Opportunities to Improve the Quality of Environmental Reports and the Effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment: A Case of Electric Power Transmission Systems in Brazil

A good quality Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is key for the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes and consequently to the acceptability of projects subject to EIA. The international literature has contributed to the understanding of the essential aspects to be verified regarding the quality of EIS, offering a wide spectrum of good practice examples related to the content of the studies. Even so, there is a need for empirical studies that allow the identification of specific aspects related to the context of application of the EIS, which could lead to the identification of opportunities to improve both the quality of the reports and also the effectiveness of EIA. Therefore, the present paper is focused on the quality review of a number of EIS submitted to the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (Ibama) to instruct the assessment of electric power transmission systems. Based on the application of the EIS quality review package as proposed by Lee and Colley (1992), the outcomes reveal opportunities for improving the scope of EIA, analysis of alternatives, prediction of magnitude and the assessment of impact significance. Finally, the development and/or adaptation of a similar tool for the systematic review of the quality of EIA reports is recommended.

Electrical wave transmission in healthy black pine seedlings

Non-injurious local stimuli, such as a cold shock, and injurious stimuli, such as local burning, punctures or chemicals, were applied to study electrical wave transmission in black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings. The results showed that non-injurious stimuli evoked the action potential (AP) transmission and injurious stimulation induced both AP transmission and the more complex variation (VP) transmission in the seedlings. The causes of these phenomena were discussed. Key words Black pine - Pinus thunbergii - Action potential (AP) - Variation potential (VP) - Electrical wave transmission CLC number S791.256 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant No. 39670613).Biography: GUO Jian (1971-), male, lecturer in Haikou Bureau of Forestry. Hainan, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Song Funan

General Analytic Solution of the Telegrapher’s Equations and the Resulting Consequences for Electrically Short Transmission Lines

Based on classical circuit theory, this article develops a general analytic solution of the telegrapher’s equations, in which the length of the cable is explicitly contained as a freely adjustable parameter. For this reason, the solution is also applicable to electrically short cables. Such a model has become indispensable because a few months ago, it was experimentally shown that voltage fluctuations in ordinary but electrically short copper lines move at signal velocities that are significantly higher than the speed of light in a vacuum. This finding contradicts the statements of the special theory of relativity but not, as is shown here, the fundamental principles of electrical engineering. Based on the general transfer function of a transmission line, the article shows mathematically that an unterminated, electrically short cable has the characteristics of an ideal delay element, meaning that an input signal appears at the output with a slight delay but remains otherwise unchanged. Even for conventional cables, the time constants can be so small that the corresponding signal velocities can significantly exceed the speed of light in a vacuum. The article also analyses the technical means with which this effect can be conveyed to very long cables.

Control and Simulation of Continuously Variable Transmission for Electric Transmission System

According to the study of electric transmission, the concept of the fore and the aft power chain is presented. The control method of continuously variable transmission is established in the aft chain of electric transmission based on brushless DC motor. A fuzzy controller is designed with continuous fuzzy variables and the simulation module of the aft power chain is proved by test. The fuzzy controller controls the process of continuously variable transmission steadily and the acceleration of vehicle is quick according to simulation results. The elementary performance exhibited in the simulation is a foundation for the further study of the electric transmission track vehicle.

Dynamic Responses of Long-Span Transmission Tower-Line System Subjected to Broken Wires

A macroscopic finite element modeling approach was proposed to calculate the vibration of a tower-line system subjected to broken wires with software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. In the finite element model, not only the nonlinearity of wires and suspension insulators are considered, but also the support towers are included. The incremental and iterative approaches are combined by applying the unbalanced loads incrementally during each iteration cycle. The approach was illustrated with an example of a Hanjiang- River long-span transmission line system subjected to a shield wire and a conductor failure, respectively. The analysis results showed that the proposed dynamic simulation approach can demonstrate the kinetic process of the tower-line system subjected to wire ruptures： The frequencies of line components were lower and densely distributed, but the frequencies of tower components were higher and sparsely distributed. Anyhow, the dynamic effects of wire ruptures on tower-line system could not be ignored in analysis of tower-line system subjected wire failures.

