Coulomb Force, Charge, and Electric Properties under Collision Space-Time

We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis.

Longitudinal train dynamics of electric multiple units under rescue

Once operating trains are disabled on the railway lines,an efficient manner is to utilize the train for train rescue.Owning to the different train and coupler types,it is difficult to formulate uniform regulations for train to train rescue.In this paper,the longitudinal train dynamics of electric multiple units under rescue were analyzed by field and laboratory tests.The angling behavior of the brakinginduced coupler under compressed in-train forces was analyzed.A dynamic model for the train and draft gear system was developed considering accurate boundary limitations and braking characteristics.The safety indices and their limits for the coupled rescue train were defined.Thedynamic evaluations of different train to train rescue scenarios were analyzed.It is indicated that the coupler vertical rotation occurs during the emergency braking applied by the assisting train.The vertical force components of intrain forces lead to the carbody pitch behavior and even cause local destructions to the coupler system.The carbody pitch motion can arise the inference of in-train devices.Based on the safety evaluation of train and coupler system,the regulations for typical train to train rescue scenarios were formulated.

Unit GDP Energy Consumption in 2006:Moving from Increase to Decline

On July 12, Xie Fuzhan, Commissioner of National Bureau of Statistics of China attended the press conference held by State Council Information Office, and delivered the report on China＇s national unit GDP energy consumption in 2006, presenting with major indicators of unit GDP energy consumption both at national and regional levels in the year 2006.

Potential Simplification of Charge and the Coulomb Force without Affecting Predictions

We are taking a deeper look at charge and the Coulomb force and other electric properties. There is an embedded 10-7 in the Coulomb constant that we will claim is “only” needed to cancel out an embedded 107 in the charge squared. We suggest three alternatives to redefine the charge and the Coulomb constant that give considerable simplification. The Coulomb constant is not needed as a separate constant as, in the new suggested framework, it can be replaced with simply the speed of light without affecting predicted output values. We also point out potential issues with the 2019 redefinition of the Coulomb constant and elementary charge. This is not meant conclusive but to open up for further discussion on how one potential can simplify parts of physics.

Application and development of friction stir welding technology in high speed EMU manufacturing

The application status of friction stir welding technology is introduced,and the application research of advanced FSW technology in the manufacture of high-speed electric multiple unit aluminum alloy body is analyzed,including the application of traditional friction stir welding technology to a combination of a lap joint and butt joint,and butt joint of large thick plate by both sides process,also introduces bobbin-tool friction stir welding to a butt joint and three-dimensional space curved friction stir welding to T-joint. At the same time the future development trend of new FSW technology derived from traditional FSW technology in rail vehicle manufacturing industry is put forward. As the fast developing of critical technology used on railway vehicles,quick applying advanced welding technology will affect products quality,manufacturing cost and production cycle time directly,and it certainly will be one of the approaches to develop markets by all the railway vehicles manufacturing enterprises.

Feasibility of replacing the 3-coach with a 1.5-coach grouping trainmodel in wind tunnel experiment at different yaw angles

The effects of different yaw angles on the aerodynamic performance of city electric multiple units(EMUs)were investigated in a wind tunnel using a 1:16.8 scaled model.Pressure scanning valve and six-component box-type aerodynamic balance were used to test the pressure distribution and aerodynamic force of the head car respectively from the 1.5-and 3-coach grouping city EMU models.Meanwhile,the effects of the yaw angles on the pressure distribution of the streamlined head as well as the aerodynamic forces of the train were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the pressure coefficient was the smallest at the maximum slope of the main shape-line.The side force coefficient and pressure coefficient along the head car cross-section were most affected by crosswind when the yaw angle was 55°,and replacing a 3-coach grouping with a 1.5-coach grouping had obvious advantages for wind tunnel testing when the yaw angle was within 24.2°.In addition,the relative errors of lift coefficient C_(L),roll moment coefficient C_(Mx),side force coefficient C_(S),and drag coefficient C_(D) between the 1.5-and 3-coach cases were below 5.95%,which all met the requirements of the experimental accuracy.

Analysis of torque transmitting behavior and wheel slip prevention control during regenerative braking for high speed EMU trains

The wheel-rail adhesion control for regenerative braking systems of high speed electric multiple unit trains is crucial to maintaining the stability,improving the adhesion utilization,and achieving deep energy recovery.There remain technical challenges mainly because of the nonlinear,uncertain,and varying features of wheel-rail contact conditions.This research analyzes the torque transmitting behavior during regenerative braking,and proposes a novel methodology to detect the wheel-rail adhesion stability.Then,applications to the wheel slip prevention during braking are investigated,and the optimal slip ratio control scheme is proposed,which is based on a novel optimal reference generation of the slip ratio and a robust sliding mode control.The proposed methodology achieves the optimal braking performancewithoutthewheel-railcontactinformation.Numerical simulation results for uncertain slippery rails verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Investigations on lubrication characteristics of high-speed electric multiple unit gearbox by oil volume adjusting device

