Detecting Impact Damage in Carbon Fabric/epoxy-matrix Composites by Ultrasonic F-scan and Electrical Resistance Measurement

The status and the variation of electrical resistance of impacted carbon fiber/epoxy-matrix composites were studied by ultrasonic F-scan and electrical resistance measurement The experimental results shows that impact damage energy threshold value of carbon fabric/epoxy-matrix composites can determine by using ultrasonic F-scan. When the impact energy exceeds the threshold value, damage is generated in composites. Electrical resistance of impacted composites is changed owing to the contact of each carbon fiber unit in composites, which cause a change of the series-parallel in conductors. The veracity of detecting impact damage in composites can be improved in this case.

Evaluation of Impact Damage Tolerance in Carbon Fabric/epoxy-matrix Composites by Electrical Resistance Measurement

Impact damage tolerance is provided in intensity design on composites. The compression intensity of impacted composites requires more than 60% of its original intensity. The influence of impact on compressive intensity and electrical resistance of carbon fabric/epoxy-matrix composites was studied in this paper. The experimental results shows that impact can cause damage in composites, degenerate compressive intensity, and increase resistance. The electrical resistance change rate was used as an evaluation indicator of impact damage tolerance of composites. Impact damage, which results from the applying process of composites, can be identified in time by electrical resistance measurement. So, the safety performance of composites can also be improved.

Electric field intensity measurement by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency of cold Rb Rydberg atoms

We demonstrate a simple method to measure electric field intensity by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) spectra of cold Rb Rydberg atoms, where the frequency of the coupling laser does not need to be locked. Based on the Stark splitting of the Rb Rydberg state, 10D_(3/2), under electric fields and the corresponding calculated polarizabilities, the real electric field intensity is calculated using the difference in radio-frequency diffraction between two acousto-optic modulators, which acts as a frequency criterion that allows us to measure the electrical field without locking the coupling laser. The value measured by this simple method shows a good agreement with our previous work [Opt.Express 29 1558(2021)] where the frequency of the coupling laser needs to be locked with an additional EIT spectrum based on atom vapor and a proportional–integral–differential feedback circuit. Our presented method can also be extended to the measurement of electric field based on hot Rydberg atom vapor, which has application in industry.

The Research and Application of the Anti-Interference Techniques of Electronic Device in Power System

This paper presents the study and application of the electronic device anti-interference techniques underhigh voltage and/or heavy current electro-magnetic circumstance in power system.[

ELECTRIC RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OF CARBON FIBRE SMART CONCRETE

After having measured the electric resistance of carbon firbre reinforced concrete (CFRC) by applying a D. C. current, it was found that the current passing through the specimen under a constant voltage decreased with the time, and if changing the value of voltage, the electric resistance was obviously affected. When current flew through the specimen, polarisation emerged under a high votage (>5 upsilon), but that could be neglected under a low voltage (<5 upsilon).(1)

Development of a Module for Measuring Electrical Variables in Power Transformers Based in IoT,to Manage and Monitoring by Telemetry Mechanism

This work shows the development of a module that performs measurements of electrical variables in a low voltage power transformer.These variables are sent by means of the IEEE802.11 standard,connecting to a database stored in the cloud;associating with the meter IoT concepts,this to allow a client to perform an analysis,monitoring and management of their electrical network.For the construction of this module,non-invasive current sensors connected to a three-phase meter are used and a communication card is used that allows data to be extracted from the meter and sent to the cloud database.This module,to convert a conventional electrical power transformer into a smart electrical power transformer,making it a Smart Object and thus extract information from it telemetrically in real time.

