Performance analysis of lobed nozzle ejectors for high altitude simulation of rocket engines

Ejectors are used in high altitude testing of rocket engines to create vacuum for simulat-ing the engine test in vacuum conditions.The performance of an ejector plays a vital role in creating vacuum at the exit of the engine nozzle and the nozzle design exit pressure at the time of ignition.Consequently,the performance of ejectors has to be improved to reduce the consumption of active fluid.In this investigation,the performance of an ejector has been improved by changing the exit shear plane of the nozzle.Conventionally,conical nozzles are used for creating the required momentum.Lobes of 4 no’s,6 no’s and 8 numbers for an equivalent area ratio=5.88 are used to increase the shear area.The influence of shear plane variation in the suction pressure is studied by a detailed CFD analysis.

Vortex structures downstream a lobed nozzle/mixer

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the evolutions of unsteady vortex structures downstream a lobed mixer/nozzle.A novel dual-plane stereoscopic PIV system was used to measure all 3-components of vorticity distributions to revealed both the large-scale streamwise vortices produced by the lobed mixer/nozzle and the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex structures generated due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities simultaneously and quantitatively for the first time.The instantaneous and the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions displayed quite different aspects about the evolutions of the unsteady vortex structures.While the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions indicated the overall effect of the special geometry of the lobed nozzle/mixer on the enhanced mixing process,the instantaneous vorticity distributions elucidated many details about how the enhanced mixing process was conducted.In addition to quantitatively confirming conjectures of previous studies,further insight about the formation,evolution and interaction characteristics of the unsteady vortex structures downstream of the lobed mixer/nozzle were also uncovered quantitatively in the present study.

Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

Experimental Investigation on Mixing Enhancement Mechanism of Turbulent Jet Flow with Tabbed Nozzle

Flow visualization and hot-wire measurement techniques were combined to investigate the influence of the size and number of tabs on jet flow field and vortex structure generation mechanism. Streamwise vortices generated by the tabs of different sizes and numbers were observed from the flow visualization images. Combined with flow visualization, hot-wire measurement gave a quantitative insight of the effect of various tabbed jet flows. Instantaneous two-component velocity signals (longitudinal and transverse velocity components) at different cross sections along radius direction and streamwise direction with different tabbed jet nozzles were measured using hot-wire anemometer. Average flow field parameters of tabbed jet flow such as mean velocity, tur-bulence intensity, vorticity were analyzed and the effects of tabs with different sizes and numbers were compared with that of circular no-tab jet flow. It is revealed that the generation of a series of counter-rotating quasi-streamwise vortices, azimuthal vortices and double-row azi-muthal vortex are the reasons for mixing enhancement of tabbed turbulent jet flow.

Effect of gas blowing nozzle angle on multiphase flow and mass transfer during RH refining process

A three-dimensional mathematical model was developed to investigate the effect of gas blowing nozzle angles on multiphase flow,circulation flow rate,and mixing time during Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH) refining process.Also,a water model with a geometric scale of 1:4 from an industrial RH furnace of 260 t was built up,and measurements were carried out to validate the mathematical model.The results show that,with a conventional gas blowing nozzle and the total gas flow rate of 40 L·min^(-1),the mixing time predicted by the mathematical model agrees well with the measured values.The deviations between the model predictions and the measured values are in the range of about 1.3%–7.3% at the selected three monitoring locations,where the mixing time was defined as the required time when the dimensionless concentration is within 3% deviation from the bath averaged value.In addition,the circulation flow rate was 9 kg·s^(-1).When the gas blowing nozzle was horizontally rotated by either 30° or 45°,the circulation flow rate was found to be increased by about 15% compared to a conventional nozzle,due to the rotational flow formed in the up-snorkel.Furthermore,the mixing time at the monitoring point 1,2,and 3 was shortened by around 21.3%,28.2%,and 12.3%,respectively.With the nozzle angle of 30° and 45°,the averaged residence time of 128 bubbles in liquid was increased by around 33.3%.

