Magnetic Field Curves and Magnetic Equipotential Surfaces around Crossing Electrical Wires Replacing Classical Magnetic Field Lines

This article is based on a recent model specifically defining magnetic field values around electrical wires. With this model, calculations of field around parallel wires were obtained. Now, this model is extended with the new concept of magnetic equipotential surface to magnetic field curves around crossing wires. Cases of single, double, and triple wires are described. Subsequent article will be conducted for more general scenarios where wires are neither infinite nor parallel.

Utilizing Iso-Value Field Curves in Lieu of Magnetic Field Lines Amid Infinite and Parallel Electrical Wires

Building on a new model proposed recently for calculating constant electro-magnetic field values, the present article explores the electro-magnetic field configuration generated by parallel electrical wires. This imposes a reevaluation of the drawing procedure for constructing field curves with a constant field values around multiple parallel electrical conducting wires. To achieve this, we employ methods akin to those used for creating contours on topographical maps, ensuring a consistent numerical field value along the entire length of the field curves. Subsequent calculations will be conducted for scenarios where wires are not parallel.

One-step synthesis of FeO(OH)nanoparticles by electric explosion of iron wire underwater

In this study,we investigated electric explosion of iron wire in distilled water with different energy input adjusted by charging voltage.The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),showing the presence of iron and multiple iron-based compounds oxides with contents influenced by the experimental conditions.In particular,pure FeO(OH)nanoparticles were obtained using electric explosion of iron wire with energy input of 1125 J at charging voltage of 15 kV.Analysis of discharge current and resistive voltage data indicate that the high energy input induced bystrong plasma discharge at high charging voltage is a key factor to form FeO(OH).This study presents a one-step method to synthesize FeO(OH)nanoparticles using electric explosion of iron wire.

CUTTING REGULARITY AND DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS BY USING COMPOSITE COOLING LIQUID IN WIRE CUT ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINE WITH HIGH WIRE TRAVELING SPEED

The analysis of cutting regularity is provided through using and comparing two typical cooling liquids. It is proved that cutting regularity is greatly affected by cooling liquid＇s washing ability. Discharge characteristics and theoretic analysis between two electrodes are also discussed based on discharge waveform. By using composite cooling liquid which has strong washing ability, the efficiency in the first stable cutting phase has reached more than 200 mm^2/min, and the roughness of the surface has reached Ra〈0.8 μm after the fourth cutting with more than 50 mm^2/min average cutting efficiency. It is pointed out that cutting situation of the wire cut electrical discharge machine with high wire traveling speed （HSWEDM） is better than the wire cut electrical discharge machine with low wire traveling speed （LSWEDM） in the condition of improving the cooling liquid washing ability. The machining indices of HSWEDM will be increased remarkably by using the composite cooling liquid.

Nanopowder production by gas-embedded electrical explosion of wire

A small electrical explosion of wire （EEW） setup for nanopowder production is constructed. It consists of a low inductance capacitor bank of 2 μF–4 μF typically charged to 8 kV–30 kV, a triggered gas switch, and a production chamber housing the exploding wire load and ambient gas. With the EEW device, nanosize powders of titanium oxides, titanium nitrides, copper oxides, and zinc oxides are successfully synthesized. The average particle size of synthesized powders under different experimental conditions is in a range of 20nm–80nm. The pressure of ambient gas or wire vapor can strongly affect the average particle size. The lower the pressure, the smaller the particle size is. For wire material with relatively high resistivity, such as titanium, whose deposited energy Wd is often less than sublimation energy W s due to the flashover breakdown along the wire prematurely ending the Joule heating process, the synthesized particle size of titanium oxides or titanium nitrides increases with overheat coefficient k （k = W d /Ws ） increasing.

Overview of the Rectangular Wire Windings AC Electrical Machine

The rectangular wire winding AC electrical machine has drawn extensive attention due to their high slot fill factor,good heat dissipation,strong rigidity and short end-windings,which can be potential candidates for some traction application so as to enhance torque density,improve efficiency,decrease vibration and weaken noise,etc.In this paper,based on the complex process craft and the electromagnetic performance,a comprehensive and systematical overview on the rectangular wire windings AC electrical machine is introduced.According to the process craft,the different type of the rectangular wire windings,the different inserting direction of the rectangular wire windings and the insulation structure have been compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the detailed rectangular wire windings connection is researched and the general design guideline has been concluded.Especially,the performance of rectangular wire windings AC machine has been presented,with emphasis on the measure of improving the bigger AC copper losses at the high speed condition due to the distinguished proximity and skin effects.Finally,the future trend of the rectangular wire windings AC electrical machine is prospected.