An Exact Solution of Telegraph Equations for Voltage Monitoring of Electrical Transmission Line

Telegraph equations are derived from the equations of transmission line theory. They describe the relationships between the currents and voltages on a portion of an electric line as a function of the linear constants of the conductor (resistance, conductance, inductance, capacitance). Their resolution makes it possible to determine the variation of the current and the voltage as a function of time at each point of the line. By adopting a general sinusoidal form, we propose a new exact solution to the telegraphers’ partial differential equations. Different simulations have been carried out considering the parameter of the 12/20 (24) kV Medium Voltage Cable NF C 33,220. The curves of the obtained solution better fit the real voltage curves observed in the electrical networks in operation.

Human Errors Monitoring in Electrical Transmission Networks

The electrical transmission networks are complex systems that are commonly run near their operational limits. Such systems can undergo major disturbances that have serious consequences. Individually, these disturbances can be attributed to specific causes, such as lightning strikes, ice storms, equipment failure, shorts resulting from untrimmed trees, excessive customer demand, or human errors. In the paper, the human errors from electrical transmission networks of Romanian Power Grid Company over period of 10 years are analyzed. It is hoped that obtained results will provide engineers a better understanding so they can cater to the needs of the human operators when to implement new interfaces for network monitoring tasks, not for the other technical objectives.

Limits to foundation displacement of an extra high voltage transmission tower in a mining subsidence area

Given the background of a transmission tower erected on a particular mining subsidence area,we used finite element modeling to analyze the anti-deformation performance of transmission towers under a number of different load conditions,including horizontal foundation displacement,uneven vertical downward displacement,wind loads and icing conditions.The results show that the failure in stability of a single steel angle iron represents the limit of the tower given ground deformation.We calculated the corresponding limits of foundation displacements.The results indicate that compression displacement of the foundation is more dangerous than tension displacement.Under complex foundation displacement conditions,horizontal foundation displacement is a key factor leading to failure in the stability of towers.Under conditions of compression or tension displacement of the foundation,wind load becomes the key factor.Towers do not fail when foundation displacements are smaller than 1% (under tension) or 0.5% (under horizontal compression or single foundation subsidence) of the distance between two supports.

OPTIMAL TORQUE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

In parallel hybrid electrical vehicle （PHEV） equipped with automatic mechanical transmission （AMT）, the driving smoothness and the clutch abrasion are the primary considerations for powertrain control during gearshift and clutch operation. To improve these performance indexes of PHEV, a coordinated control system is proposed through the analyzing of HEV powertrain dynamic characteristics. Using the method of minimum principle, the input torque of transmission is optimized to improve the driving smoothness of vehicle. Using the methods of fuzzy logic and fuzzy-PID, the engaging speed of clutch and the throttle opening of engine are manipulated to ensure the smoothness of clutch engagement and reduce the abrasion of clutch friction plates. The motor provides the difference between the required input torque of transmission and the torque transmitted through clutch plates. Results of simulation and experiments show that the proposed control strategy performs better than the contrastive control system, the smoothness of driving and the abrasion of clutch can be improved simultaneously.

Research on Tian-Guang AC and DC Hybrid System Operation

This paper describes the transmission capability of Tian-Guang AC and DC hybrid system, as well as various operational effects on the transmission capability, such as HVDC modulation, AC voltage level and generating reserves. The study has shown that when both AC and DC systems operated in parallel, this system has higher transmission capability than operated separately, thus it satisfies stability criterion after the project put into operation.

