Chemical Composition of the Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi and Their Potential for Use as Livestock Feed

Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi have been used for over four decades as Eichhorniae crassipes classical biological control agents globally. Despite the success of bio-control against the water hyacinth globally at different levels and environmental sustainability, biological control against water hyacinth seems to have overlooked the socio-economic sustainability in assisting the ravaged communities, gain resilience and adapt to the challenges of the invasive alien species. This manuscript evaluates the potential to draw out more from biological control of the water hyacinth by evaluating the potential to utilize Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi as feed. The live insects of the two species were collected from the water hyacinth marts in the nearby L. Victoria in Siaya county, Kenya. Where they were then transferred for semi-cultivation in localized ponds for reproduction and closer monitoring. The ponds having been set up in completely randomized design while in the open within the same climatic region mimicked the water quality and most abiotic conditions of the lake necessary for the insects’ and host plant acclimatization and reproduction. The samples for proximate analysis were collected from these ponds as per the research and experimental design. The chemical compositions of the Neochetina bruchi, N. eichhorniae and their larvae composite, satisfactorily compared to basic fish feed requirements, specifically as a protein source having crude protein (CP) percentage per DM of 55.0350 ± 0.025, 54.4350 ± 0.035 and 62.2750 ± 0.025 respectively.

霍山石斛内生真菌Alternaria eichhorniae次生代谢产物研究

目的:研究霍山石斛内生真菌Alternaria eichhorniae的次生代谢产物。方法:利用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、反相制备高效液相色谱等多种色谱法分离化合物,根据波谱方法对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从霍山石斛内生真菌Alternaria eichhorniae中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为:tricycloalternarenes 6b(1)、tricycloalternarenes 2a(2)、tricycloalternarenes 1b(3)、tricycloalternarenes 1a(4)、tricycloalternarenes H(5)、stemphyperylenol(6)、altertoxinsⅠ(7)、alterperylenol(8)、(2R,3S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane-2,3-diol(9)、3-羟基-4-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丁酮(10)、melithasterol B(11)、(22E,24R)-3β,5α,9α-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(12)。结论:所有化合物均首次从霍山石斛内生真菌Alternaria eichhorniae中分离得到。

Evaluation of Growth Rate of Invasive Aquatic Macrophytes and Contribution to Its Use in Organic Fertilizer Production: A Case of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, 1883 in the Lobé Creek (Littoral-Cameroon)

From 20 January to 20 July 2023, a study was carried out on the Lobé Creek, a waterway subject to considerable natural and man-made pressures, with a negative impact on its biodiversity and habitats. The aim was to evaluate the growth rate of invasive aquatic macrophytes and their contribution to the use of organic fertilisers: a case of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, 1883 in the Lobé Creek (Littoral-Cameroon) with a view to its appropriate use in agronomy. The specific objective was to examine the impact of anthropogenic actions on Lobé Creek, characterise physico-chemical environment of the study area, and evaluate the growth rate of E. crassipes and its chemical composition with a view to producing an organic biofertiliser. The results show that E. crassipes represents a considerable threat to the populations of these localities. As for the physico-chemical parameters, the temperature values vary from 24 ± 1.41˚C to 26.5 ± 1.13˚C;pH from 6.3 ± 0.1 to 7.2 ± 0.07;conductivity and dissolved oxygen vary respectively from 40.7 ± 1.83 µS/cm to 19.6 ± 3.11 µS/cm and from 7.3 ± 0.14 mg/l to 5.8 ± 1.55 mg/l. Its average growth rate varies from 0.69 feet/day to 0.63 feet/day. With regard to the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of water hyacinth plants, the results show that the average total nitrogen content ranges from 6.11 ± 1.59 g/kg to 5.2 ± 2.03 g/kg;total phosphorus, from 0.52 ± 0.54 g/kg to 0.88 ± 0.38 g/kg;and potassium, from 1.43 ± 0.45 g/kg to 2.61 ± 0.89 g/kg.

