Performance of R141b Ejector with Thermal Storage for Solar Air Conditioning

This paper was designed to determine the performance of the R 141 b ejector includes analysis in economics. The first step is to determine the operating condition and ejector geometry through computer calculation program. That found at the generator temperature 84 ℃ and evaporator temperature 8 ℃, diameter of nozzle throat is 2 mm, diameter of nozzle exit is 8 mm, diameter of mixing chamber inlet is 25 mm, diameter of constant area section is 8 mm. Area of evacuated solar collector is 10 m2, thermal storage tank size is 0.33 m3, cold thermal storage size is 2.3 m3. The entrainment ratio and COP （coefficient of performance） of computer calculation program are 0.295 and 0.235, respectively. The second step ejector is fabricated and equipped to solar ejector refrigeration system, it is found that, average COP is 0.265. The economics analysis of solar ejector cooling system are invested in the investment cost was 158,158 baht. When calculating payback period was 7.73 years, the return value on a NPV （net present value） was 60,872.63 baht of lifetime of the system throughout a period of 15 years, and IRR （internal rate of return） is 13.57%.

Energy Storage System for Solar Thermal Air Conditioning Combined with Ejector Cooling System

A system of energy storage for solar thermal air conditioning combined with ejector cooling system for residential is determined in this paper. The purpose of this study is to design the energy storage system for heating the water in a storage tank to reach the required temperature for exchanging heat with the refrigerant of cooling system. The design from calculation of thermal energy storage system that proper with the solar flat plate collector area results are 70 m2, and the hot water temperature is over than 80 ℃. A cooling system is selected for refrigerant of R141b from the solar air conditioning system of 10.5 kW, and the energy source is solar thermal energy from the collector that there is an efficiency of 0.46 approximately. This storage system for the electric solar cooling system can be reduced the problem of the intermittent of energy source with the constant generating temperature to run the cooling system continuously.

Effect of an Internal Heat Exchanger on the Performances of a Double Evaporator Ejector Refrigeration Cycle

A theoretical investigation is presented about a double evaporator ejector refrigeration cycle(DEERC).Special attention is paid to take into account the influence of the sub-cooling and superheating effects induced by an internal heat exchanger(IHX).The ejector is introduced into the baseline cycle in order to mitigate the throttling process losses and increase the compressor suction pressure.Moreover,the IHX has the structure of a concentric counter-flow type heat exchanger and is intentionally used to ensure that the fluid at the compressor inlet is vapor.To assess accurately the influence of the IHX on the DEERC performance,a mathematical model is derived in the frame of the dominant one-dimensional theory for ejectors.The model also accounts for the friction effect in the ejector mixing section.The equations of this model are solved using an Engineering Equation Solver(EES)for different fluids.These are:R134a as baseline fluid and other environment friendly refrigerants used for comparison,namely,R1234yf,R1234ze,R600,R600a,R290,R717 and R1270.The simulation results show that the DEERC with an IHX can achieve COP(the coefficient of performance)improvements from 5.2 until 10%.

Theoretical Study on CO_2 Transcritical Cycle Combined Ejector Cycle Refrigeration System

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) are as main refrigerants used in traditional refrigeration systems driven by electricity from burning fossil fuels, which is regarded as one of the major reasons for ozone depletion (man-made refrigerants emission) and global warming (CO 2 emission). So people pay more and more attention to natural refrigerants and energy saving technologies. An innovative system combining CO 2 transcritical cycle with ejector cycle is proposed in this paper. The CO 2 compression sub-cycle is powered by electricity with the characteristics of relatively high temperature in the gas cooler (defined as an intercooler by the proposed system). In order to recover the waste heat, an ejector sub-cycle operating with the natural refrigerants (NH 3, H 2O) is employed. The two sub-cycles are connected by an intercooler. This combined cycle joins the advantages of the two cycles together and eliminates the disadvantages. The influences of the evaporation temperature in CO 2 compression sub-cycle, the evaporation temperature in the ejector sub-cycle, the temperature in the intercooler and the condensation temperature in the proposed system performance are discussed theoretically in this study. In addition, some unique features of the system are presented.