Reliability Analyses of Transmission and Substation Facilities and Electricity Supply to Urban Consumers in 2007

Reliabilities of transmission and substation facilities with voltage levelof220 kVoraboveIn 2007, there were totally 356 power supply enterprises, including 28 EHV transmission and substation enterprises, and 245 power generation enterprises submitting reliability performances of electric facilities at a voltage level of 220 kV or above to the Electric Power Reliability Management Center. The reliability indices of transmission and

Vascular endothelial growth factor attenuates hepatic sinusoidal capillarization in thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transfection on hepatic sinusoidal capillarization. METHODS: Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)/ VEGF transfection was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistoche-mistry both in primary hepatocytes and in normal liver. Cirrhotic rats were generated by thioacetamide (TAA) administration and then divided into a treatment group, which received injections of 400 μg of plasmid DNA encoding an EGFP- VEGF fusion protein, and a blank group, which received an equal amount of normal saline through the portal vein. The portal vein pressure was measured in the normal and cirrhotic state, in treated and blank groups. The average number of fenestrae per hepatic sinusoid was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the relative abundance of VEGF transcripts was examined by Gene array. RESULTS: Green fluorescent protein was observed in the cytoplasms of liver cells under immunofluorescence microscopy 24 h after transfection with EGFP/VEGF plasmid in vitro. Staining with polyclonal antibodies against VEGF illustrated that hepatocytes expressedimmunodetectable VEGF both in vitro and in vitro. There were significant differences in the number of fenestrae and portal vein pressures between normal and cirrhotic rats (7.40 ± 1.71 vs 2.30 ± 1.16 and 9.32 ± 0.85 cmH2O vs 17.92 ± 0.90 cmH2O, P < 0.01), between cirrhotic and treated rats (2.30 ± 1.16 cmH2O vs 4.60 ± 1.65 and 17.92 ± 0.90 cmH2O vs 15.52 ± 0.93 cmH2O, P < 0.05) and between the treatment group and the blank group (4.60 ± 1.65 cmH2O vs 2.10 ± 1.10 cmH2O and 15.52 ± 0.93 cmH2O vs 17.26 ± 1.80 cmH2O, P < 0.05). Gene- array analysis revealed that the relative abundance of transcripts of VEGF family members decreased in the cirrhotic state and increased after transfection. CONCLUSION: Injection of a plasmid encoding VEGF through the portal vein is an effective method to induce the formation of fenestrae and decrease portal vein pressure in cirrhotic rats. Therefore, it may be a good choice for treating hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Detection technology and application of electromagnetic method for hidden danger of water gushing at coal face

The principles, methods, technologies and application effects of several electromagnetic methods for the detection of the hidden danger of water gushing at the coal face were introduced. Also, emphasis was laid on expounding the methods, principles and effects of down-hole detections by electric transmission tomography and transient electromagnetic method. The potential of point power supplied in the underground homogeneous semi-space, as well as the response to a low-resistivity abnormal body in the homogeneous semi-space, was simulated by adopting 3-D finite element method to interpret the basic theory of the electric transmission tomography. The results of actual measurement show that the mine electromagnetic method is sensitive to water-bearing low-resistivity bodies and can play a unique role in detecting the hidden danger of water gushing at the coal face.

Design of Raman-parametric fiber amplifier for wavelength division multiplex transmission system

We optimize the novel configuration of a hybrid fiber amplifier - Raman assisted-fiber-based optical parametric amplifier （R-FOPA）, in which the parametric gain and Raman gain profiles are combined to achieve a flat composite gain profile. The pump powers and the fiber length in the hybrid amplifier are effectively optimized by genetic algorithm （GA） scheme. The optimization results indicate that the RFOPA can achieve a 200-nm flat bandwidth spectrum with the gain of 20 dB and ripple of less than 4 dB.