A Dynamic Model for a Single Helicopter in the Low Airspace with Telegraph Poles and Electrical Wire

In this paper, we propose a dynamic model for a single helicopter in the low airspace with telegraph poles and electrical wire. The numerical results show that the proposed model can qualitatively describe the helicopter＇s velocity, safe distances, and safe sphere when it runs across the obstacle consisting of telegraph poles and electricaJ wire.

Expansion of Plasma of Electrically Exploding Single Copper Wire Under 4.5kA～9.5kA/Wire

The experimental system for electrically exploding single metal wire has been designed and manufactured. Expansion of the dense plasma column formed from an electrically exploding Cu wire of diameter 30 μm has been studied with a high-speed photographer to obtain the time-dependent radius (R-t) curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean expansion rate of the dense plasma column is 1.94 μm/ns, 2.6 μm/ns and 3.75 μm/ns according to the peak pulse current 4.5 kA, 7 kA and 9.5 kA respectively. The results can be beneficial to giving a profound understanding of the early stage of wire-array Z-pinch physics and to improvement on their design.

Wire electric discharge machining characteristics of titanium nickel shape memory alloy

Ti Ni shape memory alloys（SMAs） have been normally used as the competent elements in large part of the industries due to outstanding properties, such as super elasticity and shape memory effects. However, traditional machining of SMAs is quite complex due to these properties. Hence, the wire electric discharge machining（WEDM） characteristics of Ti Ni SMA was studied. The experiments were planned as per L27 orthogonal array to minimize the experiments, each experiment was performed under different conditions of pulse duration, pulse off time, servo voltage, flushing pressure and wire speed. A multi-response optimization method using Taguchi design with utility concept has been proposed for simultaneous optimization. The analysis of means（ANOM） and analysis of variance（ANOVA） on signal to noise（S/N） ratio were performed for determining the optimal parameter levels. Taguchi analysis reveals that a combination of 1 μs pulse duration, 3.8 μs pulse off time, 40 V servo voltage, 1.8×105 Pa flushing pressure and 8 m/min wire speed is beneficial for simultaneously maximizing the material removal rate（MRR） and minimizing the surface roughness. The optimization results of WEDM of Ti Ni SMA also indicate that pulse duration significantly affects the material removal rate and surface roughness. The discharged craters, micro cracks and recast layer were observed on the machined surface at large pulse duration.

DK7763A Digitalcontrolled Electric Spark Wire Cutter

The DK7763A digital-controlled electric spark wire cutter, developed by the Tianjin Tianyi Digital-controlled Machinery Holdings Co. Ltd, is used in processing large modules and large precision parts. In 1995 it was awarded the title of state-level new product. It has a T-type body,rational Structure and

Influence of Input Factors on Surface Roughness and Material Removal Speed when Wire-EDM a Hardened SKD11 Steel Curve Profile

The goal of this research is to identify the best set of process machining parameters for wire-EDM(Electrical Discharge Machining)cutting of hardened SKD11 steel when machining a curve profile.The multi-objective function includes reducing surface roughness and increasing MRR(Material Removal Rate).The optimization process is prepared by using Taguchi method coupled Grey Relational Analysis.The obtained results revealed that Toff has the greatest influence on the average grey value(48.30%),followed by the influence of WF(Wire Feed,15.99%),VM(Cutting Voltage,9.33%),SV(Server Voltage,5.05%),Ton(Pulse on Time,1.81%),while SPD(Cutting Speed)has a negligible effect(0.89%).Moreover,using the optimal set of machining parameters generates in surface roughness of 1.25399mm and MRR of 26.5562 mm^(2)/min.The verification experiment and Anderson-Darling method demonstrate the validity of the proposed model,which can be utilized for estimating surface roughness and MRR.

