Electrical stimulation modulates injury potentials in rats after spinal cord injury

An injury potential is the direct current potential difference between the site of spinal cord injury and the healthy nerves. Its initial amplitude is a significant indicator of the severity of spinal cord injury, and many cations, such as sodium and calcium, account for the major portion of injury potentials. This injury potential, as wel as injury current, can be modulated by direct current field stimulation;however, the appropriate parameters of the electrical field are hard to define. In this paper, injury potential is used as a parameter to adjust the intensity of electrical stimulation. Injury potential could be modulated to slightly above 0 mV （as the anode-centered group） by placing the anodes at the site of the injured spinal cord and the cathodes at the rostral and caudal sections, or around-70 mV, which is resting membrane potential （as the cathode-centered group） by reversing the polarity of electrodes in the anode-centered group. In addition, rats receiving no electrical stimulation were used as the control group. Results showed that the absolute value of the injury potentials acquired after 30 minutes of electrical stimulation was higher than the control group rats and much lower than the initial absolute value, whether the anodes or the cathodes were placed at the site of injury. This phenomenon il ustrates that by changing the polarity of the electrical field, electrical stimulation can effectively modulate the injury potentials in rats after spinal cord injury. This is also beneficial for the spontaneous repair of the cel membrane and the reduction of cation influx.

Dynamics of Charge Transfer by Surface Electric Discharges in Atmospheric Air

This work reveals essential details of plasma-surface interaction in atmospheric air that are important for a wide range of applications, beginning from airflow control and up to the high-voltage insulation. The paper discusses experimental data characterizing dynamics of development and kinetics of energy coupling in surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD), atmospheric air plasmas sustained over dielectric surfaces, over a wide range of time scales. The experiments have been conducted using microsecond pulse voltage waveform of single and alternating polarities. Time-resolved discharge development and mechanisms of coupling with quiescent air are analyzed using nanosecond gate camera imaging, electrical measurements, and original surface charge sensors. The results demonstrate several new, critically important processes overlooked in previous studies. Specifically, it is shown that SDBD plasmas energy release may be significantly increased by using an optimized waveform.

Mechanism of water-evaporation-induced electricity beyond streaming potential

Since its first discovery in 2017,evaporation-induced electricity has attracted extensive attention and shown significant advantages in green energy conversion.While the streaming potential-related electrokinetic effect has been intensively explored and widely recognized as the underlying mechanism,the role of coupling between water molecules and charge carriers in the material remains elusive.Here we show through carefully designed experiments that the streaming potential effect indeed plays a role but can only contribute about half to the total water-evaporation-induced voltage occurring within the partially-wetted region of the carbon black film where the solid-liquid-gas three-phase interface exists.It is also shown that water evaporation from carboxyl and amino-functionalized carbon black films produces opposite voltage signals.Detailed first-principles calculations unveil that the adsorption of water molecules can lead to reversed charge transfer in the carboxyl and amino-functionalized carbon substrates.Finally,an evaporation-driven charge transport mechanism is proposed for the induced electricity mediated by the coupling between water molecules and charge carriers in the material.The results reveal the important role of direct interaction between water molecules and materials,deepening our understanding of the mechanism for evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic effect beyond streaming potential.

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Neurologists define the transmission of nerve impulses across the membranes of the neural cells as a result of difference in the concentration of ions while they measured an electric potential, called as an action potential, which allows the propagation of such nerve impulses as electrical signals. Such measurements should guide them to a logical explanation of the nerve impulses as electric charges driven by the measured action potential. However, such logical conclusion, or explanation, is ignored due to a wrong definition of the flow of electric charges as a flow of electrons that cannot pass through neural networks. According to recent studies, electric charges are properly defined as electromagnetic (EM) waves whose energy is expressed as the product of its propagating electric potential times their entropy flow which is adhered to the flow of such energy. Such definition matches the logical conclusion of the nerve impulses as electric charges, as previously explained, and defines the entropy of the neural network, measured by Ammeters, in Watt or Joule/Volt. The measured entropy represents a neurodiagnostic property of the neural networks that measures its capacity to allow the flow of energy per unit action potential. Theoretical verification of the innovative definition of nerve impulses is presented by following an advanced entropy approach. A proper review of the machine records of the stimulating electric charges, used in the diagnosis of the neural networks, and the stimulated nerve impulses or stimulated responses, represents practical verifications of the innovative definitions of the electric charges and the nerve impulses. Comparing the functioning of the thermoelectric generators and the brain neurons, such neurons are defined as thermoelectric generators of the electric nerve impulses and their propagating, or action, potential.