Prospect Evaluation of Low-GWP Refrigerants R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)Used in Solar-Driven Ejector-Vapor Compression Hybrid Refrigeration System

In this paper,the entrainment ratio,pump work,heat loads of heat exchangers and COPthermal were theoretically evaluated for a solar-driven ejector-vapor compression hybrid refrigeration system with R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)as the working fluids.The evaluation of the utilization potentials of R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)was presented by comparing the system performance with that of R245fa,a commonly used refrigerant in the ejector system.The results indicated that the systems with R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)had a higher entrainment ratio and lower pump work.The pump works when using R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)can be up to 14.59%and 38.05%lower than those of R245fa,respectively.Meanwhile,the system showed the highest COPthermal utilizing R1233zd(E)followed by that of R245fa,with the R1336mzz(Z)system having the lowest value.The differences between R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)systems,R1233zd(E)and R245fa systems were 4.33%and 2.0%,respectively.This paper was expected to provide a good reference for the utilizing prospect of R1233zd(E)and R1336mzz(Z)in ejector refrigeration systems.

Experimental Investigation of the Ejector Refrigeration Cycle for Cascade System Application

Ejector refrigeration cycle(ERC)with advantages of simple structure and low cost holds great application potential in cascade/hybrid cycles to improve the overall system performance by removing or recovering the heat from the main cycle.In this paper,a theoretical and experimental investigation of the ERC as a part of a cascade system was carried out.The operating parameters were optimized.The experimental ERC test rig was designed,developed and investigated at high evaporating temperatures and wide ranges of operating conditions.The influence of operating conditions on the efficiency of the ejector and ERC was analyzed.Experimental results and analysis in this study can be helpful for the application and operating condition optimization of ERC in cascade/hybrid refrigeration systems.

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Mixed Refrigerant Ejector Refrigeration Cycle Operating with Two Vapor-liquid Separators

A mixed refrigerant ejector refrigeration cycle operating with two-stage vapor-liquid separators （MRERC2） is proposed to obtain refrigeration temperature at -40℃. The thermodynamic investigations on per- formance of MRERC2 using zeotropic mixture refrigerant R23/R134a are performed, and the comparisons of cycle performance between MRERC2 and MRERC1 CMRERC with one-stage vapor-liquid separator） are conducted. The results show that MRERC2 can achieve refrigeration temperature varying between -23.9℃ and -42.0℃ when ejector pressure ratio ranges from 1.6 to 2.3 at the generation temperature of 57.3-84.9℃. The parametric analysis indicates that increasing condensing temperature decreases coefficient of performance （COP） of MRERC2, and increasing ejector pressure ratio and mass fraction of the low boiling point component in the mixed refrigerant can improve COP of MRERC2. The MRERC2 shows its potential in utilizing low grade thermal energy as driving power to obtain low refrigeration temperature for the ejector refrigeration cycle.

Investigation on the Performance of the Pump-Free Double Heat Source Ejector Refrigeration System with R1234yf

A pump is needed in an ejector refrigeration system,which makes the system high cost and complicated and hinders its application.A pump-free double heat source ejector refrigeration system using R1234yf as working fluid is proposed in which an injector driven by another heat source replaces the liquid circulating pump,making the system more affordable,simpler and more stable.The effect of different operation conditions on entrainment ratios and the influence of different factors on system performance are analyzed on the basis of mass,momentum and energy conservation equations.The influence degree of each factor on system performance is investigated by the orthogonal test method.The condenser temperature has the largest effect on system performance.The pressure drop in the suction chamber of gas-liquid injector has the least impact on system performance.The COP can reach about 0.35 under a certain working condition.The system can be driven by two different temperature heat sources with no electricity needed,and it is a good choice for places with abundant heat resources or lack of electricity.

Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Cooling/Power Cogeneration Ejector Refrigeration System

The organic Rankine cycle is introduced into the conventional ejector refrigeration(CER)system to establish the low-grade heat-driven cooling/power cogeneration ejector refrigeration(CPC-ER)system using the isobutane as the refrigerant.In comparison with the CER system where external power is consumed by the circulating pump,the power output from the CPC-ER system is more than the power consumption of its circulating pump so that a portion of net power is derived from the CPC-ER system.Based on the mathematical model of thermodynamics,energy and exergy analysis of the CPC-ER system is carried out and compared with the CER system.The results reveal that the equivalent coefficient of performance(COP)of the CPC-ER system is 41.14%to 71.30%higher than that of the CER system,and the exergy efficiency of the CPC-ER system is 1.32 to 1.49 times higher than that of the CER system.Both the power produced by the turbine and the total exergy output from the CPC-ER system approach the maximum,as the generating temperature in the generator is up to 80°C.The CPC-ER system has the higher energy utilization efficiency than the CER system,and it is suitable for the cooling and power-required places with low-grade thermal sources.

Performance analysis of cogeneration systems based on micro gas turbine(MGT),organic Rankine cycle and ejector refrigeration cycle

In this paper,the operation perfonnance of three novel kinds of cogeneration systems under design and off-design condition was investigated.The systems are MGT(micro gas turbine)+ORC(organic Rankine cycle)for electricity demand,MGT+ERC(ejector refrigeration cycle)for electricity and cooling demand,and MGT+ORC+ERC for electricity and cooling demand.The effect of 5 different working fluids on cogeneration systems was studied.The results show that under the design condition,when using R600 in the bottoming cycle,the MGT+ORC system has the lowest total output of 117.1 kW with a thermal efficiency of 0.334,and the MGT+ERC system has the largest total output of 142.6 kW with a thermal efficiency of 0.408.For the MGT+ORC+ERC system,the total output is between the other two systems,which is 129.3 kW with a thermal efficiency of 0.370.For the effect of different working fluids,R123 is the most suitable working fluid for MGT+ORC with the maximum electricity output power and R600 is the most suitable working fluid for MGT+ERC with the maximum cooling capacity,while both R600 and R123 can make MGT+ORC+ERC achieve a good comprehensive performance of refrigeration and electricity.The thermal efficiency of three cogeneration systems can be effectively improved under oredesign condition because the bottoming cycle can compensate for the power decrease of MGT.The results obtained in this paper can provide a reference for the design and operation of the cogeneration system for distributed energy systems(DES).

Thermodynamic Investigation of a Solar Energy Cogeneration Plant Using an Organic Rankine Cycle in Supercritical Conditions

In the present work,a novel Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC)configuration is used for a low-grade heat source cogeneration plant.An investigation is conducted accordingly into the simultaneous production of electricity and cold.The proposed configuration relies on concentrated solar power(as heat source)and ambient air(for cooling).Furthermore,two gas ejectors are added to the system in order to optimize the thermodynamic efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle.The results show that the thermodynamic and geometric parameters related to these ejectors have an important effect on the overall system performances.In order to account for the related environmental impact,the following working fluids are considered:HCFC-124,HFC-236fa,HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.As shown by the numerical simulations,the fluid R1234yf presents the minimal heat consumption and therefore provides an optimal thermal efficiency for the ORC cycle(which is around 29%).However,the refrigerant R236fa displays the highest refrigeration performances with a performance coefficient reaching a value as high as 0.38.

Performance Study of a Novel Ejector-Cascade Refrigeration System with Regenerator

In this paper,a novel NH_(3)/CO_(2)ejector-cascade refrigeration system with regenerator is proposed,which can recycle the waste heat at the outlet of the compressor.After establishing the mathematical model of the system,the theoretical energy and exergy analysis are carried out and compared with the conventional cascade refrigeration system.It is concluded that compared with the conventional cascade refrigeration system,the novel ejector-cascade refrigeration system with regenerator has the advantages of less power consumption of the compressor,less component exergy destruction,high system performance,and is more suitable for working at a lower temperature.Under the working conditions studied in this paper,compared with the conventional cascade refrigeration system,the COP of the novel ejector-cascade refrigeration system with regenerator is increased by9.58%;the exergy efficiency is increased by 9.50%,and the optimal evaporation temperature is about-45℃.