FOUR-AXIS WIRE-EDM SIMULATION OF COMPLICATED MODELS

In the verification of wire electrical discharge machining （EDM）, the motion and the performance of the wire-EDM system are analyzed. The maximum inclining angle of the wire is calculated. The relevant judgment methods are used for the collision between the wire, the fixture, and the machining table. In the wire-EDM simulation, the generated solid model can he used to investigate programming results and to check the machining accuracy. The generation algorithm for the solid model in the simulation is solved based on Boolean operations. The wire swept volume for each cutting step is united to form the entire wire swept volume. Through Boolean subtraction between the stock model and the entire wire swept volume, the solid model in the wire-EDM simulation is generated. The method is also suitable for the wire path intersection occurred in cutting cone-shaped models. Finally, experiments are given to prove the method.

Electrical discharge machining of 6061 aluminium alloy

The wire electrical discharge machining（EDM） of 6061 aluminium alloy in terms of material removal rate,kerf/slit width,surface finish and wear of electrode wire for different pulse on time and wire tension was studied.Eight experiments were carried out in a wire EDM machine by varying pulse on time and wire tension.It is found that the material removal rate increases with the increase of pulse on time though the wire tension does not affect the material removal rate.It seems that the higher wire tension facilitates steady machining process,which generates low wear in wire electrode and better surface finish.The surface roughness does not change notably with the variation of pulse on time.The appearance of the machined surfaces is very similar under all the machining conditions.The machined surface contains solidified molten material,splash of materials and blisters.The increase of the pulse on time increases the wear of wire electrode due to the increase of heat input.The wear of wire electrode generates tapered slot which has higher kerf width at top side than that at bottom side.The higher electrode wear introduces higher taper.

Influence of current injection ways on efficiency and size of powders in preparation of nano-powders with electrical explosion

Wire electrical explosion may result in the existence of micro-sized large particles in powders while current injection ways may influence the size and content of micro-sized large particles. Therefore, two kinds of electrical explosion devices with different electrodes by gas discharge were designed in this paper. The pole-board electrodes and the cone electrodes were used respectively for studying copper wire electrical explosion process. The current and voltage data were measured with the Rogowski coil and high voltage probe. The results show that the pulverizing process of electrical explosion is more efficient when the wire electrode current density injected into the cone electrodes is approximately twice as much as the pole-board electrodes. The content of micro-sized large particles is the least among the products of the electrical explosion, when the total deposition energy of the wire prior to vaporization stage is 2. 5 times larger than that of the theoretical value of the completed vaporization.

RULED SURFACE MACHINING BY 4-AXES SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL WIRE-EDM

On the tasis of study in the mathematical model of 3-dimensional ruled surface (RS),this paper introduces a new concept of distance paramcter (DP) and also puts forward that themethod of modeling a RS depends on not only two boundary curves but also DP. According toabove theory, the formulas to calculate corresponding point coordinates to any kind of top and bot-tom profile of a workpiece and formulas to calcuate the maximum inclination angle of ruling linehave been obtained. Then a different top and bottom RS mathining method including profile withline-are combination as well as parametric curves has been achieved by 4-axes simultancous con-trol programming proposed.

WEDM oriented micro gear design and mesh simulation

For the design of gears manufactured with wire electrical discharge machining （WEDM） technology, determination of the primary gear parameters is discussed considering the characteristics of the machining method. Some constraint conditions on gear parameters are abnegated, which makes micro gear design more flexible. Based on gear mesh theory, the algorithm of generating gear tooth profiles is studied, which includes involute and non-involute curve segments. The phenomena of tooth profile interferences during gear mesh are analyzed, and a gear mesh simulation algorithm is designed. Based on ACIS, the WEDM oriented software for the design and mesh simulation of micro gears is developed, by which the modeling, mesh simulation and interference check can be implemented. An experiment is carried out to design and manufacture a pair of micro involute gears, and the proposed method is proved feasible.