High mixing effectiveness lobed nozzles and mixing mechanisms

For a circular lobed nozzle with the exit plane displaced from the center body,adding a central plug at exit or replacing the nozzle with an alternating-lobe nozzle can improve the mixing effectiveness.In this study,numerical investigations of jet mixing in the lobed nozzles with a central plug and alternating-lobe nozzles in pumping operation were conducted.The effects of the central plugs with the wake ranging from attached to separated flow on the mixing were analyzed,along with the mechanism of improving the mixing performance in a"sword"alternating-lobe nozzle.The simulation results reveal that the large-scale mixing rate,which is dominated by streamwise vortices,is related to the intensity of the attainable heat and mass transfer in the streamwise vortices.The effects of the streamwise vortices on the normal vortex ring are virtually a manifestation of the heat and mass transfer/mixing process of the streamwise vortices.The simulation results also show that the central plug with the attached rear-flow performs better in improving the mixing effectiveness and pumping performance;on the contrary,if the rear-flow is separated,more pressure loss will be induced.In particular,a completely separated flow over the rear of the central plug will severely degrade the attainable heat and mass transfer in the streamwise vortices.For the sword alternating-lobe nozzle,wider sword deep troughs help to increase the flux of the secondary stream around the core region and delay the confluence of the primary stream in the region between the deep and shallow troughs.Thus,the mixing is improved in the middle and posterior segments.Compared to the lobed nozzle with a central plug,the improved sword alternating-lobe nozzle can achieve a higher mixing effectiveness with much less pressure loss,which is preferred in situations when the power loss of the engine is restricted.

Design and study on variable nozzle mixed-flow turbocharger

A spatial motion mechanism was designed which could make all the nozzle vanes rotate a- round the center of ball with the same radius synchronously to realize control of the variable nozzle mixed-flow turbocharger （VN-MT）. The back and abdomen of the nozzle vane was designed as arc- shaped. A variable nozzle ring perfectly combined with the mixed-flow turbine was made available. The turbine geometric model of VN-MT was established through the computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. Compared with nozzleless mixed-flow turbine, the flow range of variable nozzle mixed-flow turbine was broadened tremendously while the peak turbine efficiency point was lower slightly. Flow field analysis in turbine stage showed that the energy was larger and the blade load of rotor was lower than loss of the VN-MT under designed condition the nozzleless mixed-flow turbocharger.

Computation and Validation of Parameter Effects on Lobed Mixer-Ejector Performances

Three-dimensional numerical computation of the flow fields and pumping performances for the lobed mixer-ejector are conducted using full Navier-Stokes equations. In the computation, the inlet of the primary flow uses the mass flowrate boundary condition. The inlet of the second flow and the outlet of the mixing flow use the pressure boundary condition. Compared with the relative experimental resuits, it is shown that the present calculation is reasonable. And a series of numerical studies is performed to obtain the effects of area ratio and length-to-diameter ratio of mixing duct on pumping coefficient and thermal mixing efficiency of a lobed mixer-ejector.

Numerical Analysis of Nozzle Clearance's Effect on Turbine Performance

Variable nozzle turbine （VNT） has become a popular variable geometry turbine （VGT） technology for the diesel engine application. Nozzle clearance, which can＇t be avoided on the hub and shroud side of the VNT turbine due to the pivoting stators, can lead to turbine performance deterioration. However, its mechanism is still not clear. In this paper, numerical investigation, which is validated by experiment, is carried out to study the mechanism of the nozzle clearance＇s effect on the turbine performance. Firstly, performance of the mixed flow turbine with fixed nozzle clearances tested on flow bench. Performance of the tested turbine with the same nozzle clearance is numerically simulated. The numerical result agrees well with the test data, which proves correct of the numerical method. Then the turbine performance with different nozzle clearances is numerically analyzed. The research showed that with nozzle clearance, flow loss in the nozzle increases at first and it reaches the maximum value when the clearance ratio is 5%. Flow at the exit of the nozzle becomes less uniform with nozzle clearance. The negative incidence angle of the rotor also increases with nozzle clearance and leads to more incidence angle loss in the rotor. The low energy fluid formed in the nozzle due to the nozzle clearance migrates from hub to shroud side in the rotor, which is another main reason for the rotor＇s performance degradation. The present research exposed the mechanism of the dramatically decrease of the turbine performance with nozzle clearance： （a） The loss associated with the nozzle leakage increases with the nozzle clearance; （b） The flow loss grows up quickly in the rotor due to the incidence angle loss and migration of the low energy fluid from hub to shroud side.

NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF THREE-STREAM MIXING FLOW WITH WALL COOLING

The flow and the temperature in the threestream mixing flow of the lobed nozzle mixer-ejector with double-wall diffuser are numerically investigated. The domain of computation is divided into sub-domalns according to the shapes of the double-plate and lobed nozzle. The three-dimensional body-fitted coordinated grids are generated respectively in these sub-domains by solving Lapalace's equations. Grids are dense on the boundaries and orthogonal at the lobe. The grids of all sub-domains compose the whole grid of the domain. In order to avoid the divergence of the computation as the serious non-orthogonality of the grid from the lobe, the co-located grid, SIMPLEC and Chen-Kim modified k-εturbulence model are applied. The great viscosity, the linear and simultaneous cooperation under-relaxation factors are used to solve the coupling of the fluid and solid. Results show that the air is ejected into the double wall section to form the cooling flow. The wall temperature of the double-wall diffuser is lower than that of the single-wall diffuser. The average wall temperature goes down as the diffuser angle increases at the range of 0～5°,otherwise, the result at the range of 5～10°is opposite.

On Switching of a Flip-Flop Jet Nozzle with Double Ports by Single-Port Control

This research deals with the oscillation mechanism of a flip-flop jet nozzle with a connecting tube, based on the measurements of pressures and velocities in the connecting tube and inside the nozzle. The measurements are carried out varying: 1) the inside diameter d of the connecting tube;2) the length L of the connecting tube and 3) the jet velocity VPN from a primary-nozzle exit. We assume that the jet switches when a time integral reaches a certain value. At first, as the time integral, we introduce the accumulated flow work of pressure, namely, the time integral of mass flux through a connecting tube into the jet-reattaching wall from the opposite jet-un-reattaching wall. Under the assumption, the trace of pressure difference between both the ends of the connecting tube is simply modeled on the basis of measurements, and the flow velocity in the connecting tube is computed as incompressible flow. Second, in order to discuss the physics of the accumulated flow work further, we conduct another experiment in single-port control where the inflow from the control port on the jet-reattaching wall is forcibly controlled and the other control port on the opposite jet-un-reattaching wall is sealed, instead of the experiment in regular jet’s oscillation using the ordinary nozzle with two control ports in connection. As a result, it is found that the accumulated flow work is adequate to determine the dominant jet- oscillation frequency. In the experiment in single-port control, the accumulated flow work of the inflow until the jet’s switching well agrees with that in regular jet’s oscillation using the ordinary nozzle.

Jet Noise Reduction of Double-Mixing Exhaust System

A jet noise reduction technique by using the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer in the double-mixing exhaust system is investigated under cold conditions.The computations of jet field and the experiments of noise field are conducted with scaled model of high-bypass-ratio turbofan engine mixing exhaust system composed of external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer.The computational results indicate that comparing with the baseline nozzle with lobed mixer,the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer increases mixing of jet and ambient air near the nozzle exit.The experimental results show that the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer has better jet noise reduction at low frequencies,and this reduction rises with the increase of chevron bend angle.The experimental results also show that the external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer has sound pressure level(SPL)increase which is not obvious at high frequencies.With chevron bend angle increasing,SPL has relatively marked increase at 60°(directivity angle measured from upstream jet axis)and little fluctuations at 90°and 150°.The external chevron nozzle with lobed mixer has overall sound pressure level(OASPL)reduction in varying degrees at 60°and 150°,but it has little OASPL increase at 90°.

引射器真空度的设计与研究

为满足大型电解槽精准出铝、减少电解槽散热要求,需要提高引射器的真空度。本文参考了目前理论研究的最新结果并结合经验数据,设计出引射器的内部结构。根据减少动能损失而提高真空度的原理提出了调整压缩空气压力、喷嘴至收缩段的距离和喷嘴直径这三个主要参数值的方法,按此最佳参数值设计出的引射器经试验测试当进口压缩空气压力为0.65 MPa时,真空度最大达到-0.068 MPa。

