Gas Valorization in the Republic of Congo: Production of Electricity from National Gas Reserves

The environmental impact of greenhouse gases based on natural gas flaring influences the rate of gas recovery around the world. In the Republic of Congo, the natural gas reserve in 2019 is estimated at 90 billion cubic meters (BCM). In this study, from the Congolese gas reserve we used five gas turbines with a capacity of 150 MW each;these five turbines consume 1.69 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year for the power of 273.750 MW and consumption of 6.57 billion kilowatt-hours. The results of this study revealed that an investment capital of 192,305,137 euros was required with a net profit of 9,581,250 euros at an annual rate of return of 4.98% with an investment payback period of approximately 20 years. This will allow the Congolese government to accomplish its policy of valuing gas and developing the country;the electricity produced by the National Petroleum Company of Congo (SNPC) will be sold to the Electrical Energy of Congo (E2C) at 0.06 euro/kWh.

Effects of ignition voltage and electrode structure on electric ignition and combustion characteristics of Ammonium Dinitramide(ADN)-based liquid propellants in electric ignition mode in inert gas environment

Hydrazine is toxic and carcinogenic, which greatly increases the difficulty of application and no longer meets the needs of green aerospace. As a green propellant, the Ammonium Dinitramide(ADN)-based liquid propellant has the advantages of higher specific impulse, being non-toxic,pollution-free, and easy storage. However, an ADN-based space engine in orbit has exposed the problems of high-temperature deactivation of catalysts and cold-start failure. An active ignition technology—electric ignition technology was explored in this paper to break through the technical bottleneck of catalyst deactivation and the inability to a cold start. An experimental system of a constant-volume combustor for the ADN-based liquid propellant based on the electric ignition method was established. The electric ignition and combustion characteristics of the ADN-based liquid propellant in a volume combustor with an electric ignition method were studied. The influencing mechanisms of the ignition voltage and the electrode structure on the electric ignition characteristics of the ADN-based liquid propellant were investigated. An elevation of the ignition voltage could facilitate the ignition process of the ADN-based liquid propellant, curtail electric energy input and heating effect, while exerting an adverse impact on the combustion process of the propellant.An increase in the ignition voltage enhanced the ignition process of the propellant while simultaneously suppressing its combustion process when utilizing mesh electrodes. Compared to the strip electrodes, the mesh electrodes increased the contact area between the electrodes and the propellant,increased the electric energy input power in the electric ignition process, and reduced the ignition delay time. The mesh electrodes could promote the combustion process of the propellant to a certain extent.

Generation of reactive species in atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge with liquid water

Atmospheric pressure helium/water dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） plasma is used to investigate the generation of reactive species in a gas–liquid interface and in a liquid. The emission intensity of the reactive species is measured by optical emission spectroscopy（OES）with different discharge powers at the gas–liquid interface. Spectrophotometry is used to analyze the reactive species induced by the plasma in the liquid. The concentration of OH radicals reaches 2.2 μm after 3 min of discharge treatment. In addition, the concentration of primary longlived reactive species such as H;O;, NO;and O;are measured based on plasma treatment time.After 5 min of discharge treatment, the concentration of H;O;, NO;, and O;increased from 0 mg?·?L;to 96 mg?·?L;, 19.5 mg?·?L;, and 3.5 mg?·?L;, respectively. The water treated by plasma still contained a considerable concentration of reactive species after 6 h of storage. The results will contribute to optimizing the DBD plasma system for biological decontamination.

An Alternative to Flare Gas Processing:A Feasibility Study of Natural Gas to Liquid Processes

The quantities of gas released into the environment during the extraction and processing of crude oil,by flaring,constitute a vast source of mineral wealth which can be used to produce other useful products.The processes studied in this paper,as alternatives to the above problem,are the ones used in Shell Pearl Qatar project and Oryx GTL project.Both projects produce liquid fuels,mainly naphtha and diesel,in addition to more special fuel such as kerosene.This paper is a feasibility study of a project that makes use of the flare gas from the State of Texas,U.S.A.,as a feedstock to a process similar to either Shell Pearl Qatar project,or Oryx GTL project.The objective of this study is to determine the price range for crude oil over which an investment to similar projects can be profitable.An MS Excel Model was developed in order to perform calculations having as a variable the crude oil price and taking into account all the process and project’s financial data.The results of this model showed that a project similar to Shell Pearl Qatar remains profitable in crude oil price above$57.76/barrel,while a project similar to Oryx GTL remains viable for crude oil price over$31.4/bbl.In the price range$55-$60/barrel,the payout of the corresponding to Shell Pearl Qatar project will be in about 15.2 years and 3.3 years for a project similar to Oryx GTL.Finally,using the financial principles of this study we can apply them to any process in order to determine under what conditions will remain viable.