Off-axis electron holography of manganite-based heterojunctions:Interface potential and charge distribution

The interfacial electrical potentials and charge distributions of two manganite-based heterojunctions, i.e.,La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3/SrTiO_3:0.05 wt% Nb(LCMO/STON) and La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3/LaMnO_3/SrTiO_3:0.05 wt% Nb(simplified as LCMO/LMO/STON), are studied by means of off-axis electron holography in a transmission electron microscope.The influences of buffer layer on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the LCMO films are explored. The results show that when a buffer layer of LaMnO_3 is introduced, the tensile strain between the STON substrate and LCMO film reduces, misfit dislocation density decreases near the interfaces of the heterojunctions, and a positive magnetoresistance is observed. For the LCMO/STON junction, positive and negative charges accumulate near the interface between the substrate and the film. For the LCMO/LMO/STON junction, a complex charge distribution takes place across the interface, where notable negative charges accumulate. The difference between the charge distributions near the interface may shed light on the observed generation of positive magnetoresistance in the junction with a buffer layer.

Load Cluster Characteristic Analysis and Modeling of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicle, as a clean energy industry, is an important branch. Electric vehicles not only are the energy of the electric user, but also can be used as mobile and distributed energy storage unit to the grid. As a precondition of safety operation for power grid, studies of EVs’ charging load characteristics is also the theoretical basis of intelligent scheduling EVs charging orderly. This paper assesses the future of the electric vehicles development prospects, and secondly establishes a charging model of a single EV. Then, considering stochastic distribution of the initial state-of-charge (SOC0) and the arriving time of the vehicles, a cluster model of the charging station is proposed. Meanwhile, the paper from the types and charging mode of electric vehicles analyzes the behavior of EV. Finally, an example simulation is validated.

Surface ζ potential and photocatalytic activity of rare earths doped TiO_2

The iso-electric point of different rare earths （La, Ce, Y） doped anatase TiO2 was set out, and three organisms with different sur- face electrical properties （methylene blue trihydrate-positive electricity, methyl orange-negative electricity, methyl red-neutral electricity） were selected as photodegradable models. The result showed that the photocatalytic activity of 0.5wt.%Y ions doped anatase TiO2 was better than those of the others. The relationship between Zeta （ξ） potential and the photocatalytic activity of different RE doped anatase TiO2 were also investigated. The Y-doped anatase TiO2 was found with the special two iso-electric points and three ξ potential values.

复杂静电场问题中电势零点选取的合理性

对一个复杂静电场问题分解为两个甚至多个子问题利用叠加原理进行电势求解时,如何合理地选取各个子问题的电势零点的问题进行了研究和讨论。首先讨论了电势参考点选取的任意性和相对性,然后通过一个实际的静电场问题引出了电势参考点选取的合理性。最后,从做功与能量和唯一性定理两个方面对电势参考点选取的合理性进行了分析与讨论。

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

The Magnetic Longitudinal (P-) Wave’s Propagation and Energy Models Underlying the Mechanisms of Its Capacity to Absorb Free Energy

The longitudinal wave term within Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) underwent recovery to ensure its suitability for theoretical derivation of the equation governing longitudinal electromagnetic (LEM) waves. The revised Maxwell’s equations include the crucial parameters being the attenuation time constants of magnetic vortex potential and electric vortex potential generated by external electromagnetic field within the propagation medium. Specific expressions for them are obtained through theoretical analysis. Subsequently, a model for propagating magnetic P-wave generated by the superposition of a left-handed photo and a right-handed photon in a vacuum is formulated based on reevaluated total current law and revised Faraday’s law, covering wave equations, energy equation, as well as propagation mode involving mutual induction and conversion between scalar magnetic field and vortex electric field. Furthermore, through theoretical derivations centered around magnetic P-wave, evidence was presented regarding its ability to absorb huge free energy through the entangled interaction between zero-point vacuum energy field and the torsion field produced by the vortex electric field.

