechanical models with PFC2D software.A mechanical model is introduced to represent various fault angles,followed by a series of PFC2D loading and unloading tests to validate the model and investigate fault instability and crack propagation under different excavation rates and angles.The results show that(1)the theoretical fault model,impacted by roadway advancing,shows a linear reduction in horizontal stress at a rate of-2.01 MPa/m,while vertical stress increases linearly at 4.02 MPa/m.(2)Atfield excavation speeds of 2.4,4.8,7.2,and 9.6 m/day,the vertical loading rates for the model are 2.23,4.47,6.70,and 8.93 Pa/s,respectively.(3)Roadway advancement primarily causes tensile-compressive failures in front of the roadway,with a decrease in tensile cracks as the stress rate increases.(4)An increase in the fault angle leads to denser cracking on the fault plane,with negligible cracking near the fault itself.The dominant crack orientation is approximately 90°,aligned with the vertical stress.

Surrounding Rock Control Technology of Strong Dynamic Pressure Roadway in Hudi Coal Industry

Aiming at the problems of large deformation and difficult maintenance of deep soft rock roadway under the influence of high ground stress and strong dynamic pressure, taking the surrounding rock control of 1105 lane in Hudi Coal Industry as an example, the deformation characteristics and surrounding rock control measures of deep soft rock roadway are analyzed and discussed by means of geological data analysis, roadway deformation monitoring, rock crack drilling and field test. The results show that the main causes of roadway deformation are high ground stress, synclinal tectonic stress, advance mining stress, roadway penetration and surrounding rock fissure development. Based on the deformation characteristics and mechanism of lane 1105, the supporting countermeasures of “roof synergic support, layered grouting, anchor cable beam support, closed hardening of roadway surface” are proposed, which can provide reference for the control of deep roadway surrounding rock under similar conditions.

矿井巡检机器人复杂斜巷通过性能优化

为提高移动机器人在矿井巷道等复杂环境中的越障稳定性,通过理论分析与RecurDyn仿真试验,研究并提出了一种分析和优化摆臂履带式巡检机器人坡道越障能力和越障稳定性的方法。研究结果表明:坡度对所涉及的巡检机器人最大越障高度和稳定性均有较大影响,在坡度角为(0~35)°工况下,随坡度的增加理论最大越障高度从349mm逐渐减小至221mm,且当坡度角大于30°时,机器人在越障中易处于不稳定状态,故在越障控制时须考虑稳定性因素的影响。该结论可为所涉及巡检机器人的设计和自主越障控制提供理论依据。

底板梳状定向长钻孔技术在淮南矿区瓦斯区域治理应用研究

针对安徽淮南矿区煤巷条带瓦斯区域治理时穿层钻孔量大、施工周期长,以及顺层钻孔一次性成孔难度大、孔内事故频发等难题,提出在张集煤矿采用底板梳状定向长钻孔预抽煤巷条带瓦斯的技术方案。在施工中总结了入煤角度控制、硬岩开分支、飞管护孔等关键技术,形成了一套完善的梳状孔施工工艺,保证了钻孔主孔成孔深度和分支孔见煤率。试验期间,施工钻孔主孔深度均大于400 m,分支孔接力掩护长度均大于300 m。钻孔成孔明显得到改善,干管瓦斯抽采浓度达到60%以上,抽采纯量达到3.5 m^(3)/min,同时节省了施工成本,为淮南矿区的瓦斯区域治理提供了新的方案。

3D finite element numerical simulation of advanced detection in roadway for DC focus method

Within the roadway advanced detection methods, DC resistivity method has an extensive application because of its simple principle and operation. Numerical simulation of the effect of focusing current on advanced detection was carried out using a three-dimensional finite element method （FEM）, meanwhile the electric-field distribution of the point source and nine-point power source were calculated and analyzed with the same electric charges. The results show that the nine-point power source array has a very good ability to focus, and the DC focus method can be used to predict the aquifer abnormality body precisely. By comparing the FEM modelling results with physical simulation results from soil sink, it is shown that the accuracy of forward simulation meets the requirement and the artificial disturbance from roadway has no impact on the DC focus method.

Three-dimensional calculation of roadway earthwork volume

To solve the inaccuracy problem caused by the two existing methods (averageend-area method and prismoidal method) used for the calculation of roadway earthwork volume, thispaper puts forward a new concept of the 3-dimensional algorithm that takes all the roadway geometricdesign procedures as a kind of geometrical operation between the ground model (original terrainmodel) and the roadway model (designed model) under certain constraints, and then presents acomplete 3-dimensional algorithm of roadway earthwork volume as well as its executable computerprogram. The algorithm benefits from the re-triangulation technique of constrained delaunaytriangulation (CDT), which can yield a true volume value theoretically. Through a number ofpractical testscovering varied intervals between adjacent cross sections, it is proven to possess ahigher accuracy compared with that of traditional methods. All the work involved in this paperindicates that the 3-dimensional calculation of roadway earthwork volumeis feasible, more accurateand should have further application in practice.