结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律

以燃料电池用氢气引射器为研究对象,通过建立引射器内部流场CFD仿真模型,研究了喷嘴直径Dt、喷嘴角度φ和混合室直径D等结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律。结果表明,在不同功率段,结构参数对引射器性能的影响规律不同。在低功率段,引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而显著增大,在高功率段,引射比随着喷嘴角度的增大而减小。混合室直径D对引射性能的影响则相反,在低功率段,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而减小,在高功率段,引射比随着混合室直径的增大而增大。基于上述影响规律,形成了引射器关键参数设计选取方法,并给出了参数优化设计区间。

超高层建筑压缩空气泡沫枪喷射特性研究

为完善超高层建筑压缩空气泡沫灭火系统关键性能参数和全面评价其灭火能力,采用泡沫混合液流量和气液比可调的压缩空气泡沫产生装置,测试了典型19 mm泡沫枪在不同条件下的喷射特性参数,分析了泡沫枪喷射特性与混合液流量、气液比等输入参数之间的量化关系。结果表明,当泡沫混合液流量一定时,泡沫枪压力与气液比基本呈线性递增关系,泡沫射程与气液比呈现正相关关系,发泡倍数随气液比先增大后减小;在气液比一定条件下,泡沫枪压力与混合液流量基本呈线性递增关系,泡沫射程与混合液流量呈现正相关关系,发泡倍数随混合液流量变化规律与气液比实际大小密切相关。

圆排波瓣圆柱混合管的气动特性实验研究

建立了实验装置 ,对圆排波瓣喷管与 8只圆柱混合管相配合 ,进行了冷热态实验。得出了它们引射混合的引射流量比随主次流温度比、混合管截面比、次流进口截面比的变化关系曲线。另外 ,还对不同温度下修正流量比的温度指数进行了研究 ,得出圆排波瓣圆柱混合管引射混合器的修正流量比温度指数 n=0 .4。

直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器研究

在针对直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器开展的一系列数值计算和模型实验研究基础上,对其内流气动特性和红外辐射特性进行较为系统的综合总结。揭示并分析了这种形式的红外抑制器内部混合流动特征,引射混合和隔热遮挡的红外抑制作用效果,以及红外抑制器缩比模型红外辐射模化关系;同时也指出了需进一步研究的一些问题。

引射器增强混合喷嘴性能实验研究

在气动中心一套引射系统实验装置上采用两种增强混合喷嘴(后缘开缝喷嘴及花瓣状喷嘴)进行了等面积多喷嘴引射器性能实验研究。其目的是探索喷嘴增强混合措施在较高增压比引射器系统中的应用性能。实验方法为在同一引射器、相同引射参数下更换不同的引射喷嘴进行引射性能参数测试,并与常规圆锥喷嘴试验结果作对比分析。实验结果表明:增强混合喷嘴都比常规圆锥喷嘴具有更好的引射综合性能,混合室出口截面总压分布也更均匀;后缘开六缝喷嘴的综合引射性能最好。这些结果说明在增压比较高的引射器系统中采用多喷嘴引射增混措施的基础上,喷嘴增强混合措施仍然具有良好的应用前景。实验结果也表明喷嘴参数与引射参数间的优化匹配对引射性能也有影响。

波瓣喷管-狭长出口弯曲混合管引射混合特性分析

针对波瓣喷管和具有狭长出口的弯曲混合管所构成的引射-混合系统,进行了引射和混合特性的实验和数值研究,获得了主流和引射气流相互混合过程中的速度场、压力场和温度场的相关信息,以及表征引射-混合系统总体性能的引射系数和总压恢复系数等结果,对比表明数值计算和实验数据的相对误差在15%以内。由于弯曲混合管的出口狭长,弯曲混合管的混合流动受到流向旋涡和弯管二次流的共同影响,形成了有别于常规椭圆形出口截面混合管的一些独特的流动现象和特征。

可调式喷射器流场数值分析

建立了可调式喷射器的数学模型,使用FLUENT软件模拟了调节锥在不同位置的喷射器内部流场.结果显示,喷射器轴线上的压力在等截面混合室中呈线性增加;在扩压室的初始段升高迅速,中后段升高缓慢.混合室内中心部位的流速与边缘流速差异较大.调节锥轴向进入喷嘴喉部使激波位置移向上游,工作流量减少.