Reliability Assessment of Integrated Electricity and Natural Gas Transmission Systems in Presence of Power-to-gas and Combined Heat and Power Technologies

Assessing the reliability of integrated electricity and gas systems has become an important issue due to the strong dependence of these energy networks through the power-to-gas(P2G)and combined heat and power(CHP)technologies.The current work,initially,presents a detailed energy flow model for the integrated power and natural gas system in light of the P2G and CHP technologies.Considering the simultaneous load flow of networks,a contingency analysis procedure is proposed,and reliability is assessed through sequential Monte Carlo simulations.The current study examines the effect of independent and dependent operation of energy networks on the reliability of the systems.In particular,the effect of employing both P2G and CHP technologies on reliability criteria is evaluated.In addition,a series of sensitivity analysis are performed on the size and site of these technologies to investigate their effects on system reliability.The proposed method is implemented on an integrated IEEE 24-bus electrical power system and 20-node Belgian natural gas system.The simulation procedure certifies the proposed method for reliability assessment is practical and applicable.In addition,the results prove connection between energy networks through P2G and CHP technologies can improve reliability of networks if the site and size of technologies are properly determined.

Clean Coal Technology and Market in China

This paper briefs the current clean production and consumption levels of coal in China and the pollution harmbrought to the atmospheric environment, present status and orientation of clean coal technology development in Chinacoal industry, progress and perspective of clean coal power generation technology in China, as well as application andmarket of flue gas desulphurization technology in coal-fired power plants.[

面向短时/断续工作制的电机系统固–液相变热管理技术及应用发展

固–液相变现象表现出的潜热特性可有效平抑瞬时温升,将其应用于航天航空、奔越式机器人、新能源汽车、数控机床等电机热管理系统,可有效提高短时工作制或断续周期性工作制(S2—S8)下运行的伺服电驱动系统的瞬态性能。为了总结归纳固–液相变材料的电机系统热管理技术及其应用现状,该文针对固–液相变材料特性、系统数值计算与仿真模拟、样机实验测试方法、相变热管理系统结构等4个方面开展调研,并提出亟待解决的关键技术问题。研究发现:目前阶段石蜡和低温熔盐是适合电机系统的最佳相变介质,但仍存在导热系数较低的问题,需通过改性强化解决;通过机壳灌注相变材料,可有效实现温升平抑,但尚缺乏有针对性的热路拓扑设计;采用焓–多孔方法是模拟相变过程的理想手段,但糊状区参数的取值缺乏理论指导;最后,固–液相变过程的测试中侵入式传感器易对电磁、热、流场的自然演变过程产生干扰。

一种基于深冷液化空气储能技术的新型发电系统概述

介绍一种新型深冷液化空气储能发电(LAES)系统,对比了新型深冷液化空气储能系统与传统压缩空气储能系统(CAES)的优缺点。以500 k W级LAES系统为例,简要介绍了其工艺流程、重要节点参数及关键设备的选型。最后对该系统后续工程化应用等方面面临的问题进行了总结。

高气油比油藏的油井应用电泵采油的可行性研究

对埕北 30油藏特点进行了分析 ,以此为例确定了油井自喷后采用电泵抽油的机采方式。结合目前国内外电泵吸入口处含气率的界限 ,分析了电泵在高气液比状态下的适应性 ,给出了高气液比条件下泵吸入口处含气率的计算模型。利用此模型分别计算了不同吸入压力、不同气油比下含水率分别为 0 ,2 0 % ,4 0 %与 80 %时泵吸入口处的含气率 ,进而对电泵在高气液比条件下的使用条件和适用范围进行了详细分析 ,以使该项举升工艺更有效地用于埕北 30油藏的开发。计算结果表明 ,在油藏压力保持在 30MPa ,生产气油比不超过 2 5 0的情况下 ,埕北 30油藏可以采用电泵采油。该项研究也适用于其他高气液比油藏的开发。

电力储能技术应用与展望

电力储能技术被认为是智能电网的关键要素之一,其在电力系统中的应用涉及到"采-发-输-配-用-储"各个环节。近期得到广泛关注的几种新型储能技术,包括钠硫电池、液流电池、锂离子电池、压缩空气储能和熔融盐蓄热等,国内外在应用及研究上都取得了一定进展,并相继建设了诸多的示范工程。进一步介绍这些新兴技术,特别是其大规模实用的案例。并据此对政策引导储能技术发展方面提出了几点建议。