凤眼莲入侵对洪湖湿地CO_(2)、CH_(4)、N_(2)O通量的影响初探

为揭示外来植物入侵对湖泊湿地温室气体排放的影响机制,选择入侵植物样地和本土植物样地,通过漂浮箱-气相色谱法原位研究了洪湖湿地温室气体排放规律及其控制因子,探讨了外来入侵植物对洪湖湿地温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,外来植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)入侵洪湖湿地后,CO_(2)通量高于开阔水域,但低于挺水植物区莲+菰群落和浮水植物区欧菱群落;入侵植物区凤眼莲群落监测点CH_(4)通量高于浮水植物区欧菱群落监测点,但低于开阔水域和莲+菰群落监测点;凤眼莲群落监测点N_(2)O通量均低于莲+菰群落、欧菱群落和开阔水域监测点。相关分析表明,莲+菰群落和凤眼莲群落监测点CO_(2)通量与温度显著正相关,莲+菰群落监测点N_(2)O通量与温度显著正相关,而4个监测点CH_(4)通量与环境因子无显著相关性。洪湖湿地CH_(4)排放通量(1.11~534.40 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1))比通常观测到的数值高1~2个数量级,可能是由于该湖泊湿地水体污染严重,湖泊呈富营养化。

Investigating the Effects of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas on the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Engine

This study considers the effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel(ECB)blends on the performances,combustion,and emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine operated in a dual-fuel mode(DFM)and equipped with an Exhaust gas recirculation technique(EGR).In particular,a single-cylinder,four-stroke,water-cooled diesel engine was utilized and four modes of fuel operation were considered:mode I,the engine operated with an ordinary diesel fuel;mode II,the engine operated with the addition of 2.4 L/min of lique-fied petroleum gas(LPG)and 20%EGR;mode III,20%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR;mode IV,40%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR.The operation conditions were constant engine speed(1500 rpm),var-iation of load(25%,50%,75%,and 100%),full load,with a compression ratio of 18,and a time injection of 23°BTDC(Before top died center).With regard to engine emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbons(UHC),and nitrogen oxide(NOX)were measured using a gas analyzer.The smoke opacity was measured using an OPABOX smoke meter.By comparing the results related to the different modes with mode I at full load,the BTE(Brake thermal efficiency)increased by 20.17%,11.45%,and 12.66%with modes II,III,and IV,respectively.In comparison to the results for mode II,the BTE decreased due to the combustion of ECB blends by 7.26%and 6.24%for mode III and mode IV,respectively,at full load.In comparison to mode II,the Brake specific energy consumption(BSEC)increased with the ECB substitution.With ECB blends,there is a noticeable decrease in the CO,CO_(2),and UHC emissions at a partial load.Furthermore,the 20%ECB has no effect on CO emissions at full load.For modes II and IV,the CO_(2)increased by 33.33%and 19%,respectively,while the UHC emissions were reduced by 14.49%for mode III and 26.08%for mode IV.The smoke of mode III was lower by 7.21%,but for mode IV,it was higher by 12.37%.In addition,with mode III and mode IV,the NOx emissions increased by 30.50%and 18.80%,respectively.

不同营养水平对外来物种凤眼莲生长特征及其竞争力的影响

入侵种凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes)在中国的泛滥不仅与其强大的适应力和繁殖能力有关,还与水体的富营养化有很大的关系。作者通过盆栽实验比较了三个营养水平的模拟富营养条件下凤眼莲的生长特征和对当地种黄花水龙(Ludwigiapeploidesssp.stipulacea)和黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)两个不同生长型的影响。结果表明:富营养条件增强了凤眼莲的生长繁殖能力,使其平均每母株克隆分株数、平均株高以及总生物量极大的增加。凤眼莲的生长优势导致了其竞争优势,对黄花水龙和黑藻都发生了明显的竞争效应。迅速繁殖的凤眼莲覆盖大量水面,通过排挤作用抑制了黄花水龙的生长(低营养水平除外);黑藻因光照缺乏,导致正常光合作用受阻,生物量急剧下降。凤眼莲对黑藻的竞争效应较黄花水龙更强。富营养化的水体为凤眼莲的成功入侵提供了优越条件,因此解决当前水体的富营养化状况能有效控制凤眼莲入侵,同时也有利于本地生物多样性的保护。

