Stochastic sampled-data multi-objective control of active suspension systems for in-wheel motor driven electric vehicles

This paper addresses the sampled-data multi-objective active suspension control problem for an in-wheel motor driven electric vehicle subject to stochastic sampling periods and asynchronous premise variables.The focus is placed on the scenario that the dynamical state of the half-vehicle active suspension system is transmitted over an in-vehicle controller area network that only permits the transmission of sampled data packets.For this purpose,a stochastic sampling mechanism is developed such that the sampling periods can randomly switch among different values with certain mathematical probabilities.Then,an asynchronous fuzzy sampled-data controller,featuring distinct premise variables from the active suspension system,is constructed to eliminate the stringent requirement that the sampled-data controller has to share the same grades of membership.Furthermore,novel criteria for both stability analysis and controller design are derived in order to guarantee that the resultant closed-loop active suspension system is stochastically stable with simultaneous𝐻2 and𝐻∞performance requirements.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed stochastic sampled-data multi-objective control method is verified via several numerical cases studies in both time domain and frequency domain under various road disturbance profiles.

MPC-based Torque Distribution for Planar Motion of Four-wheel Independently Driven Electric Vehicles:Considering Motor Models and Iron Losses

The most critical obstacle for four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles(4WID-EVs)is the driving range.Being the actuators of 4WID-EVs,motors account for its major power consumption.In this sense,by properly distributing torques to minimize the power consumption,the driving range of 4WID-EV can be effectively improved.This paper proposes a model predictive control(MPC)-based torque distribution scheme,which minimizes the power consumption of 4WID-EVs while guaranteeing its tracking performance of planar motions.By incorporating the motor model considering iron losses,the optimal torque distribution can be achieved without an additional torque controller.Also,for this reason,the proposed control scheme is computationally efficient,since the power consumption term to be optimized,which is expressed as the product of the motor voltages and currents,is much simpler than that derived from the efficiency map.With reasonable simplification and linearization,the MPC problem is converted to a quadratic programming problem,which can be solved efficiently.The simulation results in MATLAB and CarSim co-simulation environments demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively reduces power consumption with guaranteed tracking performance.

Decentralized Dynamic Event-Triggered Communication and Active Suspension Control of In-Wheel Motor Driven Electric Vehicles with Dynamic Damping

This paper addresses the co-design problem of decentralized dynamic event-triggered communication and active suspension control for an in-wheel motor driven electric vehicle equipped with a dynamic damper. The main objective is to simultaneously improve the desired suspension performance caused by various road disturbances and alleviate the network resource utilization for the concerned in-vehicle networked suspension system. First, a T-S fuzzy active suspension model of an electric vehicle under dynamic damping is established. Second,a novel decentralized dynamic event-triggered communication mechanism is developed to regulate each sensor's data transmissions such that sampled data packets on each sensor are scheduled in an independent manner. In contrast to the traditional static triggering mechanisms, a key feature of the proposed mechanism is that the threshold parameter in the event trigger is adjusted adaptively over time to reduce the network resources occupancy. Third, co-design criteria for the desired event-triggered fuzzy controller and dynamic triggering mechanisms are derived. Finally, comprehensive comparative simulation studies of a 3-degrees-of-freedom quarter suspension model are provided under both bump road disturbance and ISO-2631 classified random road disturbance to validate the effectiveness of the proposed co-design approach. It is shown that ride comfort can be greatly improved in either road disturbance case and the suspension deflection, dynamic tyre load and actuator control input are all kept below the prescribed maximum allowable limits, while simultaneously maintaining desirable communication efficiency.

A Simplified Sliding Mode Controlled Electronic Differential for an Electric Vehicle with Two Independent Wheel Drives

This paper presents a simple sliding mode control strategy used for an electronic differential system for electric vehicle with two independent wheel drives. When a vehicle drives along a curved road lane, the speed of the inner wheel has to be different from that of the outer wheel in order to prevent the vehicle from vibrating and travelling an unsteady path. Because each wheel of this electrical vehicle has independent driving force, an electrical differential system is required to replace a gear differential system. However, it is difficult to analyse the nonlinear behaviour of the differential system in relation to the speed and steering angle, as well as vehicle structure. The proposed propulsion system consists of two permanent magnet synchronous machines that ensure the drive of the two back driving wheels. The proposed control structure called independent machines for speed control allows the achievement of an electronic differential which ensures the control of the vehicle behaviour on the road. It also allows to control, independently, every driving wheel to turn at different speeds in any curve. Analysis and simulation results of the proposed system are presented in this paper.