脉冲电压作用下液体食品击穿特性研究

液体食品异常击穿是脉冲电场灭菌技术中的技术瓶颈之一。深入研究液体食品在脉冲电压作用下的击穿特性、探究其击穿机理,对于有效解决这一技术瓶颈至关重要。在搭建的研究脉冲电压作用下液体食品击穿特性的专用实验平台,对自来水、橙汁和啤酒这3种常见的液体食品在脉冲电压作用下的击穿特性进行了实验研究,分别研究了液体食品的压力、流速、温度对其脉冲电压作用下击穿电压的影响。研究结果表明:在脉冲电压作用下,这3种液体食品的击穿电压均随液体压力的增高而提高、随液体流速的增大而提高、随着液体温度的升高而提高。在压力、流速和温度这3个影响因素中,压力对脉冲电压作用下液体食品击穿电压的影响最突出,其次是流速的影响,最后是温度的影响。因此,消除或抑制液体食品在脉冲电场灭菌中的异常击穿主要应该从压力和流速两个方面去考虑采取相应的技术措施。

电液蝶阀在催化裂化装置的应用

简要介绍了 DN80 0型电液蝶阀的结构特点以及在沧州炼油厂二套催化裂化装置的使用情况 ;通过与原气动蝶阀性能的比较 ,总结出了优缺点。

液相施主及高钙添加对PTC材料性能的影响

采用液相施主掺杂和高钙添加相结合的方法,制得性能优良,适合程控电话交换机防雷击、防过流用的耐强电限流器件的PTC材料。在液相施主Y(NO3)3的添加量(摩尔分数)为0.4%,CaCO3添加量(摩尔分数)为15%时,得到了室温电阻率为140?·cm,居里点tC为74℃,阻温系数α为13.9%℃–1,升阻比lg(ρmax/ρmin)为7.2,耐压强度Vb≥260V/mm的PTC材料。

高压静电技术在固液相分离中的应用

论述了静电分离技术在固液相分离等中的发展和应用。

液态变阻软起动装置在大型同步电机中的应用

工业环境下,大型同步电机的起动方式对电网的影响和冲击较大,传统的软起动方式存在种种弊端。液态变阻软起动装置的应用解决了多个技术难题,经实践检验,起动平稳顺利,运行性能良好,有广泛的应用前景。

扫路车扫刷离地高度自适应调节系统对比研究

分析了目前市面上扫路车通用的扫刷离地高度调节方法的劣势,提出基于两种扫盘结构的多种离地高度自适应调节方法,介绍了通过机、电、液(气)一体化技术实现自适应调节的结构原理,并进行对比分析。

空调用电气元件的冷却技术综述

针对空调用电气元件冷却技术类型,以及该领域国内外的专利申请量、核心企业发展趋势概况进行了统计与分析;对部分重点专利技术进行了详细介绍,整体上按照强迫对流换热、制冷剂液体冷却和半导体制冷冷却几大类冷却技术进行了技术效果、节能角度上的对比分析,并最终对空调用电器元件冷却技术的发展演进进行了梳理和分析.

Marflex深井泵在55000 t化学品船上的应用

满足化学品船标准的运输船是世界造船业公认的高技术、高附加值船型,从设计到施工建造,相关法规和规范标准都极其严苛,而化学品船的核心设计在于其液货系统。该文以某型55 000 t IMO Ⅱ型化学品船为例,介绍并分析其液货装卸系统的设备选型、深井泵结构特点以及系统布置,相关设计满足IBC CODE、MARPOL、OCIMF的要求。此外,由于电动深井泵的结构特点,其安装精度直接影响到泵的工作情况甚至整个液货系统的可靠性。文中从深井泵基座和固定支架的设计、吸入井的设计及制作安装工艺以及深井泵现场安装工艺程序等方面,对Marflex电动深井泵的安装进行研究和介绍。

集肤效应电伴热在某石化液硫长输管线的应用及优化

文章介绍了液硫管线伴热选型和集肤效应电伴热系统的基本原理、系统组成,阐述了广东某石化公司硫磺回收装置液硫长输管线集肤效应电伴热系统的应用情况,提示了保温选择、液硫再熔融和施工质量管控等设计、施工方面注意事项。结合实际应用,提出并实施液硫电伴热控制方案优化改造。实践证明,改造后集肤效应电伴热系统实现了自动控制,并使得液硫温度维持在有利成型的最优范围,值得推广应用。