Hydrogen spillover bridged dual nano-islands triggered by built-in electric field for efficient and robust alkaline hydrogen evolution at ampere-level current density

Employing the alkaline water electrolysis system to generate hydrogen holds great prospects but still poses significant challenges,particularly for the construction of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts operating at ampere-level current density.Herein,the unique Ru and RuP_(2)dual nano-islands are deliberately implanted on N-doped carbon substrate(denoted as Ru-RuP_(2)/NC),in which a built-in electric field(BEF)is spontaneously generated between Ru-RuP_(2)dual nano-islands driven by their work function difference.Experimental and theoretical results unveil that such constructed BEF could serve as the driving force for triggering fast hydrogen spillover process on bridged Ru-RuP_(2)dual nano-islands,which could invalidate the inhibitory effect of high hydrogen coverage at ampere-level current density,and synchronously speed up the water dissociation on Ru nano-islands and hydrogen adsorption/desorption on RuP_(2)nano-islands through hydrogen spillover process.As a result,the Ru-RuP_(2)/NC affords an ultra-low overpotential of 218 mV to achieve 1.0 A·cm^(−2)along with the superior stability over 1000 h,holding the great promising prospect in practical applications at ampere-level current density.More importantly,this work is the first to advance the scientific understanding of the relationship between the constructed BEF and hydrogen spillover process,which could be enlightening for the rational design of the cost-effective alkaline HER catalysts at ampere-level current density.

Impact of Ion Current on Total Electric Field Measurement Under HVDC Transmission Line

The total electric field(TEF) at ground level induced by high-voltage direct current(HVDC) overhead transmission lines is one of the important indexes for evaluating the lines' electromagnetic environment.Based on analyzing the existing TEF sensors and the measurement principle of ion-current density,the influence from ions on TEF measurements is quantitively studied.The results show that the ions generated by the corona from a HVDC transmission line in operation cause errors in the measurement of TEF.This error is determined through analyzing the component of total measuring current on the filed mill's sensing electrode: if no appropriate approach taken,the maximum measurement error reaches up to 4.3%.Furthermore,a method that can eliminate such error,and hence improve the accuracy of TEF sensors is designed.

High-Frequency Electric Field Induced Nonlinear Electron Transport in Chiral Carbon Nanotubes

We investigate theoretically the high frequency complex conductivity in carbon nanotubes that are stimulated axially by a strong inhomogeneous electric field of the form E(t)=E0+E1cos(ωt). Using the kinetic approach based on Boltzmann’s transport equation with constant relaxation time approximation and the energy spectrum of the electron in the tight-binding approximation, together with Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook collision integral, we predict high-frequency nonlinear effects along the axial and the circumferential directions of the carbon nanotubes that may be useful for the generation of high frequency radiation in the carbon nanotubes.

External Electric Field Effect on Electrons Transport in Carbon Nanotubes

We consider a simple model of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) subject to external electric field E(t). Using a tight-binding approximation for the description of energy bands of CNTs, together with the standard Boltzmann transport equation and constant relaxation time, we predict the effect of self-induced transparency and absolute negative conductivity. The predicted effects may be useful in diagnostics of carbon nanotubes as well as in the amplification and efficiency conversion of electromagnetic signals.

A compact two-dimensional analytical model of the electrical characteristics of a triple-material double-gate tunneling FET structure

This paper presents a compact two-dimensional analytical device model of surface potential,in addition to electric field of triple-material double-gate(TMDG)tunnel FET.The TMDG TFET device model is developed using a parabolic approximation method in the channel depletion space and a boundary state of affairs across the drain and source.The TMDG TFET device is used to analyze the electrical performance of the TMDG structure in terms of changes in potential voltage,lateral and vertical electric field.Because the TMDG TFET has a simple compact structure,the surface potential is computationally efficient and,therefore,may be utilized to analyze and characterize the gate-controlled devices.Furthermore,using Kane's model,the current across the drain can be modeled.The graph results achieved from this device model are close to the data collected from the technology computer aided design(TCAD)simulation.

