Experimental investigation and analytically modeling of hysteretic behavior of rigid bus-flexible connectors of 220 kV electrical substations

This paper describes the quasi-static testing and analytical modelling of the hysteretic behavior of aluminum alloy rigid bus-flexible connectors of 220 kV electrical substations.The main objective of the study is to experimentally investigate the hysteretic behavior of six different types of rigid bus-flexible connectors 220 kV electrical substations when subjected to cyclic loading.Another objective is to theoretically study the flexibility and effectiveness of a previously proposed analytical model in fitting the experimental hysteresis loops of the tested rigid bus-flexible connectors.The experimental investigation indicates that the tested rigid bus-flexible connectors exhibit highly asymmetric hysteresis behavior along with tension stiffening effect.The theoretical study demonstrates that the generalized Bouc-Wen model has high flexibility and is effective in fitting the experimental hysteresis resisting force-displacement curves of the six tested rigid bus-flexible connectors.

Stiffness and Shear Stress Distribution of Glulam Beams in Elastic-Plastic Stage:Theory,Experiments and Numerical Modelling

Traditional methods focus on the ultimate bending moment of glulam beams and the fracture failure of materials with defects,which usually depends on empirical parameters.There is no systematic theoretical method to predict the stiffness and shear distribution of glulam beams in elastic-plastic stage,and consequently,the failure of such glulam beams cannot be predicted effectively.To address these issues,an analytical method considering material nonlinearity was proposed for glulam beams,and the calculating equations of deflection and shear stress distribution for different failure modes were established.The proposed method was verified by experiments and numerical models under the corresponding conditions.Results showed that the theoretical calculations were in good agreement with experimental and numerical results,indicating that the equations proposed in this paper were reliable and accurate for such glulam beams with wood material in the elastic-plastic stage ignoring the influence of mechanic properties in radial and tangential directions of wood.Furthermore,the experimental results reported by the previous studies indicated that the method was applicable and could be used as a theoretical reference for predicting the failure of glulam beams.

Parameter identification of hysteretic model of rubber-bearing based on sequential nonlinear least-square estimation

In order to evaluate the nonlinear performance and the possible damage to rubber-bearings （RBs） during their normal operation or under strong earthquakes, a simplified Bouc-Wen model is used to describe the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of RBs in this paper, which has the advantages of being smooth-varying and physically motivated. Further, based on the results from experimental tests performed by using a particular type of RB （GZN 110） under different excitation scenarios, including white noise and several earthquakes, a new system identification method, referred to as the sequential nonlinear least- square estimation （SNLSE）, is introduced to identify the model parameters. It is shown that the proposed simplified Bouc- Wen model is capable of describing the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of RBs, and that the SNLSE approach is very effective in identifying the model parameters of RBs.

Calibration of a hysteretic model for glass fiber reinforced gypsum wall panels

Glass fi ber reinforced gypsum(GFRG) wall panels are prefabricated panels with hollow cores, originally developed in Australia and subsequently adopted by India and China for use in buildings. This paper discusses identifi cation and calibration of a suitable hysteretic model for GFRG wall panels fi lled with reinforced concrete. As considerable pinching was observed in the experimental results, a suitable hysteretic model with pinched hysteretic rule is used to conduct a series of quasi-static as inelastic hysteretic response analyses of GFRG panels with two different widths. The calibration of the pinching model parameters was carried out to approximately match the simulated and experimental responses up to 80% of the peak load in the post peak region. Interestingly, the same values of various parameters(energy dissipation and pinching related parameters) were obtained for all fi ve test specimens.

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of A Free-Spanning Pipe Based on A Nonlinear Hysteretic Soil Model at the Shoulders

The pipe-soil interactions at shoulders can significantly affect the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of free-spanning pipes in the subsea. In this paper, the seabed soil reacting force on the pipe is directly calculated with a nonlinear hysteretic soil model. For the VIV in the middle span, a classic van der Pol wake oscillator is adopted. Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the vibration equations of the pipe are obtained which are different in the middle span and at the two end shoulders. The static configuration of the pipe is firstly calculated and then the VIV is simulated.The present model is validated with the comparisons of VIV experiment, pipe-soil interaction experiment and the simulation results of VIV of free-spanning pipes in which the seabed soil is modelled with spring-dashpots. With the present model, the influence of seabed soil on the VIV of a free-spanning pipe is analyzed. The parametric studies show that when the seabed soil has a larger suction area, the pipe vibrates with smaller bending stresses and is safer.While with the increase of the shear strength of the seabed soil, the bending stresses increase and the pipe faces more danger.