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Modified Ejector-Expansion Refrigeration Cycle with Hot Vapor Bypass

In this study,a modified ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle(MERC)is proposed for applications in small refrigeration units.A vapor bypass circuit is introduced into the standard ejector expansion refrigeration cycle(ERC)for increasing the ejector pressure lift ratio,thereby lowering the compressor pressure ratio in the MERC.A mathematical model has been established to evaluate the performances of MERC.Analysis results indicate that since a two phase vapor-liquid stream is used to drive the ejector in the MERC,a larger ejector pressure lift ratio can be achieved.Thus,the compressor pressure ratio decreases by 21.1%and the discharge temperature reduces from 93.6℃to 82.1℃ at the evaporating temperature of-55℃ when the vapor quality of two phase vapor-liquid stream increases from 0 to 0.2.In addition,the results show that the higher ejector component efficiencies are effective to reduce the compressor pressure ratio and the discharge temperature.Actually,the discharge temperature reduces from 91.4℃ to 82.1℃ with the ejector component efficiencies increasing from 0.75 to 0.85 at the two phase stream vapor quality of 0.2.Overall,the proposed cycle is found to be feasible in lower evaporating temperature cases.

Performance Analysis of an Ejector Enhanced Two-Stage Auto-Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Low Temperature Freezer

In this paper,an ejector enhanced two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle(EARC)using ternary mixture R600a/R32/R1150 is proposed for application of-80℃freezing.In EARC cycle,an ejector was employed to recover the expansion work in the throttling processes and lifted the suction pressure of the compressor.The performances of the ejector enhanced two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle and conventional auto-cascade refrigeration cycle(CARC)were compared using thermodynamic analysis methods.The influences of the important operation parameters including mass fraction ratio of the mixture,fluid quality at the second separator inlet,condensation temperature,evaporation temperature,and expansion ratio of expansion valve on the performances of EARC cycle were discussed in detail.The results indicate that ternary mixture R600a/R32/R1150 has the optimal mass fraction ratio of 0.45/0.2/0.35 with respect to the maximum COP.The EARC cycle yields higher performance than the CARC cycle in terms of COP,exergy efficiency and volumetric refrigeration capacity.And 4.9%-36.5%improvement in COP and 6.9%-34.3%higher exergy efficiency could be obtained in EARC cycle comparing with CARC cycle.The finding of this study suggests that the EARC cycle has a promising application potential for low temperature freezing.

Experimental Investigation on Ejector Performance Using R134a as Refrigerant

Ejector refrigeration has the advantage of low capital cost,simple design,reliable operation,long lifespan and almost no maintenance.The only weakness is the low efficiency and its intolerance to deviations from design operation condition.R134 a used in ejector refrigeration system gives better performance in comparison with many other environmental friendly refrigerants as the generation temperature is from 75℃to 80℃.The present work experimentally investigated the on-design and off-design performance of the ejector with fixed geometry using R134 a as refrigerant,and cycle performance of the ejector refrigeration system.The experimental prototype was constructed and the effects of primary flow inlet pressure,secondary flow inlet pressure and ejector back pressure on ejector performance and cycle performance were investigated respectively.The operation conditions are:primary flow inlet pressure from 2.2 MPa to 3.25 MPa,secondary flow inlet pressure from 0.36 MPa to 0.51 MPa,ejector back pressure from 0.45 MPa to 0.67 MPa.Conclusions were drawn from the experimental results,and the experimental data can be used for validation of theoretical model for both critical and subcritical mode.

宽工况下水蒸气喷射制冷系统试验研究

针对低品位余热资源热负荷的不稳定性,开展研究利用低品位余热资源的水蒸气喷射制冷系统性能变化规律。通过搭建水蒸气喷射制冷试验平台,对蒸汽喷射器的引射系数与系统性能进行了试验研究。结果表明:当发生温度为设计温度140 ℃时,蒸汽喷射器引射系数与系统性能最佳,分别为0.34和0.33,当发生温度高于设计温度时,系统性能和蒸汽喷射器引射系数要比发生温度低于设计温度时更优;随着蒸发温度从2 ℃上升到22 ℃时,蒸汽喷射器引射系数由0.17上升到了0.22,增加了25%,系统性能从0.17上升到了0.24,提高了41%,因此较高的蒸发温度对系统的性能有所提升;系统存在1个临界冷凝温度,当超过临界冷凝温度时,蒸汽喷射器引射系数与系统性能急剧下降。研究结果为水蒸气喷射制冷的模拟研究提供了试验验证,对水蒸气喷射制冷系统的优化具有重要意义。

