Electrical responses and classification of complex waterflooded layers in carbonate reservoirs: A case study of Zananor Oilfield, Kazakhstan

Experiments of electrical responses of waterflooded layers were carried out on porous,fractured,porous-fractured and composite cores taken from carbonate reservoirs in the Zananor Oilfield,Kazakhstan to find out the effects of injected water salinity on electrical responses of carbonate reservoirs.On the basis of the experimental results and the mathematical model of calculating oil-water relative permeability of porous reservoirs by resistivity and the relative permeability model of two-phase flow in fractured reservoirs,the classification standards of water-flooded layers suitable for carbonate reservoirs with complex pore structure were established.The results show that the salinity of injected water is the main factor affecting the resistivity of carbonate reservoir.When low salinity water(fresh water)is injected,the relationship curve between resistivity and water saturation is U-shaped.When high salinity water(salt water)is injected,the curve is L-shaped.The classification criteria of water-flooded layers for carbonate reservoirs are as follows:(1)In porous reservoirs,the water cut(fw)is less than or equal to 5%in oil layers,5%–20%in weak water-flooded layers,20%–50%in moderately water-flooded layers,and greater than 50%in strong water-flooded layers.(2)For fractured,porous-fractured and composite reservoirs,the oil layers,weakly water-flooded layers,moderately water-flooded layers,and severely water-flooded layers have a water content of less than or equal to 5%,5%and 10%,10%to 50%,and larger than 50%respectively.

Electrical Response of Silanization of Rubber Mixtures

There are a number of experimental methods aimed at the investigation of structural transformations. These methods differ from each other by a spectrum of quantitative indicators and their application is limited by the nature of investigated structures and processes. In a sense, it is also possible to consider the silanization of rubber mixtures as a structural transformation. Experimental observation of transformations of disordered rubber mixtures type structures can be quite difficult. The contribution deals with the theoretical principles of experimental methodology oriented on the investigation of silanization of rubber mixtures. We analyze the electrical response of rubber mixtures silanization. Our attention is focused on the modeling of a possible electrical response of a chemical reaction in a system consisting of several components. The results of the model are compared with experimental data measured during the silanization reaction in rubber mixtures.

Electrical response grading versus House-Brackmannscale for evaluation of facial nerve injury after Bell's palsy: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE： There are no convenient techniques to evaluate the degree of facial nerve injury during a course of acupuncture treatment for Bell＇s palsy. Our previous studies found that observing the electrical response of specific facial muscles provided reasonable correlation with the prognosis of electroacupuncture treatment. Hence, we used the new method to evaluate the degree of facial nerve injury in patients with Bell＇s palsy in comparison with the House-Brackmann scale. The relationship between therapeutic effects and prognosis was analyzed to explore an objective method for evaluating Bell＇s palsy. METHODS： The facial nerve function of 68 patients with Bell＇s palsy was assessed with both electrical response grading and the House-Brackmann scale before treatment. Then differences in evaluation results of the two methods were compared. All enrolled patients received electroacupuncture treatment with disperse-dense wave at 1/100 Hz for 4 weeks. After treatment, correlation analysis was conducted to find the relationship between electrical response and therapeutic effects or prognosis. RESULTS： Checking consistency between electrical response grading and House-Brackmann scale： Kappa value 0.028 （P = 0.578）. Correlation analysis： the two methods were correlated with the prognosis, and electrical response grading （rER = 0.789） was better than the House-Brackmann scale （rHB = 0.423）. CONCLUSION： Electrical response grading is superior to the House-Brackmann scale in efficacy and reliability, and can conveniently assess the degree of facial nerve injury. The House-Brackmann scale is suitable for the patients with mild facial nerve injury, but its evaluation quality for severe facial nerve injury is poor.

Electrical Responses and Stable Behavior of Polyaniline-polyurethane Concave Lens Array Film in Electrolyte

We present a synthetic methodology of polyaniline-polyurethane（PANI-PU） copolymer using interfacial in situ polymerization. PANI-PU copolymer was obtained through in situ polymerization of aniline precursor and the concave lens array film was molded by water drops. The fabrication of unique structured film was obtained through a solvent evaporation self-formed system. The detailed nanostructures of the film were illustrated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） images, which showed homogeneous structure in a close-packed hexagonal arrangement. The di- mension of well-structured hexagon ranged from 10.8 ~tm to 12.9 lxm. Sensitive electrical responses of the concave lens array film resulted in the changes of swelling/shrinkage ratio in electrolyte under various conditions. Dimen- sional control of the film was achieved via adjusting a series of parameters including time, voltage, concentration and type of electrolyte. The electrical responses resulted rearranged molecular chain caused by redox reaction via powered PANI. Most importantly, the film maintained its response characteristics after 16 cycles. The high stability of film could be directly attributed to PU doping, which could help the PANI enhancing the mechanical strength and chemical solubility in solution.