Synaptic plasticity effects on FeCl_2-induced post-traumatic epilepsy onset in the rat

Studies have confirmed that iron induces epilepsy onset, and iron ion-induced epilepsy in anima models closely resembles the clinical situation. Models of post-traumatic epilepsy （PTE） were established by intracortical injection of FeCl2 using stereotactic techniques. Electron microscopy revealed neuronal degeneration, with shrinkage of the neuronal soma, hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomal detachment from the endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuolar degeneration of glial cells in the right frontal lobe of FeCl2-induced PTE rats. With prolonged time injuries became more severe and neuronal apoptosis was observed. Synapses in the hippocampal neuropil significantly increased （primarily type I/excitatory synapses） at day 14 following injury. Type II synapses （inhibitory synapse） were observed in the rat hippocampus at day 30. Cortical neuronal degeneration, apoptosis, glial cell proliferation, and ultrastructural hippocampal changes, in particular changes in type of neuronal synapse, play an important role in PTE onset.

Evaluation and analysis of cutting speed, wire wear ratio, and dimensional deviation of wire electric discharge machining of super alloy Udimet-L605 using support vector machine and grey relational analysis

The current study investigates the behavior of wire electric discharge machining （WEDM） of the super alloy Udimet-L605 by employing sophisticated machine learning approaches. The experimental work was designed on the basis of the Taguchi orthogonal L27 array, consid- ering six explanatory variables and evaluating their influ- ences on the cutting speed, wire wear ratio （WWR）, and dimensional deviation （DD）. A support vector machine （SVM） algorithm using a normalized poly-kernel and a radial-basis flow kernel is recommended for modeling the wire electric discharge machining process. The grey rela- tional analysis （GRA） approach was utilized to obtain the optimal combination of process variables simultaneously, providing the desirable outcome for the cutting speed, WWR, and DD. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses of the samples were performed for the confirmation of the results. An SVM based on the radial-basis kernel model dominated the normalized poly- kernel model. The optimal combination of process vari- ables for a mutually desirable outcome for the cutting speed, WWR, and DD was determined as Ton1, Toffa, Ip1, WT3, SV1, and WF3. The pulse-on time is the significant variable influencing the cutting speed, WWR, and DD. The largest percentage of copper （8.66%） was observed at the highest cutting speed setting 7.05% of copper at the low of the machine compared to cutting speed setting of the machine.

Determining the resistance of X-pinch plasma

The current and the voltage of an X-pinch were measured. The inductance of the X-pinch was assumed to be a constant and estimated by the calculation of the magnetic field based on the well-known Biot–Savart’s Law. The voltage of the inductance was calculated with L · di/dt and subtracted from the measured voltage of the X-pinch. Then, the resistance of the X-pinch was determined and the following results were obtained. At the start of the current flow the resistance of the exploding wires is several tens of Ohms, one order of magnitude, higher than the metallic resistance of the wires at room temperature, and then it falls quickly to about 1 , which reflects the physical processes occurring in the electrically exploding wires, i.e., a current transition from the highly resistive wire core to the highly conductive plasma. It was shown that the inductive contribution to the voltage of the X-pinch is less than the resistive contribution. For the wires we used, the wires’ material and diameter have no strong influence on the resistance of the X-pinch, which may be explained by the fact that the current flows through the plasma rather than through the metallic wire itself. As a result, the current is almost equally divided between two parallel X-pinches even though the diameter and material of the wires used for these two X-pinches are significantly different.

Boost Up the Mechanical and Electrical Property of CNT Fibers by Governing Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Mesophases with Aramid Polymers for Robust Lightweight Wiring Applications

Monofilament type of polyaromatic amide(PA)and carbon nanotube(CNT)composite fibers is presented.A concept of a lyotropic liquid crystal(LLC)constructed via a spontaneous self-assembly is introduced to mitigate the extremely low com-patibility between PA and CNT.These approaches provide an effective co-processing route of PA and CNT simultaneously to fabricate the uniform,continuous,and reliable composite fibers through a wet-spinning.Interestingly,the addition of a small amount PA into the dope solution of CNT governs the LLC mesophase not only in a spinneret stage but also in a coagulant region.Thus,the developed PA/CNT composite fibers have the high uniaxial orientational order and the close interfacial packing compared to the pure CNT fibers.The PA/CNT composite fibers achieve the outstanding tensile strength,electrical conductivity,and electrochemical response,while maintaining a lightweight.They also exhibit the chemical,mechanical,and thermal robustness.All of these advantages can make flexible,sewable,and washable PA/CNT composite fibers ideal nanocomposite materials for use in next-generation information and energy transporting system by replacing conventional metal electrical conductors.