Correlation failure analysis of an uncertain hysteretic vibration system

In this paper, a numerical method for correlation sensitivity analysis of a nonlinear random vibration system is presented. Based on the first passage failure model, the probability perturbation method is employed to determine the statistical characteristics of failure modes and the correlation between them. The sensitivity of correlation between failure modes with respect to random parameters characterizing the uncertainty of the hysteretic loop is discussed. In a numerical example, a two-DOF shear structure with uncertain hysteretic restoring force is considered. The statistical characteristics of response, failure modes and the sensitivity of random hysteretic loop parameters are provided, and also compared with a Monte Carlo simulation.

Elastic-plastic contact force history and response characteristics of circular plate subjected to impact by a projectile

A new elastic-plastic impact-contact model is proposed in this paper. By adopting the principle of minimum acceleration for elastic-plastic continue at finite deformation, and with the aid of finite difference method, the proposed model is applied in the problem of dynamic response of a clamped thin circular plate subjected to a projectile impact centrally. The impact force history and response characteristics of the target plate is studied in detail. The theoretical predictions of the impact force and plate deflection are in good agreements with those of LDA experimental data. Linear expressions of the maximum impact force/transverse deflection versus impact velocity are given on the basis of the theoretical results.

Experimental and numerical study on hysteretic performance of SMA spring-friction bearings

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study to investigate the hysteretic performance of a new type of isolator consisting of shape memory alloy springs and friction bearing called an SMA spring-friction bearing （SFB）. The SFB is a sliding-type isolator with SMA devices used for the seismic protection of engineering structures. The principle of operation of the isolation bearing is introduced. In order to explore the possibility of applying SMA elements in passive seismic control devices, large diameter superelastic tension/compression NiTi SMA helical springs used in the SFB isolator were developed. Mechanical experiments of the SMA helical spring were carried out to understand its superelastic characteristics. After that, a series of quasi-static tests on a single SFB isolator prototype were conducted to measure its force-displacement relationships for different loading conditions and study the corresponding variation law of its mechanical performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the SFB exhibits full hysteretic curves, excellent energy dissipation capacity, and moderate recentering ability. Finally, a theoretical model capable of emulating the hysteretic behavior of the SMA-based isolator was then established and implemented in MATLAB software. The comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results shows the efficacy of the proposed model for simulating the response of the SFB.

Harten-Lax-van Leer-contact(HLLC)approximation Riemann solver with elastic waves for one-dimensional elastic-plastic problems

A Harten-Lax-van Leer-contact （HLLC） approximate Riemann solver is built with elastic waves （HLLCE） for one-dimensional elastic-plastic flows with a hypo- elastic constitutive model and the von Mises＇ yielding criterion. Based on the HLLCE, a third-order cell-centered Lagrangian scheme is built for one-dimensional elastic-plastic problems. A number of numerical experiments are carried out. The numerical results show that the proposed third-order scheme achieves the desired order of accuracy. The third-order scheme is used to the numerical solution of the problems with elastic shock waves and elastic rarefaction waves. The numerical results are compared with a reference solution and the results obtained by other authors. The comparison shows that the pre- sented high-order scheme is convergent, stable, and essentially non-oscillatory. Moreover, the HLLCE is more efficient than the two-rarefaction Riemann solver with elastic waves （TRRSE）

An elastic-plastic analysis of short-leg shear wall structures during earthquakes

Short-leg shear wall structures are a new form of building structure that combine the merits of both frame and shear wall structures. Its architectural features, structure bearing and engineering cost are reasonable. To analyze the elastic-plastic response of a short-leg shear wall structure during an earthquake, this study modified the multiple-vertical-rod element model of the shear wall, considered the shear lag effect and proposed a multiple-vertical-rod element coupling beam model with a new local stiffness domain. Based on the principle of minimum potential energy and the variational principle, the stiffness matrixes of a short-leg shear wall and a coupling beam are derived in this study. Furthermore, the bending shear correlation for the analysis of different parameters to describe the structure, such as the beam height to span ratio, short-leg shear wall height to thickness ratio, and steel ratio are introduced. The results show that the height to span ratio directly affects the structural integrity; and the short-leg shear wall height to thickness ratio should be limited to a range of approximately 6.0 to 7.0. The design of short-leg shear walls should be in accordance with the ＂strong wall and weak beam＂ principle.