In this paper,a numerical simulation model of the flow field in a gearbox with an oil volume adjusting device is established for the first time to study its influence on the lubrication characteristics of a high-speed electric multiple unit(EMU)gearbox.The moving particle semi-implicit(MPS)method is used to numerically simulate the internal flow field of the gearbox of the high-speed EMU under working conditions.The effects of the velocity of the high-speed EMU,the immersion depth,and the oil sump temperature on the power loss of the gears and the lubricant quantity of each bearing are studied and provide an effective tool for the quantitative evaluation of the lubrication characteristics of the gearbox.The lubrication characteristics of the gearbox under different working conditions are studied when the oil volume adjusting device is closed and opened.The results show that the oil volume adjusting device mainly changes the amount of lubricant stirred by the output gear by changing the flow rate of lubricant from the cavity pinion(Cavity P)to the cavity gear(Cavity G),and thus affects the power loss of gears and the lubricant quantity of each bearing.

High-Speed EMU TCMS Design and LCC Technology Research

This paper introduces the high-speed electrical multiple unit （EMO） life cycle, including the design, manufacturing, testing, and maintenance stages. It also presents the train control and monitoring system （TCMS） software development platform, the TCMS testing and verification bench, the EMU driving simulation platform, and the EMU remote data transmittal and maintenance platform. All these platforms and benches combined together make up the EMU life cycle cost （LCC） system. Each platform facilitates EMU LCC management and is an important part of the system.

Preventive condition-based maintenance model of EMU components based on stochastic differential equation

To improve the operation and maintenance management level of large repairable components,such as electrical equipment,large nuclear power facilities,and high-speed electric multiple unit(EMU),and increase economic benefits,preventive maintenance has been widely used in industrial enterprises in recent years.Focusing on the problems of high maintenance costs and considerable failure hazards of EMU components in operation,we establish a state preventive maintenance model based on a stochastic differential equation.Firstly,a state degradation model of the repairable components is established in consideration of the degradation of the components and external random interference.Secondly,based on topology and martingale theory,the state degradation model is analyzed,and its simplex,stopping time,and martingale properties are proven.Finally,the monitoring data of the EMU components are taken as an example,analyzed and simulated to verify the effectiveness of the model.

Effects of medically generated electromagnetic interference from medical devices on cardiac implantable electronic devices: A review

As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and procedures and its effect on these devices.EMI from other sources can potentially inhibit pacing and trigger shocks in permanent pacemakers(PPM)and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICD),respectively.This review analyzes potential EMI amongst CIED and left ventricular assist device,deep brain stimulators,spinal cord stimulators,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators,and throughout an array of procedures,such as endoscopy,bronchoscopy,and procedures involving electrocautery.Although there is evidence to support EMI from internal and external devices and during procedures,there is a lack of large multicenter studies,and,as a result,current management guidelines are based primarily on expert opinion and anecdotal experience.We aim to provide a general overview of PPM/ICD function,review documented EMI effect on these devices,and acknowledge current management of CIED interference.

Development and engineering application of integrated safety monitoring systems for China’s high-speed trains

With the improvement of the running speed of China’s high-speed trains,the demands for running status monitoring and security assurance of High-speed Electric Multiple Units(EMU)have increased significantly.However,the current safety monitoring systems are independent,which is not conducive to the comprehensive monitoring and information sharing of the whole vehicle.The temperature monitoring of running gear is insensitive to early failures.How to develop a train operation safety monitoring system with strong engineering implementation and high integration is a key problem to be solved.For the monitoring of running stationarity,frame stability and running gear health of China’s high-speed trains,an integrated safety monitoring system framework is designed,and the logic and algorithm for the diagnosis of stationarity,stability and health states of rotating parts are constructed.Monitoring software which fused the temperature,high and low frequency vibration data is developed,and the design and installation of the vibration temperature composite sensors are completed.The research results have realized the integration and comprehensive processing of multiple monitoring systems,completed the improvement from single component and vehicle-level safety monitoring to multi-system,train-level and interactive monitoring.In the process of real vehicle application,the developed monitoring system acquires the vehicle operation status data accurately and in real time.The constructed diagnosis algorithm and logic evaluates the vehicle operation status accurately and in a timely manner,and avoids the progression from fault to accident.The research results show that the integrated safety monitoring system can provide technical support for train operation safety.

Availability growth models and verification of power equipment

The general availability growth models for large scale complicated repairable system such as electric generating units, power station auxiliaries, and transmission and distribution installations are presented. The calculation formulas for the maintenance coefficient, mathematical expressions for general availability growth models, ways for estimating, and fitting on checking the parameters of the model are introduced. Availability growth models for electric generating units, power station auxiliaries, and transmission and distribution installations are given together with verification examples for availability growth models of 320–1000 MW nuclear power units and 1000 MW thermal power units, 200–1000 MW power station auxiliaries, and 220–500 kV transmission and distribution installations. The verification results for operation availability data show that the maintenance coefficients for electric generating units, power station auxiliaries, transmission and distribution installations conform to the power function, and general availability growth models conform to rules of availability growth tendency of power equipment.