上分层遗留煤柱下方沿空巷道煤柱宽度优化设计

为提高煤柱稳定性和煤炭资源回收率,本文以杨村煤矿3332-2工作面为例,采用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟方法分析了巷道围岩应力和变形规律。结果表明:随着煤柱宽度的增加,巷道左侧峰值的应力集中程度明显增加,右侧峰值的应力集中程度略微降低;巷道顶部和右帮变形量减少,左帮变形量增加,底部变形量变化不大。综合考虑,随煤柱宽度改变,巷道应力与变形虽然有所变化,但均在可接受范围内,因此,3332-2运顺采用4m宽煤柱为宜。

基于地质雷达的巷道松动圈探测图像优化分析及支护改进

以河北中关铁矿井下巷道为工程背景,开展松动圈探测及图像处理优化分析及支护改进。首先依据雷达探测原理,提出了针对金属矿山井下巷道的松动圈探测方案,并优化了雷达探测图像处理方法;然后对探测结果进行了详细分析,讨论了不同岩性及不同埋深水平对巷道松动圈范围的影响。研究结果表明:采用探地雷达可以有效测得井下巷道松动圈范围,中关铁矿井下巷道松动圈分布复杂多变,巷道岩性越差,埋深越大,松动圈范围越大,反之亦然。依据松动圈范围和锚杆作用机理,在岩性较差的围岩段,松动圈厚度范围超过2.5 m,应优化支护方案采用长度更长的锚杆并加密锚杆间距。

近距离煤层采空区下回采巷道快速掘进技术研究

针对上榆泉煤矿近距离煤层群赋存情况,考虑I031005回采巷道上覆9#煤层采空区的影响,采用现场调研、数值模拟以及理论分析相结合的方法,在保证回采巷道围岩稳定的情况下,提出了“锚杆支护参数优化+设备改进+工艺流程优化”的快速掘进综合技术体系。研究结果表明:基于层次分析法建立下煤层回采巷道快速掘进影响因素综合评价体系,明确影响巷道掘进速度的重要因素巷道地质条件和支护工艺;10^(#)煤层巷道基本不受9^(#)煤层遗留煤柱集中应力影响,且围岩完整性好,强度高,适当增加单根锚杆强度,减小锚杆间排距不影响回采巷道围岩稳定,锚杆合理间排距为1500 mm×1200 mm,锚杆长度为1800 mm;优化支护参数后支护时间显著降低,巷道单排支护时间由30 min降低至22 min,提高单次掘锚循环进尺提高至1.2 m;提出滑移架与截割装置相连的结构,优化循环作业方式,使掘锚同步作业,掘支平行作业率可增加42.7%;巷道月平均进尺可由750 m增至1080 m,增幅44%。研究结果可为类似条件矿井回采巷道快速掘进提供借鉴。

厚煤层采准巷道布置及围岩稳定性研究

为了解厚煤层采准巷道布置形式对围岩稳定性的影响,文章通过数值模拟,分析了巷道沿顶掘进、布置在煤层中间和沿底掘进三种不同布置形式下围岩的变形情况,并监测巷道围岩的变形数据。研究发现,巷道沿底掘进时,整体变形较为均匀,顶板、帮部和底板位移梯度均较小,有利于增强围岩的稳定性。

一种煤矿矩形巷道智能支护设计专家系统

针对煤矿矩形巷道支护参数设计问题,采用模糊数学对煤巷围岩稳定性的类别进行分析。选择顶板岩石单轴抗压强度、底板岩石单轴抗压强度、煤层单轴抗压强度、巷道埋深、采动影响系数、护巷煤柱宽度、围岩完整程度7个指标作为矩形巷道围岩稳定性分析指标,并根据不同的围岩稳定性类型选用不同的支护形式;采用(内嵌数值模拟软件优化、CAD)支护设计方法进行设计,并进行合理的支护参数计算,通过数据库中的诸多样本判断类似的样本数据以自动选择合理的支护方案。以Visual Studio 2022为开发工具,利用SQL Sever 2019构建了围岩力学参数、支护参数、围岩稳定性等信息巷道信息数据库,采用C#语言进行计算机编程,实现了巷道参数数据库管理、围岩稳定性分类、支护参数智能设计等功能。