水葫芦气囊预处理黄姜皂素废水的实验研究

研究了利用水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipe)的气囊对皂素生产废水进行预处理的效果.对比实验结果表明:干燥的水葫芦气囊在吸附处理综合皂素废水8h后氯离子浓度降低10%,色度降低97.2%,pH值从1.09升高到1.26左右,COD降低率为20%.经水葫芦预处理吸附后皂素废水可生化性提高,厌氧反应产气速率提高1.5倍左右,有利于皂素废水的后续生化处理.经过吸附处理后的水葫芦气囊自身的产气效率也有所提高,为提高水葫芦堆肥的效果提供了一定实验依据.

凤眼莲根对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用及机制研究

观察凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes根粉末及丙酮提取物对东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense生长的影响,比较分析根系丙酮提取物中的化学成分以及不同成分抑藻效果,探讨凤眼莲根对藻类生长的抑制作用及其化学基础。结果显示,1.5g.L-1以上的凤眼莲根粉末可完全抑制东海原甲藻的生长。实际浓度0.019g.L-1的凤眼莲根丙酮提取物对东海原甲藻可产生50%的抑制率。N-苯基-2-萘胺浓度为1mg.L-1时,第6天对东海原甲藻的抑制率超过60%。浓度50μl.L-1时,亚油酸对东海原甲藻的抑制率超过80%。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)或高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测显示,凤眼莲根丙酮提取物中含有一定量的亚油酸和N-苯基-2-萘胺,同时还有大量的长链脂肪酸如十六酸、9-十六碳烯酸等。结果表明,凤眼莲根可显著抑制东海原甲藻的生长,N-苯基-2-萘胺、亚油酸可能是凤眼莲根抑藻的主要因子。

凤眼莲对不同富营养化程度水体的净化效果研究

为研究凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对不同富营养化程度水体的净化修复效果,按照地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水至劣Ⅴ类水配制5种不同浓度梯度的废水进行水培试验,考察凤眼莲对不同初始浓度废水中CODcr、TN和TP的净化效果。当废水CODcr、TN、TP初始浓度分别为25.720~136.040、1.263~32.011、0.942~4.111 mg/L时,凤眼莲对CODcr、TN和TP的净化处理效果良好,去除率随初始浓度升高而呈增加趋势,最高可分别达到80%、97%和98%,表明凤眼莲对不同浓度的富营养化水体都具有较好的修复效果,尤其适于净化修复劣Ⅴ类水质水体。

水葫芦叶中总黄酮的提取及其抗氧化性研究

为研究水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)叶中总黄酮的超声波法提取工艺,并测定其抗氧化活性,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化提取条件,对总黄酮还原能力及清除自由基能力进行测定。结果表明,水葫芦叶中总黄酮最佳提取条件为超声功率320 W、乙醇浓度70%、超声时间30 min、料液比1∶45、提取次数3次,此条件下总黄酮得率为5.71%,提取物呈现出良好的抗氧化活性。

凤眼莲净化含铜废水的效果研究

采用水培的方法对凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在不同Cu2+质量浓度和不同pH条件下进行培养,研究了凤眼莲对水体Cu2+的吸收特性以及Cu2+质量浓度、pH对凤眼莲吸收Cu2+的影响。结果表明:凤眼莲在短期内对含铜废水具有良好的净化效果,在Cu2+质量浓度为2.00、4.00和8.00mg/L时凤眼莲对Cu2+的总去除率分别达91.38%、91.64%和77.64%;在铜离子浓度为4.00mg/L,pH为4.0、5.5和7.0时,凤眼莲对Cu2+的总去除率分别为88.02%、93.15%和81.32%。凤眼莲对含铜废水的净化主要依靠根的吸收富集,但当Cu2+质量浓度高于20mg/L时,凤眼莲植株受害症状明显。