Rebuilding motor function of the spinal cord based on functional electrical stimulation

Rebuilding the damaged motor function caused by spinal cord injury is one of the most serious challenges in clinical neuroscience.The function of the neural pathway under the damaged sites can be rebuilt using functional electrical stimulation technology.In this study,the locations of motor function sites in the lumbosacral spinal cord were determined with functional electrical stimulation technology.A three-dimensional map of the lumbosacral spinal cord comprising the relationship between the motor function sites and the corresponding muscle was drawn.Based on the individual experimental parameters and normalized coordinates of the motor function sites,the motor function sites that control a certain muscle were calculated.Phasing pulse sequences were delivered to the determined motor function sites in the spinal cord and hip extension,hip flexion,ankle plantarflexion,and ankle dorsiflexion movements were successfully achieved.The results show that the map of the spinal cord motor function sites was valid.This map can provide guidance for the selection of electrical stimulation sites during the rebuilding of motor function after spinal cord injury.

Torque Distribution of Electric Vehicle with Four In-Wheel Motors Based on Road Adhesion Margin

With the worsening of energy crisis and environmental pollution,electric vehicles with four in?wheel motors have been paid more and more attention. The main research subject is how to reasonably distribute the driving torque of each wheel. Considering the longitudinal motion,lateral motion,yaw movement and rotation of the four wheels,the tire model and the seven DOF dynamic model of the vehicle are established in this paper. Then,the torque distribution method is proposed based on road adhesion margin,which can be divided into anti ? slip control layer and torque distribution layer. The anti?slip control layer is built based on sliding mode variable structure control,whose main function is to avoid the excessive slip of wheels caused by road conditions. The torque distribution layer is responsible for selecting the torque distribution method based on road adhesion margin. The simulation results show that the proposed torque distribution method can ensure the vehicle quickly adapt to current road adhesion conditions,and improve the handling stability and dynamic performance of the vehicle in the driving process.

Design andtwo-objective simultaneous optimization of torque controller for switched reluctance motor in electric vehicle

In order to reduce the torque ripple,increase the average torque and optimize the drive performance of the switched reluctance motor (SRM),the nonlinear dynamic model of SRM is established in the MATLAB /Simulink environment.The effects of the turn-on and turn-off angles are investigated by the simulation results of the dynamic model,and the function is made among the rotor speed,turn-on angle and turn-off angle.To optimize the torque dynamic performance,the two-objective simultaneous optimization function is proposed by two weight factors.And the optimized turn-on and turn-off angles as functions of rotor speed are developed by using the simultaneous optimization method.Then the optimized torque controller is designed based on the optimized turn-on and turn-off angles.The simulation results show that the optimized torque controller designed in this paper can effectively reduce the torque ripple and increase the average torque,and optimize the torque dynamic performance of the SRM.

Wide speed range for traction motor in braking force of electric braking control system

A vehicle stopping method using an electric brake until a traction motor is stopped is studied. At the moment of vehicle stop, electric brake is changed to control mode where torque is reduced at a low speed. Gradient is controlled by estimating the load torque of motor, thereby traction motor is not rotated after stop. In addition, coasting operation and brake test are performed from normal-opposite operation and start using a small-scale model comprising the inertial load equipment and the power converter. Further, traction motor is made to be equipped with a suspension torque. Pure electric braking that makes traction motor stop by an air brake at the time of stop is also implemented. Constant torque range and constant power range are expanded during braking so that braking force is secured with the electric brakes even in high speed region. Therefore, vehicle reduction effect can be expected by reducing parts related with an air brake which is not used frequently by using a pure electric brake in the M car in wide speed region. Further, maintenance of brake system can be reduced. Besides, ride comfort of passenger in the electric rail car, energy efficiency improvement, and noise reduction effect can be additionally expected. Further, an improved brake method that uses only an electric brake till motor stop is proposed by comparing those in the blending brake that uses an air brake while reducing brake torque at vehicle stop.

Study on Modeling and Control Strategy for Electric Drive Motor of Tracked Vehicles

Aimed at the requirements for electric transmission system of a military tracked vehicle, the motor's design indexes were analysed and calculated. A model based on saturate inductance parameter of interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor was brought forward by using finite element analysis. And its control strategy based on the largest running capability was studied also. The experiment results for a scale model show that the modelling method improves the model's accuracy, and the motor's control strategy is effective.