面向月球基地的自循环热管理及发电系统研究

针对月球基地热管理需求,根据月面热环境特点,设计了一种面向月球基地的新型自循环热管理及发电系统。系统将有机朗肯循环(ORC)和喷射制冷循环(ERC)相结合,以仪器设备散热和太阳能或核能废热为热源,以外部冷背景为冷源,系统内一部分的工质吸收热源,通过有机朗肯循环发电,另一部分工质通过蒸发器吸收航天员日常工作环境中的热量,为航天服和科学研究提供冷量。系统不需要外部电力,可以独立运行,实现发电与制冷。经分析模型计算,在满足月球基地热量收集、传输和排散的基础上,可以实现最大废热制冷率40%以上,总废热利用效率50%以上.

跨临界CO_(2)两相引射器喷嘴扩张段传热的影响分析

跨临界CO_(2)引射器主动流入口状态对引射器性能具有显著影响,主动喷嘴壁面传热会改变主动流状态,其对引射器性能的影响有待研究。基于均质平衡模型假设,构建了跨临界CO_(2)两相引射器的CFD模型,模拟研究了喷嘴扩张段传热对引射器性能和流场结构的影响,并分析了对冷凝器出口分流引射膨胀制冷系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:引射器引射系数随喷嘴扩张段热流密度和喷嘴扩张段长度的增大而增大,但在适用热流密度(小于120 kW/m^(2))下并不明显,引射系数变化范围在1%以内,其影响可以忽略不计;喷嘴扩张段传热对引射器内部流场的影响较小,喷嘴扩张段内流体温度略有升高,引射器出口干度略有增加,喷嘴出口和混合室内混合流的马赫数也略有增加;对于冷凝器出口分流引射膨胀制冷系统,利用引射器壁面传热可以过冷流体,系统COP显著提高,COP最大提升比例为8.89%。总体而言,对引射器主动喷嘴扩张段加热,对引射器性能影响甚微,但对冷凝器出口分流引射膨胀制冷系统的性能有较明显的提高。

带喷射器的低温跨临界CO_(2)两级压缩制冷系统性能

针对低蒸发温度下跨临界CO_(2)制冷系统实验研究较少的现状,设计搭建了带喷射器的跨临界CO_(2)两级压缩制冷实验台,在蒸发温度为-33~-29℃,气冷器出口温度为30~40℃,高压压力为8.20~9.70 MPa的实验工况下研究制冷系统的性能变化,并将实验结果与理论计算结果进行对比。研究结果表明:实验结果与理论热力学计算结果变化趋势一致,喷射器的应用可显著提升跨临界CO_(2)两级压缩制冷系统的性能,其对制冷系统COP的最大提升率可达29.37%;在实验工况下,带喷射器的跨临界CO_(2)两级压缩制冷系统的最优高压压力为8.80 MPa,对应的最优COP为1.63;带喷射器的跨临界CO_(2)两级压缩制冷系统的制冷量和COP随蒸发温度的升高而增大;气冷器出口温度对制冷系统的性能影响显著,随着气冷器出口温度从30℃升至40℃,制冷系统的COP降低61.4%。这些研究成果可为带喷射器的跨临界CO_(2)两级压缩制冷系统的研究提供参考。

冷藏列车跨临界CO_(2)喷射制冷系统性能研究

目的:提出一种带喷射器的跨临界CO_(2)制冷系统,并研究其性能影响因素。方法:采用能量和火用的系统模型结合试验的方法,研究主要参数变化对传统和新型制冷系统的影响。结果:在给定工况下,采用喷射器代替节流阀,可使压缩机的功减少6.04%,性能系数提高11.1%,系统的火用效率提高11.08%;并找到了最佳气体冷却器压力使得系统性能最大化。结论:新系统的喷射器具有较大的优化潜力,且气体冷却器的出口温度对喷射器的性能影响最大。