Low Electrical Resistance Properties of Acupoints:Roles of NOergic Signaling Molecules and Neuropeptides in Skin Electrical Conductance

Early studies from several independent laboratories demonstrated that acupoints possess the characteristics of low electrical resistance.New devices are developing to increase the reliability of electrical skin impedance measurements for counteracting the factors including skin dryness,skin thickness,size of the sensing electrode,pressure applied on the electrode,interelectrode distance,room temperature,and humidity.Morphological studies have identified that blood vessels,hair follicles,and nervous components are enhanced in the meridians/acupoints,which represent areas of potentially high neuronal activity.Recent evidence shows that nitric oxide(NO)concentrations are enhanced in skin acupoints/meridians.L-arginine-derived NO synthesis modifies skin norepinephrine(NE)synthesis/release in acupoints/meridians,and NO-NE activations play an important role in mediating the skin conductance responses to electrical stimulation.NOergic signaling molecules interact with gap junction and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1.Other studies reported that the high conductance at acupoints is a result of the release of the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide during neurogenic inflammation in the referred pain area.Pathological body conditions caused considerable changes in skin conductance or impedance at acupoints.Although systematic research with an improved equipment and research design to avoid the influencing factors are requested for a definite answer in this field,the results from anatomical and biochemical studies consistently show that acupoints exist higher levels of nervous components,and NOergic signaling molecules and neuropeptides involved in the skin low resistance at acupoints.The increased interest in the acupoints/meridians has led to an open-minded attitude towards understanding this system,which is fundamental important to establish the valid aspects of scientific basis of Chinese medicine mechanisms and therapies.

人体静电电位信号数据对齐方法研究

针对多传感器检测系统相关试验中存在的多个传感器在数据采集过程中数据读取时间不同步以及采样频率不统一,导致数据对齐存在偏差,无法进行精确解算的问题,以人体静电电位信号采集试验的数据对齐操作为例,通过函数计算、波形分析、特征点提取等方法对3组不同传感器数据进行滤波清洗和对齐处理。结果表明,上述方法能够得到有效数据的起始点和终止点,解决数据采集过程中读取不同步的问题,提高了多传感器数据的对齐精度,为试验后续信号的识别提供更加准确的数据支持。所设计的数据对齐方法可应用于静电检测、运动健康、行为识别等具有多个传感器的数据采集系统中,为系统数据的对齐处理提供了有效的理论参考与方法依据。

电动汽车剩余电量计算方法

根据电池在工作过程中任意时刻的剩余电量理论上应该等于电池的实际容量减去放电电量的原理,推导出了剩余电量的实用计算公式,设计了剩余电量计量系统。通过对一组铅酸电池的实车道路测试,发现其计量误差大约为20%,误差主要由电池的实际放电模式与试验模式的不同所造成。

三电平NPC整流器控制及中点电位平衡控制技术

通过分析三电平中点箝位式整流器工作原理,建立了基于开关函数的三电平整流器的数学模型,提出了一种基于dq轴解耦的控制策略,对解耦后的电流以及电压进行双闭环控制系统设计,实现了有功电流和无功电流的无差调节以及直流侧电压的稳定。在简化三电平空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)算法的基础上,提出了一种根据三相输入电流和中点电位的波动,优化小矢量作用时间的组合控制策略,减小中点电位波动。最后通过实际系统实验,验证了整流器控制策略的正确性以及中点电位控制策略的优异性。