ELASTIC-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE RELATION OF PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

In this paper, a systematic approach is proposed to obtain the macroscopic elastic-plastic constitutive relation of particle reinforced composites (PRC). The strain energy density of PRC is analyzed based on the cell model, and the analytical formula for the macro-constitutive relation of PRC is obtained. The strength effects of volume fraction of the particle and the strain hardening exponent of matrix material on the macro-constitutive relation are investigated, the relation curve of strain versus stress of PRC is calculated in detail. The present results are consistent with the results given in the existing references.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Studies on Elastic-Plastic Fatigue Crack Growth

A elastic-plastic fatigue crack growth(FCG)finite element model was developed for predicting crack growth rate under cyclic load.The propagation criterion for this model was established based on plastically dissipated energy.The crack growth simulation under cyclic computation was implemented through the ABAQUS scripting interface.The predictions of this model are in good agreement with the results of crack propagation experiment of compact tension specimen made of 304 stainless steel.Based on the proposed model,the single peak overload retardation effect of elastic-plastic fatigue crack was analyzed.The results shows that the single peak overload will reduce the accumulation rate of plastic energy dissipation of elements at crack tip plastic zone,so that crack growth will be arrested.The crack growth rate will not recover until the crack tip exceed the affected region.Meanwhile,the crack growth rate is mainly determined by the amplitude rather than the mean load under the condition of small scale yielding.The proposed model would be helpful for predicting the growth rate of mode I elastic-plastic fatigue crack.

Ideal Drift Response Curve for Robust Optimal Damper Design for Elastic-Plastic MDOF Structures under Multi-Level Earthquakes Dedicated to Professor Karl S.Pister for his 95th birthday

A new method of robust damper design is presented for elastic-plastic multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF)building structures under multi-level ground motions(GMs).This method realizes a design that is effective for various levels of GMs.The robustness of a design is measured by an incremental dynamic analysis(IDA)curve and an ideal drift response curve(IDRC).The IDRC is a plot of the optimized maximum deformation under a constraint on the total damper quantity vs.the design level of the GMs.The total damper quantity corresponds to the total cost of the added dampers.First,a problem of generation of IDRCs is stated.Then,its solution algorithm,which consists of the sensitivity-based algorithm(SBA)and a local search method,is proposed.In the application of the SBA,the passive added dampers are removed sequentially under the specified-level GMs.On the other hand,the proposed local search method can search the optimal solutions for a constant total damper quantity under GMs’increased levels.In this way,combining these two algorithms enables the comprehensive search of the optimal solutions for various conditions of the status of the GMs and the total damper quantity.The influence of selecting the type of added dampers(oil,hysteretic,and so on)and the selection of the input GMs on the IDRCs are investigated.Finally,a robust optimal design problem is formulated,and a simple local search-based algorithm is proposed.A simple index using the IDRC and the IDA curve of the model is used as the objective function.It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm works well in spite of its simplicity.

基于新的改进Bouc-Wen模型的预制RC桥墩滞回模型研究

Bouc-Wen-Baber-Noori(BWBN)模型是改进的Bouc-Wen模型。BWBN模型可以较好地描述钢筋混凝土结构在强震作用下的捏缩效应,但由于BWBN模型中“捏缩效应”函数复杂且参数较多,其计算效率较低。针对该问题,该文基于近似狄拉克δ函数构建更简单、高效的“捏缩效应”函数,进而提出了新的改进Bouc-Wen(MBW)模型,它可以用更少的参数来实现捏缩效应。基于预制RC桥墩的拟静力试验数据来验证MBW模型的有效性,利用MATLAB遗传算法工具箱对BWBN模型和MBW模型进行参数识别,结果表明,该文提出的MBW模型具有更高的计算精度。

钢板削弱型叠层橡胶支座力学性能试验研究

结合厚层橡胶支座和普通叠层橡胶支座的优点设计新型钢板削弱型叠层橡胶支座,通过调节环形钢板的总数和位置进行支座水平和竖向刚度的有效控制.选择3种中心橡胶层厚度的钢板削弱型叠层橡胶支座,分析所设计支座的滞回特性、刚度特性和耗能特性.基于串-并联模型,构建水平和竖向刚度的计算模型.试验结果表明,相比普通叠层橡胶支座,钢板削弱型叠层橡胶支座的水平和竖向刚度更低,水平和竖向耗能比更高,滞回曲线更光滑饱满.所建模型的计算结果与试验结果的一致性较好,误差绝对值不超过10%.所建模型在评估钢板削弱型叠层橡胶支座的水平和竖向刚度方面具有较高的精度和适用性.