舰艇水下腐蚀静电场计算及影响因素仿真分析

为了进一步分析影响舰船电场的不同因素,提高舰艇水下静电场仿真分析中电偶极子建模方法的准确性,研究产生舰艇水下腐蚀静电场的腐蚀电化学原理和特性,从腐蚀电流密度的角度推导船体-螺旋桨电偶腐蚀电流表达式,并利用镜像法求解出了空气-海水二层模型下水平和垂直电偶极子电场解析式。建立基于舰艇腐蚀电流电偶极子的电场解析模型,在此基础上利用数值仿真对一中型舰艇水下50 m测线上的电场进行分析。结果表明:在设定变化范围内,船体腐蚀电位、螺旋桨腐蚀电位、船体浸水面积、螺旋桨浸水面积、海水温度、海水电导率对舰艇水下腐蚀静电场的影响程度分别约为29%、23%、53%、82%、30%和67%。仿真结果和电场解析模型可以为进一步研究舰艇水下腐蚀静电场特征及防护方法提供有力的理论支撑。

辅助电场对低密度聚乙烯微观结构演变与直流电气特性的影响

低密度聚乙烯(low-density polyethylene,LDPE)是电缆绝缘的基础材料.辅助电场可以调控聚合物的微观结构,但是其目前在电气绝缘领域的应用却鲜有报道.分别在LDPE试样成型过程中的熔融、冷却结晶及全阶段(即熔融及冷却结晶全阶段)施加辅助电场,制备了基于电场辅助的LDPE试样.探究了在不同阶段施加辅助电场对LDPE的微观结构演变、直流击穿特性、电导特性、空间电荷特性和陷阱特性的影响规律.结果表明,与未处理的LDPE相比,在熔融阶段、冷却阶段和全阶段施加辅助电场的LDPE具有更多更小的球晶,在全阶段施加辅助电场的LDPE的球晶数量最多,尺寸最小.同时,辅助电场能够明显提升LDPE的直流电气特性.其中,全阶段施加辅助电场的LDPE与未处理LDPE相比,击穿场强提升了35.8%,电导率降低了72.0%,平均空间电荷密度降低了20.2%.本研究为电气绝缘聚合物的微观结构调控和直流电气特性提升提供了新的思路.

低强度直流电场对南美白对虾杀菌效果及其贮藏品质的影响

本研究旨在探索利用低强度直流电场对南美白对虾进行杀菌处理,以实现其贮藏期的低成本、高品质延长。通过施加0.2~0.6 A(对应电场强度为1.6~5.0 V/cm)的恒流电场,详细分析了该处理对南美白对虾的杀菌效果及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:在0.4 A(对应电场强度为2.7~3.0 V/cm)条件下处理20 min,可使南美白对虾菌落总数下降1.90 lg CFU/g,同时保持系统温度的稳定可控,且样品的质构特性未发生显著变化(P>0.05)。贮藏过程中的检测结果显示,电场处理不仅抑制微生物了的生长,还显著延缓了(P<0.05)南美白对虾的感官评分、色差、持水力、pH、挥发性碱性氮、丙二醛含量、质构特性、肌肉组织和蛋白相关特性等指标的劣化,有效抑制了脂肪氧化、蛋白质氧化和变性。综合上述贮藏品质的变化,该电场处理能将南美白对虾的贮藏期限从4.5 d延长至8.5 d左右。因此,本研究为水产品的杀菌保鲜提供了一种新的有效途径。

特高压交直流输电线路带电作业安全防护及碳减排效应分析

特高压(ultra high voltage,UHV)交流与直流线路同廊道运行时带电作业区域电压高、场强大,交直流混合电场比单一电场更为复杂。为确保作业人员安全,结合实际±1100 kV直流和1000 kV交流线路,建立了包含输电导线、杆塔及带电作业人员的三维计算模型,通过分析开展带电作业时人员的体表混合场强、电位转移电流及暂态能量,对作业人员安全防护进行研究。结果表明:随着作业人员不断接近直流线路,体表场强受交流线路影响越明显,最高可使作业人员体表场强增大约9%,达到1920 kV/m;交流线路的存在将导致电位转移电流增长约7%,但对暂态能量影响较小。通过对特高压线路不停电检修所减少的碳排放量进行进一步计算,验证了特高压带电作业对减少碳排放具有促进作用。

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

Ion Flow Field Calculation of Multi-circuit DC Transmission Lines

An upwind finite element(FE)based algorithm to calculate the ion flow field in the vicinity of multi-circuit DC transmission lines is described.The initial value estimation and boundary condition are optimized,so details of the transmission lines such as bundle conductors and ground wires can be taken into account in the simulation model.Comparison between measured and computed ground level total electrical field and ion current density shows satisfactory agreement.The ion flow field of a ±500 kV HVDC project with bipolar lines on the same tower is simulated.The total electrical field and ion current density on ground level are compared among different line arrangements.