THE STUDY OF THE NON-STEADY KINETICS OF THE OXYDEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANE TO ETHYLENE OVER THE CATALYST OF Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 BY THE TECHNIQUE OF TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

In this paper, instead of with the more expensive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR) a new technique of Temperature Programmed Transient Response(TP-TR) has been used with gas chromatography. Therefore, the TP-TR will be applied more widespreadly than ever before. With the technique of TP-TR and electric conductivity, the study is on the reaction mechanism and the adsorption behavior of the reactants and products to the present catalyst Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 in the reaction from ethane through oxydehydrogenation to ethylene as the product. By Range-Kutta-Gill and Margarat methods, the kinetic parameters of the reaction elementary steps (i.e. rate constants, active energies and frequency factors) have been evaluated. The mathematical treatment coincides with the experimental results.

Dynamic torque response analysis of IPMSM in flux weakening region for HEV applications

An over-modulation based vector control strategy for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine（ IPMSM） is proposed and investigated. The strategy increases the reference flux weakening voltage to improve efficiency in flux weakening region of IPMSMwith the same dynamic torque response performance in standard SV Mtechnique. The relationship between dynamic torque performance and the reference flux weakening voltage is also discussed. In order to achieve fast and smooth shift process,the torque response must be less than 20 ms in the parallel hybrid electric vehicle（ HEV）,according to this,modeling and experimental studies were carried out. The results show that the proposed strategy can achieve the same dynamic and steady state torque performance with higher reference flux weakening voltage,which means higher efficiency.

Oxidation Modification of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fiber and Its Electro-Chemical Performance as Marine Electrode for Electric Field Test

A novel sensor for ocean electric field testing has been fabricated by polyacrylonitrile-based on carbon fibers with electro-chemical oxidation.The surface profile characteristics of the carbon fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectra and contact angle.Cyclic voltammetry and Tafel curves have been used to study its electro-chemical performances.Two identical electrodes in sea water as the electric field sensor will swiftly respond to applied electric field which causes positive and negative ions to move in opposite direction,resulting in a electric potential difference(ΔE).Test result indicates that the offset potential is typically below 1 m V with a drift of 60-170μVd^-1.Typical self noise level is 1.07 nV√Hz^(1/2)@1 Hz.The electric field response indicates that the modified electrode pair shows better response to AC sine signal of amplitude and frequency(5 mV and 1 mHz)respectively than its blank.The electric field response model of the modified electrodes is creatively presented according to its electric double layer capacitance and Faraday pseudo-capacitance.Many advantages of the carbon fiber electric field electrode will make it have potential application prospect.

Experimental Study on Split-Ring Resonators with Different Slit Widths

Metamaterial one-dimensional periodic structures are composed of split-ring resonators, which can display electric permittivity and magnetic permeability simultaneously negative, are studied experimentally. In the present study, each resonator is made up of two concentric circular copper rings patterned on a substrate of kapton, with slits diametrically opposite each other and with the line of the splits along the longitudinal direction of the periodic array containing seven split rings evenly spaced. The experiments consist in inserting the metamaterial slab into a square waveguide of side length 6 mm, corresponding to a cutoff frequency of 25 GHz. Transmission bands due to magnetic and electrical responses are identified for slits with aperture widths of 1 mm and 2 mm, centered at 5.67 and 6.12 GHz frequencies, respectively, values well below the 25 GHz frequency cutoff, so characterizing a medium with negative permeability and permittivity.

