Preliminary Evaluation of the Adequacy of Lithium Resources of the World and China for D-T Fusion Reactors

This paper studied the adequacy of the World and China lithium resources, consid- ering the most promising uses in the future, involving nuclear fusion and electric-vehicles. The lithium recycle model for D-T fusion power plant and electric-vehicles, and the logistic growth prediction model of the primary energy for the World and China were constructed. Based on these models, preliminary evaluation of lithium resources adequacy of the World and China for D-T fusion reactors was presented under certain assumptions. Results show that： a. The world terrestrial reserves of lithium seems too limited to support a significant D-T power program, but the lithium reserves of China are relatively abundant, compared with the world case. b. The lithium resources contained in the oceans can be called the ＂permanent＂ energy, c. The change in 6Li enrichment has no obvious effect on the availability period of the lithium resources using FDS- II （Liquid Pb-17Li breeder blanket） type of reactors, but it has a stronger effect when PPCS-B （Solid Li4 SiO4 ceramics breeder blanket） is used.

Emergence of blockchain-technology application in peer-to-peer electrical-energy trading: a review

Renewable-energy resources require overwhelming adoption by the common masses for safeguarding the environment from pollution.In this context,the prosumer is an important emerging concept.A prosumer in simple terms is the one who consumes as well as produces electricity and sells it either to the grid or to a neighbour.In the present scenario,peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading is gaining momentum as a new vista of research that is viewed as a possible way for prosumers to sell energy to neighbours.Enabling P2P energy trading is the only method of making renewable-energy sources popular among the common masses.For making P2P energy trading successful,blockchain technology is sparking considerable interest among researchers.Combined with smart contracts,a blockchain provides secure tamper-proof records of transactions that are recorded in distributed ledgers that are immutable.This paper explores,using a thorough review of recently published research work,how the existing power sector is reshaping in the direction of P2P energy trading with the application of blockchain technology.Various challenges that are being faced by researchers in the implementation of blockchain technology in the energy sector are discussed.Further,this paper presents different start-ups that have emerged in the energy-sector domain that are using blockchain technology.To give insight into the application of blockchain technology in the energy sector,a case of the application of blockchain technology in P2P trading in electrical-vehicle charging is discussed.At the end,some possible areas of research in the application of blockchain technology in the energy sector are discussed.