Design and Development of a Vector Control System of Induction Motor Based on Dual CPU for Electric Vehicle

A vector control system for electric vehicle (EV) induction motor drive system is designed and developed. Its hardware system based on dual CPU(microcomputer 80C196KC and DSP TMS320F2407) is implemented. The fundamental mathematics equations of induction motor in the general synchronously rotating reference frame ( M T frame) used for vector control are achieved by coordinate transformation. Rotor flux equation and torque equation are deduced. According to these equations, an induction motor mathematical model and rotor flux observer model are built separately. The rotor flux field oriented vector control method is implemented based on these models in system software, some of the simulation results with Matab/Simulink are given. The simulation results show that the vector control system for EV induction motor drive system has better static and dynamic performance, and the rotor flux field oriented vector control method was practically verified.

Sensorless Control on a Dual-Fed Flux Modulated Electric Motor

This paper proposes the operation principle and a new flux estimation method for sensorless control strategy for the dual-fed flux modulated electric motor(DFFM).The DFFM is designed based on the flux modulation theory,it includes two stator windings and one rotor which simplify the mechanical structure.The rotor has only modulation iron and no permanent magnets on it,so there is no cogging torque problem in this motor.With adjustment of the outer and inner stator flux rotating frequency and amplitude,different rotation speed and torque of the sandwiched rotor can be gained for the DFFM.Furthermore,an improved flux estimation based sensorless control strategy is performed on the proposed machine to fit the two winding set control situation.The startup and performance of the proposed control strategy is verified by the simulation and experiments.

Output torque and temperature control technologies for an electrical screw press motor

The DSC(direct self control) of speed regulation technology was applied to drive a motor running at a certain overloading ratio in intermittent working conditions.To control motor temperatures rising effectively,a finite element method with an iterative approach was applied to simulate real working conditions and analyze the temperature rising of the inner part of the motor.Application of DSC speed regulation realizes the invariable torque output quickly and avoids the peak current at the start state in favor of the motor temperature decreasing.Based on an analysis with the finite limit method,some effective measures were taken to improve the ability of the motor to expel heat.The overload ability of the motor was improved and the stable motor temperature rising was obtained,fulfilling the demands of electrical screw presses.

实现纹波电流还原的PMSM端口模拟算法

电机模拟器作为一种模拟电机端口特性的三相电力电子装置,为电驱动系统的测试提供了高效的测试手段。电机模拟器还原目标电机端口特性的标志是精确还原目标电机的工作电流,现有研究实现了基波电流及较低阶次谐波电流的还原,但针对电机在电机控制器驱动下的高频纹波电流的还原仍严重依赖滤波电感与目标电机电感的匹配,降低了电机模拟器的通用性。为此,本文基于电路等效虚拟法将永磁同步电机等效电路拆分为两部分,一部分由电机模拟器实际电路代替,另一部分由控制算法模拟,并结合无差拍电流预测控制对控制差拍进行了补偿,提出了前馈解耦无差拍电流跟随策略。实验结果表明,基于新提出的永磁同步电机端口模拟算法,电机模拟器可以在不更换电感的情况下模拟不同参数的永磁同步电机,高频纹波电流的频域跟踪误差从传统策略的160%降低至20%,显著提高了电机模拟器对永磁同步电机端口特性的模拟精度。

分布式驱动电动汽车横向稳定性抗饱和滑模控制

【目的】探讨轮毂电机输出转矩的幅值和响应速度饱和的问题。【方法】以分布式电动驱动汽车为研究对象,结合二阶嵌套饱和函数对滑模控制进行抗饱和设计,并基于轮毂电机的峰值转矩及其在台架试验中的实际响应设计抗饱和滑模控制器的上下限参数。【结果】抗饱和滑模控制器能严格限制直接横摆力矩的幅值和变化速率,能极大地提高极限工况下车辆的横向稳定性。【结论】本文提出的方法有效解决了极限工况下轮毂电机易陷入饱和的问题,避免了因车轮滑移导致车辆失稳。

基于滑模扰动观测器的阀门开度预测控制

针对电动阀门在运行过程中,由于外部干扰、系统参数变化、摩擦力等非重复干扰的影响而难以达到高精度控制的问题,提出一种基于滑模扰动观测器的预测控制方法。通过对阀门驱动原理进行深入研究,构建阀门的数学模型,根据模型中电机电流与总负载扰动的正相关性,以电机电流、阀门转速为输入量,采用滑模扰动观测器对系统总负载扰动进行估计。设计模型预测控制器,对扰动估计值进行补偿,实现对阀门开度控制的准确性,鲁棒性以及对总扰动值跟踪的快速性。理论分析、仿真和试验表明:观测器仅0.001 s便跟踪到了设定值,收敛速度快,阀门开度精度误差在0.2%以内,完全达到控制目标,开度控制效果良好。可充分验证该控制方法在不同的负载扰动下,依然能使电动阀门保持良好的开度控制精度以及抗扰动能力。