Identifying and localizing of seismogenic electromagnetic anomalies from data observed by permanent MT stations

In this research, an arbitrarily oriented electric dipole at subsurface is used to simulate Seismogenic Electromagnetic(SEM) radiation emanating from a seismic zone during its gestation phase. Analytical synthesis of responses at the Lijiang magnetotelluric(MT) station has revealed that SEM radiation could induce identifiable anomalies in the electromagnetic(EM)spectrum, apparent resistivity and phase within specific frequency bands. Background variations were extracted from long-term observation data of Dali and Lijiang MT stations, enabling the identification of SEM anomalies related to the Yunlong and Yangbi earthquakes. Multiple parameters of dipole sources at subsurface were obtained by applying the Differential Ant Colony Optimization(DACO) algorithm to anomalous data of two stations with multi-frequencies and various response functions. The spatial distribution of these predicted dipoles is predominantly clustered in or around the seismogenic area, with their azimuthal orientation aligning towards the seismogenic fault in general. This study has demonstrated the potential of using subsurface electric dipole simulations for SEM radiation analysis, offering a feasible approach for the prediction and understanding of seismogenic zones.

Nonlocal response of electric and magnetic modes in a silver cuboid dimer

The nonlocal effect on the spontaneous emission of a silver cuboid dimer is investigated using a local analog model. Magnetic as well as electric dipole excitations are introduced to excite different gap modes. The nonlocal response of electric and magnetic modes on various parameters of gap （width and refractive index） are investigated. Unidirectional radiation is achieved by the interaction between electric and magnetic modes in both local and nonlocal models. Compared to local simulations, the resonant wavelength is blue shifted and the spontaneous emission enhancement is weakened in the nonlocal model. The relative shifts of the resonant wavelengths get larger in smaller gaps with a higher refractive index.

Recent progress on smart hydrogels for biomedicine and bioelectronics

The increasing development of biomedicine and bioelectronics has highlighted the requirement for smart materials that can respond to changes in physical and chemical properties under external environments,such as magnetic fields,electric fields,and temperature.Accordingly,hydrogels have been widely evaluated as promising candidates for smart materials owing to their intriguing structures comprising a cross‐linked network of polymer chains with interstitial spaces filled with solvent water.This feature endows hydrogels with soft and wet characteristics,which not only induce high tissue affinity but also allow the introduction of environmentally responsive nanoparticles to release specific smart properties.Herein,we reviewed novel smart hydrogels that can be applied in biomedicine and bioelectronics,and highlighted and discussed existing challenges in current technologies and research.

Effects of delayed brain-derived neurotrophic factor application on cochlear pathology and auditory physiology in rats

Background The development and maintenance of spiral ganglion cells （SGCs） appear to be supported by neurotrophins Removal of this support leads to their gradual degeneration. Intracochlear infusion with neurotrophins can provide trophic support to SGCs in animal deafness models if given shortly after deafening. However, it is not known whether delayed intervention will provide similar protection, which might be clinically relevant. The present research was conducted to determine the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） administration on the capacity of the peripheral processes to resprout. Methods The left cochlea of 20 profoundly deafened rats, which were divided into 2 groups equally, was implanted with an electrode and drug-delivery system 30 days after deafening. Either BDNF or artificial perilymph （AP） was delivered continuously for 28 days. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses （EABRs） were recorded during the period. SGC body and peripheral process density were measured. Results The EABR thresholds of AP increase continually. Those of BDNF increase slowly at the beginning then decrease, and were significantly less than those of the AP group from day 14 to 28 （P 〈0.01）. In terms of SGC and peripheral process density, the difference between the treated and control ears of BDNF group was clearly significant （P 〈0.01）, but not in AP group （P 〉0.05）. Analysis of the left cochlea between the two groups demonstrated that SGC/peripheral process density of the BDNF group was significantly greater than that of the AP group. Finally, a functional formula was developed relating the last EABR threshold and SGC density and process density, which was as follows： T= 466.184-2.71 （F.B.L）. Conclusions Under the conditions of delayed intervention following 30 days after deafening in rats, it can be concluded that BDNF enhances SGC bodies and peripheral processes survival after differentiation and so improves auditory sensitivity. SGC peripheral processes influence the auditory sensitivity.

Dipole-fiber system： from single photon source to metadevices

Radiation of an electric dipole（quantum emitter）in vicinity of optical structures still attracts great interest due to emerging of novel application and technological advances.Here we review our recent work on guided and radiation modes of electric dipole and optical fiber system and its applications from single photon source to metadevices.We demonstrate that the relative position and orientation of the dipole and the core diameter of the optical fiber are the two key defining factors of the coupled system application.We demonstrate that such a coupled system has a vast span of applications in nanophotonics;a single photon source,a high-quality factor sensor and the building block of metadevices.