Polypyrrole-Coated Zein/Epoxy Ultrafine Fiber Mats for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

To reduce the environmental pollution and meet the needs for wearable electronic devices, new requirements for electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials include flexibility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Herein, we reported a polypyrrole-coated zein/epoxy(PPy/ZE) ultrafine fiber mat which was inherently biodegradable and skin-friendly. In addition, it could maintain its ultrafine fibrous structure after coating, which could provide the mat with mechanical compliance, high porosity, and a large specific area for high EMI shielding. With the assistance of the epoxide cross-linking, the breaking stresses of the PPy/ZE fiber mats could achieve 3.3 MPa and 1.4 MPa and the strains were 40.1% and 83.0% in dry and wet states, respectively, which met the needs of various wearable electronic devices. Along with the extension in the PPy treatment duration, more PPy was loaded on the fiber surfaces, which formed more integrated and conductive paths to generate increasing conductivities up to 401.76 S·m^(-1). Moreover, the EMI shielding performance was raised to 26.84 dB. The biobased mats provide a green and efficient choice for EMI shielding materials, which may be a promising strategy to address EMI problems in multiple fields.

Annual Work Report of Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetic Compatibility Group in 2019

The group of Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetic Compatibility undertakes the design of AC power distribution system along with electromagnetic compatibility and integrated wiring in Heavy-ion Accelerator Facilities.

Direct Ink Writing of Highly Conductive MXene Frames for Tunable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Electromagnetic Wave-Induced Thermochromism

The highly integrated and miniaturized next-generation electronic products call for high-performance electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials to assure the normal operation of their closely assembled components.However,the most current techniques are not adequate for the fabrication of shielding materials with programmable structure and controllable shielding efficiency.Herein,we demonstrate the direct ink writing of robust and highly conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene frames with customizable structures by using MXene/AlOOH inks for tunable EMI shielding and electromagnetic wave-induced thermochromism applications.The as-printed frames are reinforced by immersing in AlCl_(3)/HCl solution to remove the electrically insulating AlOOH nanoparticles,as well as cross-link the MXene sheets and fuse the filament interfaces with aluminum ions.After freeze-drying,the resultant robust and porous MXene frames exhibit tunable EMI shielding efficiencies in the range of 25-80 dB with the highest electrical conductivity of 5323 S m−1.Furthermore,an electromagnetic wave-induced thermochromic MXene pattern is assembled by coating and curing with thermochromic polydimethylsiloxane on a printed MXene pattern,and its color can be changed from blue to red under the high-intensity electromagnetic irradiation.This work demonstrates a direct ink printing of customizable EMI frames and patterns for tuning EMI shielding efficiency and visualizing electromagnetic waves.

Directional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Based on Step-Wise Asymmetric Conductive Networks

Some precision electronics such as signal transmitters need to not only emit effective signal but also be protected from the external electromagnetic(EM)waves.Thus,directional electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials(i.e.,when the EM wave is incident from different sides of the sample,the EMI shielding effectiveness(SE)is rather different)are strongly required;unfortunately,no comprehensive literature report is available on this research field.Herein,Nicoated melamine foams(Ni@MF)were obtained by a facile electroless plating process,and multiwalled carbon nanotube(CNT)papers were prepared via a simple vacuum-assisted self-assembly approach.Then,step-wise asymmetric poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)composites consisting of loose Ni@MF layer and compact CNT layer were successfully fabricated via a facile solution encapsulation approach.The step-wise asymmetric structures and electrical conductivity endow the Ni@MF/CNT/PBAT composites with unprecedented directional EMI shielding performances.When the EM wave is incident from Ni@MF layer or CNT layer,Ni@MF-5/CNT-75/PBAT exhibits the total EMI SE(SET)of 38.3 and 29.5 dB,respectively,which illustrates theΔSET of 8.8 dB.This work opens a new research window for directional EMI shielding composites with step-wise asymmetric structures,which has promising applications in portable electronics and next-generation communication technologies.

Study on Electromagnetic Transient Condition of EMU Passing by Phase-separation with Electric Load in High-speed Railway

Aiming at the complex electromagnetic transient process of EMU passing by phase-separation with electric load in high-speed railway, mechanism of overvoltage caused by switching off, overvoltage caused by switching on and impact current is analyzed systematically in this article. π-type equivalent circuit of feeding section is put forward in the analysis of overvoltage mechanism. Overvoltage and overcurrent model of passing by phase-separation with electric load are also built. Correctness of mechanism was validated by simulation. In addition, the methods to solve the influence on substations, transformers and protection devices in this process are put forward, which provides a new idea on passing by phase-separation with electric load technology.