凤眼莲、大薸对水体重金属复合污染的富集及去除效果研究

研究了凤眼莲（Eichhorniacrassipes）和大藻（Pistiastratiotes L．）对水体中Hg^2＋、pb^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cu^2＋、复合污染的富集和去除效果。结果显示：凤眼莲和大藻对5种重金属的富集系数都较大，凤眼莲的富集系数大小顺序为Pb^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Cd^2＋〉Hg^2＋〉Cu^2＋，大藻的富集系数大小顺序为pb^2＋〉Cd^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Hg^2＋〉Cu^2＋。凤眼莲对5种重金属离子的最大去除率分别为〉95．45％、98．33％、90．40％、84．64％、27．43％，大藻的最大去除率分别为〉95．45％、97．23％、84．00％、84．53％、38．54％。凤眼莲、大藻与对照组相比去除率差异均极显著（P〈O．01），而2种植物间去除率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。除了cu^2＋之外其他4种离子（Hg^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋）在4～12d内从0．0011、0．1359、0．0125、0．2780mg／L。降到了符合《渔业水质标准》。

水葫芦资源化利用前景及其研究进展

凤眼莲[Eichhornia crassipes（Martius）Solms-Laubach],俗称水葫芦,属于多年生草本植物,通常其根生于淤泥或水表浮生,属于雨久花科,南美洲亚马逊河流域是它的原产地。有不少国家引进该种植物,全球各地均有分布,因其繁殖速度快,亦被列入世界百大外来入侵物种之一。在25~35℃温度中,短短8个月时间内,水葫芦就能从10棵增长到80万棵。

Performance of a water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 mz was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks＇ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 21.78% of total nitrogen （TN） and 23.02% of total phosphorus （TP）. Both dissolved oxygen （DO） and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the differences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）, but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth. We concluded that a water hyacinth system was effective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.

In-situ nitrogen removal from the eutrophic water by microbial-plant integrated system

Objective: This study was to assess the influence of interaction of combination of immobilized nitrogen cycling bacteria (INCB) with aquatic macrophytes on nitrogen removal from the eutrophic waterbody, and to get insight into different mechanisms involved in nitrogen removal. Methods: The aquatic macrophytes used include Eichhornia crassipes (sum-mer-autumn floating macrophyte), Elodea nuttallii (winter-growing submerged macrophyte), and nitrogen cycling bacteria in-cluding ammonifying, nitrosating, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria isolated from Taihu Lake. The immobilization carriers materials were made from hydrophilic monomers 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and hydrophobic 2-hydroxyethyl methylacrylate (HEMA). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the roles of macrophytes combined with INCB on nitrogen removal from eutrophic water during different seasons. Results: Eichhornia crassipes and Elodea nuttallii had different potentials in purification of eutrophic water. Floating macrophyte+bacteria (INCB) performed best in improving water quality (during the first experiment) and decreased total nitrogen (TN) by 70.2%, nitrite and ammonium by 92.2% and 50.9%, respectively, during the experimental period, when water transparency increased from 0.5 m to 1.8 m. When INCB was inoculated into the floating macrophyte system, the populations of nitrosating, nitrifying, and denitrifying bacteria increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared to the un-inoculated treatments, but ammonifying bacteria showed no obvious difference between different treatments. Lower values of chlorophyll a, CODMn, and pH were found in the microbial-plant integrated system, as compared to the control. Highest reduction in N was noted during the treatment with submerged macrophyte+INCB, being 26.1% for TN, 85.2% for nitrite, and 85.2% for ammonium at the end of 2nd experiment. And in the treatment, the populations of ammonifying, nitrosating, nitrifying, and de-nitrifying bacteria increased by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude, as compared to the un-inoculated treatments. Similar to the first ex-periment, higher water transparency and lower values of chlorophyll a, CODMn and pH were observed in the plant+ INCB inte-grated system, as compared to other treatments. These results indicated that plant-microbe interaction showed beneficial effects on N removal from the eutrophic waterbody.