Traceability Technology of DC Electric Energy Metering for On-Site Inspection of Chargers

The on-site inspection of high-power DC chargers results in new DC high-current measurement and DC energy traceability system requirements.This paper studies the traceability technology of electric energy value for automotive high-power DC chargers,including:(1)the traceability method of the built-in DC energy meter and shunt of the charger;(2)precision DC high current and small precision DC voltage output and measurement technology.This paper designs a 0.1 mA∼600 A DC high current measurement system and proposes a 0.005 level DC powermeasurement traceability system.The uncertainty evaluation experiment of theDC powermeasurement calibration system and the high-power DC charger’s on-site calibration experiment results verify the method’s effectiveness and feasibility in this paper.The experimental results show that the combined standard uncertainty of the DC power metering verification system can be 0.0451%.

Stress and strain analysis on the anastomosis site sutured with either epineurial or perineurial sutures after simulation of sciatic nerve injury

The magnitude of tensile stress and tensile strain at an anastomosis site under physiological stress is an important factor for the success of anastomosis following suturing in peripheral nerve injury treatment. Sciatic nerves from fresh adult cadavers were used to create models of sciatic nerve injury. The denervated specimens underwent epineurial and perineurial suturing. The elastic modulus （40.96 ＋ 2.59 MPa） and Poisson ratio （0.37 ＋ 0.02） of the normal sciatic nerve were measured by strain electrical measurement. A resistance strain gauge was pasted on the front, back left, and right of the edge of the anastomosis site after suturing. Strain electrical measurement results showed that the stress and strain values of the sciatic nerve following perineurial suturing were lower than those following epineurial suturing. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the sciatic nerve fibers were disordered following epineurial compared with perineurial suturing. These results indicate that the effect of perineurial suturing in sciatic nerve injury repair is better than that of epineurial suturing.

Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids: Measurement and applications

The combination of magnetotelluric survey and laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity is a powerful approach for exploring the conditions of Earth's deep interior. Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids is sensitive to composition, temperature, and pressure, making it useful for understanding partial melting and fluid activity at great depths. This study presents a review on the experimental studies of electrical conductivity of silicate melts and aqueous fluids, and introduces some important applications of experimental results. For silicate melts, electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature but decreases with pressure. With a similar Na^+ concentration, along the calc-alkaline series electrical conductivity generally increases from basaltic to rhyolitic melt, accompanied by a decreasing activation enthalpy. Electrical conductivity of silicate melts is strongly enhanced with the incorporation of water due to promoted cation mobility. For aqueous fluids, research is focused on dilute electrolyte solutions. Electrical conductivity typically first increases and then decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with pressure before approaching a plateau value. The dissociation constant of electrolyte can be derived from conductivity data. To develop generally applicable quantitative models of electrical conductivity of melt/fluid addressing the dependences on temperature, pressure, and composition, it requires more electrical conductivity measurements of representative systems to be implemented in an extensive P-T range using up-to-date methods.

A Novel Bidirectional Interaction Model and Electric Energy Measuring Scheme of EVs for V2G with Distorted Power Loads

With the increasing demand for petroleum resources and environmental issues,new energy electric vehicles are increasingly being used.However,the large number of electric vehicles connected to the grid has brought new challenges to the operation of the grid.Firstly,A novel bidirectional interaction model is established based on modulation theory with nonlinear loads.Then,the electric energy measuring scheme of EVs for V2G is derived under the conditions of distorted power loads.The scheme is composed of fundamental electric energy,fundamental-distorted electric energy,distorted-fundamental electric energy and distorted electric energy.And the characteristics of each electric energy are analyzed.Finally,the correctness of the model and energy measurement method is verified by three simulation cases:the impact signals,the fluctuating signals,and the harmonic signals.

Twelve Elastic Constants of Betula platyphylla Suk.