岩石受载破坏裂纹扩展带电特性

为了研究岩石破裂过程电位分布特征及其产生机理,利用预制裂纹岩石试样实验测试了裂纹扩展途径的电位信号变化规律及裂纹两侧电位分布特征。结果表明,扩展裂纹的尖端和新形成的裂纹壁面是产生自由电荷的主要位置,在裂纹扩展路径上距离裂纹尖端近处产生的电位信号强度较高,距离远处产生的电位强度较低,裂纹扩展产生的最大电场强度为0.42 V/m;在裂纹扩展过程中裂纹两侧产生的电位信号极性呈正负对应变化,表明裂纹两侧产生的自由电荷性质相反,并交替变化;在裂纹扩展中新生裂纹两侧壁面电荷分离是自由电荷及电位的主导产生机制。裂纹壁面电荷的正负交替及裂纹扩展中两侧壁张翕运动引起的电场变化是煤岩产生电磁辐射的原因。

一种新颖的同时考虑中点电位平衡和窄脉冲消除及死区补偿的三电平空间电压矢量脉宽调制方法(英文)

该文引进了一种简洁高效的三电平 SVPWM 算法。在此基础上,提出一种中点电位控制和窄脉冲消除方法,同时进行了死区的补偿。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法实现简单,输出波形谐波含量小,中点电位得到很好的控制,并较好地解决了窄脉冲问题。同时由于进行了死区补偿,使逆变器在低频输出时波形明显改善,提高了系统在低频时的转矩输出。在用 TMS320LF2407 DSP 为开发平台的三电平实验样机上取得了良好的效果。

用模拟电荷小波法计算含有电位悬浮导体的电场分布

提出了用模拟电荷小波分析法计算含有电位悬浮导体的静电场边值问题,给出用模拟电荷小波分析法计算这类边值问题的具体计算公式.理论分析和实例计算结果表明,用模拟电荷小波分析法计算含有电位悬浮导体的静电场问题,既可以提高计算精度又可以节省计算时间,是一种非常有效的计算方法。

电渗的电荷累积理论

基于模型试验中所观测到的电荷累积现象,提出了电渗的电荷累积理论。该理论以电荷守恒原理代替电流连续性原理,建立了电荷累积模型的微分方程。微分方程的解析解表明:电势在空间的分布是线性函数和三角函数的叠加,该分布最终趋近于Esrig理论所假定的线形分布。电势梯度随时间以指数形式消减,最终稳定于一个常数,电流和土体电导率随时间的消减形式与能级梯度理论近似一致。最后,通过观测电渗电流随时间的变化过程,对电荷累积理论进行了试验验证。

可变电荷土壤中特殊化学现象及其微观机制的研究进展

综述了近年来可变电荷土壤化学研究的进展,着重总结了可变电荷土壤中的盐吸附、铁铝氧化物对土壤自然酸化的抑制作用和离子强度对离子专性吸附的影响等特殊化学现象及其微观机制的研究进展。用颗粒表面扩散层重叠导致有效电荷数量减小的原理解释了盐吸附现象和铁铝氧化物对土壤自然酸化的抑制作用。阐明了可变电荷土壤和矿物中介质离子强度影响离子专性吸附的机制,用四层吸附模型解释了离子专性吸附随离子强度增大而增加的现象,并根据胶体zeta电位随离子强度改变而变化的趋势进一步证明了离子强度增大使胶体专性吸附面上静电电位的绝对值减小,是离子专性吸附随离子强度增大而增加的主要原因。带电颗粒表面双电层结构和双电层相互作用的深入研究,有助于阐明可变电荷土壤中一些特殊化学现象的微观机理,从而进一步完善土壤化学理论。

基于MATLAB构建点电荷系的电势与电场强度分布图

用MATLAB程序演示了多个点电荷组成的点电荷系激发的电势分布立体图和场强分布图,结合图像探讨了电荷对称分布情况下,点电荷系的等势面及电场分布的特点以及场强与电势之间的关系。