预压碟簧自复位钢筋混凝土桥墩恢复力模型与滞回性能研究

为减小钢筋混凝土桥墩在地震中的损伤并且实现经济快速的震后恢复,提出一种新型预压碟簧自复位钢筋混凝土桥墩(PDS-SCCP)。文中对PDS-SCCP的整体构造和工作原理进行了详细介绍,并建立了反映其滞回特性的恢复力模型。采用ABAQUS建立PDS-SCCP的数值模型,并将ABAQUS计算结果与恢复力模型进行对比分析。结果表明:文中建立的恢复力模型能够较准确地描述PDS-SCCP的滞回特征;在往复荷载作用下,PDS-SCCP可以实现预期的工作机制,其塑性损伤集中于可更换耗能装置,混凝土墩身基本保持弹性,复位装置能够稳定地为桥墩提供恢复力。

废弃轮胎-砂地基抗震性能和恢复力模型研究

为研究废弃轮胎-砂构造地基的抗震性能,进行了6组轮胎-砂构造地基的拟静力试验,分析轮胎-砂单元体的堆砌方式、初始竖向荷载和碳纤维网片对构造地基的滞回性能的影响。在拟静力试验基础上用试验拟合法建立废弃轮胎-砂构造地基的恢复力模型。研究结果表明:废弃轮胎-砂构造地基的滞回曲线饱满,总体呈梭形,具有较好的耗能能力;轮胎-砂单元体错缝堆砌、增大随初始竖向荷载和增设碳纤维网片都有利于轮胎-砂构造地基参与耗能;轮胎-砂构造地基恢复力模型的滞回曲线计算结果和试验结果吻合程度较好,可以反映出试件的受力过程和主要受力特征。

方形转动摩擦阻尼器滞回性能研究

提出了方形转动摩擦阻尼器的理论滞回模型,推导了滞回曲线理论计算公式并对公式的适用条件加以限制,通过低周往复试验和数值模拟,对该阻尼器的理论模型及计算公式进行了系统性的验证。结果表明:方形转动摩擦阻尼器的理论滞回曲线与试验结果、数值模拟结果在加载位移区间为(-30mm,30mm)内吻合性较好;滞回曲线近似呈喇叭形,曲线饱满,表明该阻尼器具有较强的耗能能力;当方形转动摩擦阻尼器耗能端预紧力较小或摩擦片材料摩擦系数较小时应考虑加载端的摩擦力影响,并对理论计算公式进行进一步修正,为类似工程提供借鉴。

强对流天气下输电塔-线体系倒塌破坏与风雨组合系数研究

极端气象灾害给输电线路的安全运行带来了严重威胁,相对低电压等级的角钢输电塔出现了较高频次的倒塌破坏事故。基于现象学非线性滞回模型,开展了输电塔-线体系在强对流天气下的倒塌破坏研究,总结了雨荷载对输电塔响应的影响规律;基于风雨气象记录,进行了风雨组合分析并提出了风雨组合系数。结果表明,在极端强对流天气中,所研究输电塔的薄弱部位主要为第3、4节段,该部位的大量斜材和少量主材陆续屈曲是造成输电塔倒塌的主要原因,极端风雨气象条件下有必要考虑雨荷载对输电塔-线体系响应的影响。不同重现期下风速和雨量的组合值均小于其相应的标准值,该地区50 a重现期下风速和雨量的组合系数建议值分别为1.0和0.7。

周期电磁力下变压器绝缘垫块动态机械特性研究

绝缘垫块的机械特性是变压器绕组结构建模的关键因素。运行变压器绕组受到周期电磁力作用,静态的应力-应变测试结果无法表征绝缘垫块的动态机械特性。针对周期电磁力下绝缘垫块的动态机械特性,本研究提出了一个非对称的滞回模型,该模型不仅包含线性的阻尼和刚度,还包含非线性的动态刚度。在实验中,利用气动激振器模拟电磁力的幅值和频率,获取不同压紧力下绝缘垫块的应力-应变数据,并利用基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的多目标优化算法训练模型参数。结果表明:绝缘垫块的刚度和阻尼均与压紧力存在密切关系,且油浸垫块具有较明显的阻尼特征。随着压紧力的增大,加压和减压过程中绝缘垫块的动态刚度幅值减小。与周期电磁力的幅值相比,其频率对绝缘垫块机械特性的影响更显著。