Anatomical studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) under the influence of textile wastewater

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a prolific free floating aquatic macrohpyte found in tropical and subtropical parts of the earth. The effects of pollutants from textile wastewater on the anatomy of the plant were studied. Water hyacinth exhibits hydrophytic adaptations which include reduced epidermis cells lacking cuticle in most cases, presence of large air spaces (7～50 μm), reduced vascular tissue and absorbing structures. Textile waste significantly affected the size of root cells.The presence of raphide crystals was noted in parenchyma cells of various organs in treated plants.

凤眼莲浮床对东平湖鲤养殖池塘水质的净化作用

为了研究凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对池塘水质的净化作用,选择东平湖鲤鱼养殖池塘,在试验塘中架设凤眼莲浮床,并设置空白对照池塘,每周采集1次水样,测定池塘水样中的溶解氧、pH及营养盐(包括总氮、总磷、氨氮、亚硝氮)等理化指标。结果表明,凤眼莲浮床对东平湖鲤养殖水体TN、TP的去除率为59.4%和73.6%,对NH3-N和NO-2-N的去除率为81.4%和70.8%,对养殖水体的修复效果良好,而且还可增加水体溶氧、稳定pH,有利于鱼类生长。

Allelopathic Effects of Eichhornia crassipes on the Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

Algal blooms caused by eutrophication in fresh water are one of the major environmental problems in the world. Using biological methods to control algal growth, especially based on allelopathic inhibitory effects of aquatic macrophytes on phytoplankton growth, have been received world-wide attention. In this study, the allelopathic activity of the invasive macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes （water hyacinth）, on blue-green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa （PCC7806） was investigated using coexistence assay. Our results showed that water hyacinth had disparate effects on the growth ofM~ aeruginosa （PCC7806） under different initial algal densities. Under lower initial algal density （OD650 = 0.10 and OD650 = 0.05）, the algal growth was significantly inhibited by water hyacinth （inhibition ratio was 95.6% and 97.3%, respectively）. While it was stimulated at higher initial algal densities （OD650 = 0.20）. Water hyacinth inhibited the growth of algae mainly through its root system. Culture water from water hyacinth and aqueous methanol extracts from dry roots samples also showed inhibition effects on algal growth. The inhibition effects increased as the increase of crude extract concentration, suggest that water hyacinth may excrete inhibitory substances from root system and show allelopathic inhibitory potential to the growth ofM. aeruginosa.

A NOVEL STEROID FROM EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES

6 -Hydroxy-stigmasta-4,22-diene-3-one 1,a novel steroid, was isolated from the Eichhornia Crassipes.Its structure was deter- mined by ~1H and ^(13)C NMR spectroscopy and further confirmed by authen- tic sample,which was synthesized from stigmasterol 2.

Water Hyacinth Control by Glyphosate Herbicide and Its Impact on Water Quality

The aim of this study was to evaluate the herbicide glyphosate under aquatic environment conditions, in a controlled and closed experimental field, in the management of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in reservoirs. Twenty reservoirs (polyethylene water tanks) with storage capacity of 1000 liters were used, without water flow and without evapotranspired water replacement (worst case), being 04 for each treatment. The adult plants were placed in the water tanks to provide 90% surface occupation of the reservoir. Five treatments with four repetitions were considered, being: 1) Reservoir colonized by water hyacinth without control;2) Reservoir colonized by water hyacinth, controlled by glyphosate;3) Reservoir colonized by water hyacinth, controlled by freezing;4) Reservoir without water hyacinth and glyphosate application and 5) Reservoir without water hyacinth and no glyphosate application. The glyphosate herbicide was used at the highest recommended dose, 7.0 L·ha-1 or 3360 g of acid equivalent per ha, applied using carbon dioxide precision equipment (backpack sprayer), providing a flow rate of 200 L·ha-1. The water samples were collected at the time of application, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after application and also at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 days after application, in the morning, always at the same time, also between 8 and 9 h. The method used for determination of residues was by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry with a mass selective detector. Low concentrations of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were found in both reservoirs that received application of the product. The half-life of glyphosate in water to the reservoirs with water hyacinth was 11 days and in the reservoirs without water hyacinth was 21 days. The results show a low potential of environmental impact of glyphosate use in the control of water hyacinth in reservoirs.