Flux emergence in the solar active region NOAA 11158: the evolution of net current

We present a detailed investigation of the evolution of observed net vertical current using a time series of vector magnetograms of the active region （AR） NOAA 11158 obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We also discuss the relation of net current to the observed eruptive events. The AR evolved from the βγ to βγδ3 configuration over a period of six days. The AR had two sub-regions of activity with opposite chirality： one dominated by sunspot rotation producing a strong CME, and the other showing large shear motions producing a strong flare. The net current in each polarity over the CME producing sub-region increased to a maximum and then decreased when the sunspots were separated. The time profile of net current in this sub-region followed the time profile of the rotation rate of the south-polarity sunspot in the same sub-region. The net current in the flaring sub-region showed a sudden increase at the time of the strong flare and remained unchanged until the end of the observation, while the sunspots maintained their close proximity. The systematic evo- lution of the observed net current is seen to follow the time evolution of total length of strongly sheared polarity inversion lines in both of the sub-regions. The observed photospheric net current could be explained as an inevitable product of the emergence of a twisted flux rope, from a higher pressure confinement below the photosphere into the lower pressure environment of the photosphere.

前庭电刺激下大脑皮层电场强度分布仿真分析

前庭电刺激(GVS)技术是用电流刺激前庭器官,对调节人体平衡功能、治疗前庭相关疾病、缓解眩晕等具有积极作用。为研究前庭电刺激电流是否可以直接作用于皮层,构建人体三维头部模型,建立电场模型。通过实验仿真,分析不同电流强度,不同电极面积以及不同电极位置的GVS下大脑皮层的电场分布。仿真结果表明:大脑皮层的电场强度模与电流大小呈正相关,与电极面积成负相关,且电场强度模最大值的分布与电极位置有关。GVS强度的改变,对大脑皮层后枕叶区影响较大。该研究提供不同刺激参数下刺激效果的仿真依据,对GVS的临床应用具有一定的参考价值。

暴时等离子体层顶密度不规则结构对SAR弧的调制

SAR弧的磁层源区对应环电流与等离子体层顶重叠区域,而等离子体层顶常常观测到密度不规则结构.之前还没有暴时等离子体层顶密度不规则结构对SAR弧调制的观测报道.本文报道了地基成像和磁层、电离层卫星对2013年10月9日磁暴恢复相期间发生的SAR弧的联合观测事件.在SAR弧的磁层源区,Van Allen Probe B卫星观测到了密度不规则结构,其中存在EMIC波、环电流离子分布和非线性电场结构.联合观测表明:该区域中的环电流离子分布通过库伦碰撞产生的热流通量足以驱动SAR弧,热流通量受到密度不规则结构的调制,形成空间上的小尺度分布,环电流离子中几keV的质子和几十keV的氧离子对这个过程起主导作用;此外,位于等离子体层顶密度不规则结构的低密度区的非线性结构电场引起的低能电子沉降可能是造成这次SAR弧非常明亮的原因.