Progress of Expert Systems in Electromagnetic Engineering

It is urgent to solve various problems in electromagnetic （EM） engineering under the increasingly complicated environment. Some expert systems （ES） come into being just to keep up with the demand for solving these problems. Combined with the analysis of development orES technology and the development trend of EM engineering software in recent years, the application orES technology in EM engineering is discussed, and especially the progress of complete ES in electromagnetic compatible （EMC） is introduced.

Effects of medically generated electromagnetic interference from medical devices on cardiac implantable electronic devices: A review

As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and procedures and its effect on these devices.EMI from other sources can potentially inhibit pacing and trigger shocks in permanent pacemakers(PPM)and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICD),respectively.This review analyzes potential EMI amongst CIED and left ventricular assist device,deep brain stimulators,spinal cord stimulators,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators,and throughout an array of procedures,such as endoscopy,bronchoscopy,and procedures involving electrocautery.Although there is evidence to support EMI from internal and external devices and during procedures,there is a lack of large multicenter studies,and,as a result,current management guidelines are based primarily on expert opinion and anecdotal experience.We aim to provide a general overview of PPM/ICD function,review documented EMI effect on these devices,and acknowledge current management of CIED interference.

Study of Electromagnetic Compatibility in Hospital Environments

This paper presents a study on the effects of radiation from electronic equipment in hospitals. This study was performed in Argentinean, Colombian and Spanish hospitals. The work consists of two parts: a survey to determine the hospital personnel’s knowledge of the problem and a technical part consisting of a measurements campaign to determine the levels of radiated electrical and magnetic fields in several hospitals due to the presence of electromagnetic interferences, such as the use of mobile phones. The study of this problem has been of special interest in countries such as the USA and Canada, and this paper attempts to convey the necessity of creating regulations that can be applied to the hospitals of the countries analyzed. More than fifty hospitals were studied in these three countries, considering the following aspects: the hospital personnel’s awareness of the problem, whether the hospitals have performed previous studies of this type, the appearance of problems in medical equipment due to this interference, the origin of the interference, and the failures that have appeared in computers due to electromagnetic interference. The results show that, most hospitals have a lack of knowledge regarding this issue and that field levels above those allowed by international regulations are present. Therefore, a regulation must be established to avoid the problem.

Study of Electromagnetism Compatibility of Single-chip Switching Power Supply and Suppression Technique

As for the Domino effect dv/dt and electromagnetic interference during the rapid switching course of single-chip switching power supply,this article firstly analyzes electromagnetic interference source,and then diagnoses the essential interaction relationship between interference and switching activity based on the timely and area measured waveform,analyzes and studies the production mechanism and coupling path of interference mode,and sets up circuit model according to the features of transverse mode interference and common mode interference.Put forward different suppression methods finally.

Electromagnetic interference modeling and elimination for a solar/hydrogen hybrid powered small-scale UAV

The trajectory related and Direct Current(DC)Electromagnetic Interference(EMI)of lithium battery,fuel cell and photovoltaic modules has a great influence on the small-scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)airborne magnetometer and is hard to be shielded,calibrated or filtered.Besides,the mechanisms underlying the DC EMI have been rarely investigated yet.To cope with this problem,this paper systematically studies the EMI models,and proposes an online 3-layer EMI reduction scheme.First,EMI coupled with UAV motion model and hybrid power system is established.Second,the mechanism EMI models of hybrid power system are established and verified based on the proposed concept“equivalent current”.Third,an online 3-layer EMI reduction scheme is proposed,including battery layer,trajectory planning layer and energy management layer.In the first main layer,EMI self-cancellation is realized by rotating battery inclinations and symmetrical circuits.In response to errors,the trajectory planning layer reduces the EMI intensity by optimizing an optimal trajectory,while the energy management layer prioritizes power allocation to power sources that can produce small and stable EMI.Simulation results of climb,level flight and descent illustrate the efficaciousness and applicability of the proposed online 3-layer EMI reduction scheme.

基于容性屏蔽的无线电能传输系统有源磁屏蔽结构优化

为了改善无线电能传输系统中的磁场泄漏问题,本文提出了一种基于无源容性屏蔽的强耦合有源磁屏蔽结构。首先,在无源容性屏蔽的无线电能传输系统的基础上,设计了一种强耦合有源磁屏蔽线圈结构。其次,给出了此线圈的工作原理与设计方法,推导了数学模型以及等效电路模型。从理论出发解释了容性屏蔽和有源屏蔽的原理,并对屏蔽效果及传输效率受屏蔽线圈参数变化的影响作了分析。最后,结合得到的线圈参数,在所提线圈结构的基础上,设计出了一套电动汽车无线充电系统,通过理论计算、仿真和实验,对所提线圈结构和方法的有效性进行了验证。结果显示,该线圈结构在维持96%以上传输效率的同时,能够将系统的漏磁减少大约40%,实现了降低泄漏磁场和保持高传输效率的目标。