Fast Distributed Demand Response Algorithm in Smart Grid

This paper proposes a fast distributed demand response U+0028 DR U+0029 algorithm for future smart grid based on primaldual interior method and Gaussian belief propagation U+0028 GaBP U+0029 solver. At the beginning of each time slot, each end-user U+002F energysupplier exchanges limited rounds of messages that are not private with its neighbors, and computes the amount of energy consumption U+002F generation locally. The proposed demand response algorithm converges rapidly to a consumption U+002F generation decision that yields the optimal social welfare when the demands of endusers are low. When the demands are high, each end-user U+002F energysupplier estimates its energy consumption U+002F generation quickly such that a sub-optimal social welfare is achieved and the power system is ensured to operate within its capacity constraints. The impact of distributed computation errors on the proposed algorithm is analyzed theoretically. The simulation results show a good performance of the proposed algorithm. © 2017 Chinese Association of Automation.

Simulation of Steering Performance for Electric Drive Tracked Vehicle

According to the analysis of the fundamental steering theories of the electric drive tracked vehicle, a new effective electric drive tracked vehicle model is built in this paper. And the simulation of the steering performance of the vehicle is made. The results show that the electric transmission has great advantage on the steering performance aspect; the small radius steering and even the pivot steering is realizable, and the agility and the rapidness is wonderful. The regenerative energy can be fully utilized by controlling.

Closed form soliton solutions of three nonlinear fractional models through proposed improved Kudryashov method

We introduce a new integral scheme namely improved Kudryashov method for solving any nonlinear fractional differential model.Specifically,we apply the approach to the nonlinear space-time fractional model leading the wave to spread in electrical transmission lines(s-tfETL),the time fractional complex Schrödinger(tfcS),and the space-time M-fractional Schrödinger-Hirota(s-tM-fSH)models to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.The implementing of the introduced new technique based on the models provides us with periodic envelope,exponentially changeable soliton envelope,rational rogue wave,periodic rogue wave,combo periodic-soliton,and combo rational-soliton solutions,which are much interesting phenomena in nonlinear sciences.Thus the results disclose that the proposed technique is very effective and straight-forward,and such solutions of the models are much more fruitful than those from the generalized Kudryashov and the modified Kudryashov methods.

160 km all-optical OFDM transmission system with inline chromatic dispersion compensation

An experimental demonstration of an all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （AOS-OFDM） transmission system with inline chromatic dispersion （CD） compensation is carried out to test the nonlinear influence. With five subcarriers non-return-to-zero （NRZ） modulated, the total bit rate is 50 Gb/s without polarization multiplexing. The receiver end is highly simplified with direct de- tection using optical Fourier transform filter. After transmission in 160-km standard single-mode fiber （SSMF） link with 130-ps/nm residual CD, an optimum input optical power for the system performance is achieved.

Progress in Automotive Transmission Technology

Much progress has been made in the development of automotive transmissions over the past 20 years,e.g.,an increased speed number,expanded ratio spread and improved efficiency and shift quality.Automotive transmissions are moving toward electrification in response to stringent legislation on emissions and the pressing demand for better fuel economy.This paper reviews progress in automotive transmission technology.Assisted by computer-aided programs,new transmission schemes are constantly being developed.We therefore first introduce the synthesis of the transmission scheme and parameter optimization.We then discuss the progress in the transmission technology of a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle in terms of new layouts;improved efficiency;noise,vibration and harshness technology;and the shifting strategy and control technology.As the major development trend,transmission electrification is subsequently discussed;this discussion includes the configuration design,energy management strategy,hybrid mode shifting control,single-speed and multi-speed electric vehicle transmission and distributed electric drive.Finally,a summary and outlook are presented for conventional automotive transmissions,hybrid transmissions and electric vehicle transmissions.

40-Gb/s PolMux-QPSK transmission using low-voltage modulation and single-ended digital coherent detection

We demonstrate a novel 40-Gb/s transmission system over a 10×101-km standard single mode fiber （SSMF） loop. This system features polarization multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying （PolMux-QPSK）, lowvoltage modulation of 2-V peak-to-peak signal amplitude, and home-made 90° optical hybrid with singleended digital coherent detection. Any power amplifers before the modulator and balanced detectors are not used. In the case of low-voltage modulation, coherent detection is much less sensitive to modulator bias offset than delay interferometer-based demodulation.