基于路面影响因子的轮毂电机驱动车辆自适应转矩控制

为实现轮毂电机驱动越野车辆在附着条件多变、路面起伏不定的复杂环境中动力性和稳定性的多目标优化,提出一种基于路面影响因子的自适应转矩控制策略。以滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数5个特征参数作为输入,并基于模糊理论方法搭建路面影响因子五参数辨识模型。基于辨识出的路面影响因子,开发整车动力性和稳定性多目标优化自适应转矩控制策略,构建了三层式控制架构:顶层引入路面影响因子对加速度紧迫程度进行判定,采用模型预测控制算法得到期望总驱动力;中层为目标决策层,以最优滑转率为目标决策驱动防滑力矩,并基于路面行驶阻力,决策期望前馈补偿力矩;下层为转矩分配层,以需求总驱动力及轮胎利用率作为控制目标,引入路面影响因子优化两者权重系数,以多约束条件的混合优化算法对转矩进行自适应控制。利用Matlab/Simulink-CarSim联合仿真平台进行仿真,基于实车进行验证。结果表明,在低附着路面,在0.2s内快速完成滑转率抑制;在对开路面,侧向位移接近0;在大扭曲路面,避免腾空车轮出现大滑转率,滑转率最高0.2。

考虑道路识别的四驱电动汽车再生制动策略

为了充分利用路面附着条件分配再生制动力,提高制动能量回收率,根据双电动机四驱结构电动汽车复合制动系统的特点,对其制动能量回收控制策略进行了研究.分析了驱动轮与地面附着特性,设计了道路识别器来计算每个轮胎与当前路面之间的峰值附着系数,并使用模糊控制策略确定每个车轮与8种道路的滑移率和附着利用率的相似输入.根据双电动机外部特性的制动力分配关系,提出了使更多制动能量回馈给电池的策略.结果表明:制动强度为0.3时,能量回收率为65.55%,具有较高的回收效率.

乘用车双电机冗余电动助力转向系统研究

为了提高电动助力转向系统的安全性以及可靠性,基于乘用车提出一种双电机冗余电动助力转向技术,采用转向执行双助力电机,可以从硬件上实现冗余,避免任意单电机发生故障时导致转向系统的失效,不仅可以满足转向系统对于轻便型、助力跟随性的要求,还可以减轻单个助力电机的负载提高电机的使用寿命。针对提出的问题,介绍了对双电机阻力转向系统整体结构及工作原理,并对其关键零部件进行分析论述。搭建双电机冗余系统仿真模型,双电机电流分配采用“一主一辅”的控制方式,并进行方向盘多种工况仿真验证。针对助力转向出现抖动问题,结合“扫频试验”,设计输出转矩超前滞后补偿方式进行相位校正补偿。通过实车试验验证了该算法的准确性和有效性。实验结果表明双冗余电动助力转向系统极大提高了转向力矩的稳定性,抑制其扰动性,有较好的助力效果,极大提高系统的可靠性和安全性。

电动汽车PMSM驱动系统车载诊断技术研究

驱动电机是电动汽车驱动系统的核心,车载诊断和失效保护技术是提高其可靠性的有效技术手段。介绍了汽车随车诊断系统对电驱动系统的各种故障判定方法,并运用案例分析了汽车PMSM驱动控制系统中最常见的故障之一驱动电机抖动故障,呈现出了车载诊断系统判定电机位置传感器不良的典型情况;对电机位置传感器故障进行了simulink仿真并讨论了无位置传感器容错控制方案及发展趋势。

通用电机控制模块及其驱动软件的研发

电动车的研发是目前的研究热点,它给人们的生活带来了无尽的想象空间,其中各种车辆辅助操作系统为电动车提供了多种保障。提出了一种通用的电机控制模块及其驱动软件的实现原理,它可以方便地接入各种电动车,包括电动汽车和电动自行车,从而给电动自行车辆提供一种低成本的电机解决方案。该系统除了具有行驶、转弯、加速和制动等基本驾驶动作外,还可通过卫星连接,对车辆精准定位。该系统与对应的手机应用软件连接,还能实现多种附加功能,如语音操控、远程操控等功能。