外源性直流电场诱导大鼠扩张皮肤软组织血管新生的作用研究

目的探索外源性直流电场对大鼠扩张皮肤软组织血管新生的诱导作用与机制。方法采用SD大鼠作为实验对象,在头皮下埋置微型皮肤扩张器,建立头皮软组织扩张模型。在大鼠扩张头皮头尾两端贴附电极片并施加外源性直流电场刺激(并分为100 mV/mm、200 mV/mm和300 mV/mm电场组),未刺激的大鼠作为对照组。观察大鼠病理学、组织学和血管生成相关分子表达等变化。结果100 mV/mm和200 mV/mm电场组大鼠表现出良好的电场耐受性,300 mV/mm组大鼠出现不同程度的间断性抽搐、焦虑、烦躁等不适宜继续实验的症状表现,终止实验。与对照组相比,100 mV/mm和200 mV/mm电场组大鼠扩张头皮组织角质层厚度显著增大(P<0.05),真皮层内及真皮下层微小血管数均显著增加(P<0.05),血管生成相关分子Ki67和FGF-2的表达明显上升(P<0.05),组织匀浆中SDF-1和VEGF-α的表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论一定强度的外源性直流电场可以有效诱导大鼠扩张皮肤软组织血管新生,为临床上采用电场技术原位诱导血管新生、增加皮瓣切取面积和提高皮瓣存活率提供了实验依据。

用于特高压直流的断路器开断小容性电流能力提升研究

为确保800 kV交流SF 6断路器开断特高压±800 kV和±1100 kV直流输电系统中滤波器组小容性电流的型式试验顺利通过,以及投运后产品的长期可靠运行,利用有限元法计算断路器不同条件下的电场强度和气体密度,得到原有断路器和三个优化方案的断路器介质强度及断路器分闸过程中介质强度最低点位置不受分闸速度和充气压力的影响的结论。结果表明,将现有断路器平均分闸速度提高5.7%,可以满足恢复电压峰值达到2100 kV的介质强度要求。试验顺利通过,开断过程无一次重击穿,证明采取的计算方法和优化方案有实际的指导意义。

接触不良对CBB电容耐久性实验的影响

金属化聚丙烯电容器因其介质损耗低、绝缘电阻高、性能稳定,广泛应用于空调、冰箱等,在电器行业中处于特殊地位。由于长时间承受电场和热场联合作用,聚丙烯薄膜介质内部易产生空间电荷积累,引起局部场强畸变,导致电容器性能衰退直至失效,为此耐久性实验即作为检测金属化聚丙烯电容器电气安全性能的重要实验项目,成为判断金属化聚丙烯电容器使用寿命的基准。本文通过模拟耐久性实验中常见的接触不良情况,研究接触不良对电场和热场的影响,以提高金属化聚丙烯电容耐器耐久性实验的准确性及可靠性,为行业提供有益参考。

均压环对复合绝缘子电场分布影响的研究

建立数学模型计算了复合绝缘子的沿面电场分布,利用有限元法计算了220kV线路复合绝缘子不安装均压环及安装不同形状尺寸均压环时沿面场强分布和电位分布。分析了均压环各因素变化对电场分布改善效果的影响,指出环径和罩深对端部电压分布改善效果明显,管径对电场分布改善效果好,根据各因素的综合影响,推荐了220kV复合绝缘子均压环的结构参数。

双极HVDC线路离子流电场计算及影响因素

高压直流输电线路运行时电晕形成的独特离子流电场对环境的影响已成为线路设计和环境影响评价的重要内容,而离子流电流密度和电场强度是表征离子流电场的重要特征参数。为此运用解析法计算了地面最大离子流电流密度和最大电场强度分布并分析了导线设计参数对它的影响。研究发现,运行电压较高时,导线高度、极间距是影响离子流电场的主要参数,与美国电力科学研究院的半经验公式法表达的规律一致。

巡线直升机对500kV交流输电线路电场影响的仿真

电磁安全距离的确定是当巡线直升机靠近导线时确保操作人员安全的有效保证。为此,通过有限元软件的数值仿真,首先对输电线路模型进行简化并应用镜像法对简化模型的有效性进行验证。模拟直升机悬浮于500kV超高压输电线路附近时,对直升机处于输电线路不同位置及不同距离时机身附近电场的畸变情况进行计算。结果表明:无直升机时,输电线路周围空间电场强度与其到最近的导线的距离近似呈反比例关系;有直升机时,直升机上最大电场强度与直升机到最近导线的距离近似呈反比例关系,场强最大值点主要出现在机翼上,大小约为没有直升机时的6～10倍;当直升机在地线附近时,由于地线屏蔽作用使得直升机上电场强度较小,该电场不影响直升机日常巡线。通过直升机上最大场强与直升机到导线距离的关系,确定在不同电场强度限值下直升机巡线的安全距离,当限值为500kV/m时,安全距离约为2.2m。