Wood elastic constants are needed to describe the elastic behaviors of wood and be taken as an important design parameter for wood-based composite materials and structural materials. This paper clarified the relationships between compliance coefficients and engineering elastic constants combined with orthotropic properties of wood, and twelve elastic constants of Betula platyphylla Suk. were measured by electrical strain gauges. Spreading the adhesive quantity cannot be excessive or too little when the strain flakes were glued. If excessive, the glue layer was too thick which would influence the strain flakes?performance, and if too little, glues plastered were not firm, which could not accurately transmit the strain. Wood as an orthotropic material, its modulus of elasticity and poissons ratios are related by two formulas:μij /Ei =μji /Ej and μij < (Ei /Ej)1/2. The results showed that the elastic constants of Betula platyphylla Suk. measured by electrical strain gauges were accurate and reliable. The results of shear elastic modulus GTL and GLR show a high linear regression correlation coefficient (> 0.95) between the reciprocal of elastic modulus MOE-1 and the square of the ratio of depth to length (h/l)2, which indicate that shear modulus values measured were reliable by three point bending experiment.

Improved Efficiency Test Method for the Motor Controller with SiC MOSFETs

The traditional measurement method was inaccurate to evaluate the motor controller efficiency,which the measurement efficiency value could be more than 100%in practical testing experiments.To deal with this issue,an improved electrical measurement method for the motor controller efficiency is proposed in this paper,which is established by analyzing the power loss distribution and phase currents of the motor controller.It is demonstrated that the SiC MOSFET chips are the main power loss devices in the motor controller,accounting for more than 93.1%of the total power loss.The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with the traditional method in simulation.It shows that the test error of the efficiency obtained by the traditional method fluctuates on a large scale,which varied from 0.094%to 1.911%.Compared with the traditional method,the test error of the proposed method appears to be less than 0.083%,which provides significant guidance for the motor controller efficiency test and design.

Modeling Distortion Signals of Power Grid Based on Wiener-G Functionals

The uniform mathematical model of distortion signals in power grid has been setup with the theory of Wiener-G Functional. Firstly,the Matlab simulation models were established. Secondly,the Wiener kernel of power load was found based on the Gaussian white noise as input. And then the uniform mathematical model of the power grid signal was established according to the homogeneous of the same order of Wiener functional series. Finally,taking three typical distortion sources which are semiconductor rectifier,electric locomotive and electric arc furnace in power grid as examples,we have validated the model through the Matlab simulation and analyzed the simulation errors. The results show that the uniform mathematical model of distortion signals in power grid can approximation the actual model by growing the items of the series under the condition of the enough storage space and computing speed.

Studies on Rare Earth Complexes with Ethylene-1,2-Dioxydiacetic Acid

Some new complexes RE2(EDODA)3&middot3H2O, where RE = La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb, Lu and Y, EDODA = ethylene-1,2-dioxydiacetate, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR spectra, UV spectra, TG-DTA, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. Various analyses indicate that the complexes are of nine-coordinated binuclear structure. The carboxylates are bidentate ligands and the ether oxygen atoms also coordinate to rare earth ions. Three water molecules are crystalline water. In addition, the influence of concentration on the chemical shift has been studied through the 1H NMR spectra of the complex Lu2(EDODA)3&middot3H2O in different concentrations.

Estimation of the Lyman-α signal of the EFILE diagnostic under static or radiofrequency electric field in vacuum

The electric field induced Lyman-a emission diagnostic aims to provide a non intrusive and precise measurement of the electric field in plasma, using a beam of hydrogen atoms prepared in the metastable 2s state. The metastable particles are obtained by means of a proton beam extracted from a hydrogen plasma source, and neutralised by interaction with vaporised caesium. When a 2s atom enters a region where an electric field is present, it undergoes a transition to the 2p state （Stark mixing）. It then quickly decays to the ground level, emitting Lyman-a radiation, which is collected by a photomultiplier. The 2s → 2p transition rate is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field, and depends on the field oscillation frequency （with peaks around l GHz）. By measuring the intensity of the Lyman-a radiation emitted by the beam it is possible to determine the magnitude of the field in a defined region. In this work, an analysis of the behaviour of the diagnostic under static or radiofrequency electric field is presented. Electric field simulations obtained with a finite element solver of Maxwell equations, combined with theoretical calculations of the Stark mixing transition rate, are used to develop a model for the interpretation of photomultiplier data. This method shows good agreement with experimental results for the static field case, and allows to measure the field magnitude for the oscillating case.