隧道牵引分区所雷击暂态特性及其二次设备电磁兼容研究

牵引供电系统遭受雷击会在分区所内产生过电压与过电流,对分区所开关柜中二次设备产生瞬态电磁干扰,影响其正常运行。文中针对电气化铁路隧道分区所,建立雷击暂态仿真模型,计算了接触网不同位置遭受雷击时分区所的过电压与过电流,建立了27.5 kV开关柜的电磁场有限元仿真模型,分析开关柜中不同区域的瞬态电场、磁场分布。结果表明:雷击接触网会在分区所内产生幅值较大、频率较高的过电压与过电流,在其作用下开关柜低压室瞬态电场可达147.2 V/m、瞬态磁场可达1.3 kA/m,断路器室前壁处瞬态电场可达822.9 kV/m、瞬态磁场可达15.85 kA/m,超过标准规定的幅值,二次设备需要考虑相应的电磁屏蔽措施。论文结果对牵引供电系统雷击过电压/电流防护以及二次设备电磁兼容设计具有参考价值。

无线电能传输系统高效率低漏磁的全向环绕型有源磁屏蔽结构

在电动汽车无线电能传输系统(WPT)中,如何通过电磁屏蔽技术来降低WPT系统中的漏磁,同时维持较高的传输效率是一个难题。为此本文提出了一种全向环绕型有源磁屏蔽线圈结构来减少WPT系统中的漏磁。首先,分析了该结构的磁屏蔽工作原理以及设计思路,推导了该结构的数学模型;其次,根据本文线圈结构高效率低漏磁的特点,提出了一种线圈优化方法,得到了满足设计要求的线圈参数;最后,根据得到的线圈参数,搭建了一套基于所提线圈结构的WPT系统,并通过仿真和实验验证了该结构和方法的合理性。结果显示,在传输功率为4 kW时,本文提出的线圈结构在偏移0 cm时,目标面的最大漏磁为3.76μT,相比无屏蔽线圈结构降低了43.63%的漏磁,并且传输效率高达95.58%;在偏移10 cm时目标面的最大漏磁为6.03μT,仍符合漏磁安全标准,并且传输效率为92.92%,高于同尺寸无源屏蔽线圈结构和传统有源屏蔽线圈结构的传输效率。

750kV单回并行输电线路电磁辐射环境研究

采用《环境影响评价技术导则输变电》(HJ 24—2020)附录C、D推荐的计算模式对750 kV单回并行输电线路电磁辐射环境进行计算与预测。结果表明,经过耕地、园地、牧草地、畜禽饲养地、道路等场所,当导线对地最小高度为15.5 m时,单回并行线路下的工频电场强度最大值超过10 kV/m;需将导线对地最小高度提至16.5 m,才能满足4 kV/m控制限值要求。750 kV单回并行输电线路产生的工频磁场强度小于公众曝露控制限值(100μT),一般情况下不会成为线路建设的环境制约因素;但其产生的工频电场是电磁环境影响的主要因素,电场强度控制限值(4 kV/m)是线路建设的环境制约因素,同时也是输变电电磁环境重点控制因素。现场实测结果与理论预测结果符合性较好,表明采用的预测模式具有较好的应用性,研究结果可为750 kV单回并行输电线路的建设和环境监管提供支持。

电驱系统电磁兼容轴电流优化及试验方法研究

电动汽车的电驱动系统是强大的电磁干扰源之一,其电磁兼容性对整车性能至关重要,GB/T 18655-2018、GB 21670-2008等多项标准规定了电驱动系统的电磁兼容性。在标准规定的试验方法及工况下,电驱输出轴在工作时容易产生轴电流现象,严重影响试验结果准确性,使零部件试验结果与整车试验结果存在较大差异,不能反映电驱动系统在真实道路下的电磁辐射状态。本文通过轴电流抑制策略,分析轴电流现象对试验结果的影响,提出更能反映真实道路场景下的电驱动系统电磁兼容试验方法。提出的试验方法优化思路可为电动汽车电磁兼容标准修订提供参考,推动研究轴电流物理机理,以获取更可靠试验结果,对电动汽车电磁设计与评估具有重要指导意义。

具有软启动功能的EMI直流滤波器设计

宽禁带半导体器件的应用使电动汽车的电机驱动系统更加小型化和轻量化,但也引发了更为严重的电磁干扰,使得驱动系统的可靠性面临严峻挑战。为此,以24 V/2 A的EMI直流滤波器为例,通过噪声源、滤波器原理及阻抗影响的分析,依据插入损耗指标进行滤波器参数设计。同时,考虑到整车启动时刻的启动冲击,加入软启动电路,进一步提高电动汽车驱动系统可靠性。实验测试验证了滤波器的电磁干扰抑制效果和软启动性能,证明了滤波器设计的可行性和有效性。

地面装备电源变换系统高低压线缆串扰仿真研究

电源变换系统中功率器件如MOSFET和IGBT开关管的高速切换将产生高幅值和宽频段的电磁干扰,是电动车辆最为常见也无法避免的电磁干扰源。同时,互连线缆是机电设备传递信号和能量的载体,是实现设备功能不可或缺的组成部分,线缆的天线效应使其成为设备产生电磁干扰的主要途径,是系统电磁兼容问题的主要根源之一。为了分析高压电源变换系统对低压控制系统的电磁耦合,以某典型地面装备电源变换系统IGBT开关管产生的脉冲宽度调制波(PWM波)作为电磁干扰源,以实装线缆作为分析对象,构建高低压线缆串扰模型,仿真分析不同线缆对地距离、线缆间距条件下单线、屏蔽线、双绞线等多类低压线缆的近端串扰电压,得出低压线缆的抗干扰性,为系统线缆的布线提供指导。

多电飞机系统传导电磁干扰交互作用机理分析及建模

采用270 V直流配电的多电飞机系统中电力电子设备众多,单一设备的传导电磁干扰很容易影响其他设备。为了探究复杂工况下设备间的传导电磁干扰交互作用机理,以DC/DC变换器、DC/AC逆变器和电机及其驱动器三种典型设备为研究对象进行研究。首先,对典型设备依据功能划分不同的运行工况。然后,分别建立了各设备的高频等效模型,在此基础上建立系统的高频等效模型。根据不同运行工况,分别研究设备间的电磁干扰交互作用机理。研究发现,设备间的电磁干扰交互作用既体现在干扰源的增加,又体现在新传导路径的引入,新传导路径会造成新的谐振问题。最后,仿真和实验结果表明,基于设备间电磁干扰交互作用机理搭建的仿真模型对谐振尖峰幅值的预测结果与实验误差在5 dBμV以内,模型符合度很好,证明了机理分析和建模的正确性。

CR200J型动车组DC110V漏电误报检测故障研究

CR200J型动车组运行以来,多次发生拖车DC110V漏电流检测报警问题,亟待进行故障原因分析与解决。从列车供电原理和直流漏电流传感器检测原理出发,对漏电报警的原因进行分析,首先通过漏电流传感器电流响应特性测试验证了漏电检测误报的可能性,然后开展动车组DC110V漏电故障在线监测试验,明确了该故障为漏电检测误报,最后结合DC110V回路对地阻抗特性试验,从电磁兼容角度对漏电检测报警原因进行综合分析。研究结果表明:漏电检测报警并非真实漏电,漏电时刻DC110V供电线产生幅值较大的频率为2.0~4.5 kHz的共模干扰电流,且漏电报警车辆在该频段阻抗仅为3~8Ω,远小于正常车辆的阻抗28~40Ω,导致DC110V线路中2.0~4.5 kHz共模电流超过0.5 A,直流漏电流传感器检测到此干扰信号后不能滤除该信号,造成漏电检测误报警。根据漏电误报的产生原因,从干扰源抑制和检测方式两方面提出以下改进建议:改进DC110V线路滤波器在此频段阻抗特性,降低共模干扰幅值;优化直流漏电流传感器,减少传感器误报。

广州地铁22号线交流牵引供电系统电磁干扰问题分析

[目的]当地铁线路正常运行时,由于钢轨对地不能做到完全绝缘,采用交流牵引供电系统的地铁会对邻近金属油气管道产生交流干扰。因此,有必要研究地铁交流牵引供电系统对外部电磁干扰的问题。[方法]以广州某金属油气管道与广州地铁22号线并行段为例,建立地铁隧道与金属油气管道耦合模型,对金属油气管道进行电磁干扰仿真分析;计算了与隧道呈不同夹角的油气管道各段的电磁感应电压、地电位和涂层耐受电压,分析了电磁干扰的主要影响因素。[结果及结论]交流牵引供电制式下,管道涂层实际承受电压为涂层内部金属管道表面的电压和外部土壤中的地电位的差值,地铁隧道在金属管道表面产生的感应电压幅值是土壤地电位幅值的10倍以上,金属油气管道受到的电磁干扰以管道与地铁的电磁感应电压为主;金属油气管道及地铁隧道并行段是产生电磁干扰的主要区段;增加回流线可以极大地降低金属油气管道的电磁感应电压,回流线的位置与数量对减少电磁干扰效果有极大的影响。