Internal Stress of Dense Refractory Castables During Unilateral Heating

The change of the internal stress of dense refractory castables during unilateral rapid heating was studied by the electric stress measurement. The results indicate that： （1） during rapid heating, the position near the heated surface is under compressive stress ; the closer the position to the heated surface, the larger the compressive stress; （2） the specimen bursts during the rapid heating; （3） the calculated stress of the structure at the burst moment shows that the compressive stress produced at the same depth as the cracking surface exceeds the ultimate strength of the structure.

Analysis on electric energy measuring method based on multi-resolution analysis

Along with the massive applications of the non-linear loads and the impact loads, many non-stationary stochastic signals such as harmonics, inter-harmonics, impulse signals and so on are introduced into the electric network, and these non-stationary stochastic signals have had effects on the accuracy of the measurement of electric energy. The traditional method like Fourier Analysis can he applied efficiently on the stationary stochastic signals, hut it has little effect on non-stationary stochastic signals. In light of this, the form of the signals of the electric network in wavelet domain will he discussed in this paper. A measurement method of active power based on multi-resolution analysis in the stochastic process is presented. This method has a wider application scope compared with the traditional method Fourier analysis, and it is of good referential value and practical value in terms of raising the level of the existing electric energy measurement.

Tectonic activity and earthquake risk in the Chengnanhe fault zone in Weihai city,Shandong province,China,obtained by using an integrated prospecting technique in geophysics and geology

For city planning and reducing potential earthquake risk,it’s necessary to detect the information of the buried faults in an urban area especially,including the location and activities.An integrated technique with geophysical and geological methods,including the shallow seismic reflection profile,electrical resistivity measurement,geologic borehole section,and exploration trench,was used to detect the Chengnanhe fault,which is one of the two main faults passing through the Weihai urban area in Shandong province,China.The results show that it is a normal fault striking with E-W direction,and it is relatively inactive and stable.By using the thermoluminescence(TL)dating,we found that the Chengnanhe fault initiated in mid-Pleistocene and there was no offset after late Pleistocene.Such an integrated technique with multiple geological and geophysical methods provides a significant assessment of earthquake risk for city planning in urban areas.

Recording Spatially Resolved Plasma Parameters in Microwave-Driven Plasmas

In an almost cubical reactor 90 1 in volume which is intended to deposit organic polymers by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition （PECVD）, microwave power is coupled into the volume via a quartz window which extends to approximately 1/10 of the sidewall area. Since the plasma is excited locally, plasma parameters like electron temperature and plasma density are expected to exhibit a spatial variation. The compilation of these plasma quantities has been accomplished with a bendable single Langmuir probe. To isolate the tungsten wire against its grounded housing tube, it was coated with polyparylene. After having compared this construction with our Langmuir probe, which has been now in use for more than a decade, we have taken data of more than half the volume of the reactor with argon and have found a definitive radial inhomogenity for all plasma parameters. To investigate whether this conduct can be determined applying optical emission spectroscopy, we improved our spectrometer which had been used for endpoint detection purposes and plasma diagnostics in chlorine-containing ambients where we could detect also a spatial dependence. This behavior is discussed in terms of Lieberman＇s global model.

Optical response of tunable terahertz plasmon in a grating-gated graphene transistor

Tunable terahertz plasmon in a graphene-based device with a grating serving as a top gate is studied. Transmission spectra exhibit a distinct peak in the terahertz region when the terahertz electric field is perpendicular to the grating fingers.Our results show that the extinction in the transmission of single-layer graphene shields beyond 80%. Electronic results further show that the graphene plasmon can be weakly adjusted by tuning the gate voltage. Theoretical calculation also implies that the plasmon frequency of graphene can fall into the terahertz region of 1–2 THz by improving the sustaining ability and capacitance of the top gate.