Biomass-enhanced Janus sponge-like hydrogel with salt resistance and highstrength for efficient solar desalination

Interfacial solar-driven evaporation technology shows great potential in the field of industrial seawater desalination, and the development ofefficient and low-cost evaporation materials is key to achieving large-scale applications. Hydrogels are considered to be promising candidates;however, conventional hydrogel-based interfacial solar evaporators have difficulty in simultaneously meeting multiple requirements, including ahigh evaporation rate, salt resistance, and good mechanical properties. In this study, a Janus sponge-like hydrogel solar evaporator (CPAS) withexcellent comprehensive performance was successfully constructed. The introduction of biomass agar (AG) into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)hydrogel backbone reduced the enthalpy of water evaporation, optimized the pore structure, and improved the mechanical properties. Meanwhile, by introducing hydrophobic fumed nano-silica aerogel (SA) and a synergistic foaming-crosslinking process, the hydrogel spontaneouslyformed a Janus structure with a hydrophobic surface and hydrophilic bottom properties. Based on the reduction of the evaporation enthalpy andthe modulation of the pore structure, the CPAS evaporation rate reached 3.56 kg m^(-2) h^(-1) under one sun illumination. Most importantly, owingto the hydrophobic top surface and 3D-interconnected porous channels, the evaporator could work stably in high concentrations of salt-water(25 wt% NaCl), showing strong salt resistance. Efficient water evaporation, excellent salt resistance, scalable preparation processes, and low-costraw materials make CPAS extremely promising for practical applications.

Plasmonic group 4 transition metal carbide interfaces for solar-driven desalination

To combat the dwindling supply of freshwater,solar-driven desalination using plas-monic nanomaterials has emerged as a promising and renewable solution.Refractory plasmonic carbide nanomaterials are exciting candidates that are inexpensive and chemically robust but have not been widely explored.Herein,plasmonic car-bide interfaces made of TiC,ZrC,and HfC nanoparticle aggregates loaded onto to a mixed cellulose ester(MCE)membrane were explored to gain insight into their solar-vapor generation and desalination potential.Desalination using Atlantic Ocean water under 1 sun intensity yielded rates of 1.260.01,1.180.02,and±±1.400.01 kg±m-2 h-1,with efficiencies of 86%,80%,and 96%for TiC,ZrC,and HfC,respectively.Carbide interfaces showed good stability and effectively removed heavy metal ions and salt from solutions with concentrations up to 35%.PVA hydro-gel based TMC evaporators afforded rates of 3.310.03 and 3.220.03 kg±±m-2h-1 for TiC and ZrC,respectively.The HfC-PVA interface afforded a high solar desalination rate of 3.690.04 kg±m-2 h-1,corresponding to an efficiency of 97%under 1-sun illumination.The hydrogel evaporators also retained their strong salt rejection action over time.

Performance Evaluation of an Evaporative Cooling Pad for Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination

The perfect combination of renewable energy and desalination technologies is the key to meeting water demands in a cost-effective,efficient and environmentally friendly way.The desalination technique by humidificationdehumidification is non-conventional approach suitable for areas with low infrastructure(such as rural and decentralized regions)since it does not require permanent maintenance.In this study,this technology is implemented by using solar energy as a source of thermal power.A seawater desalination unit is considered,which consists of a chamber with two evaporators(humidifiers),a wetted porous material made of a corrugated cellulose cardboard and a condenser(dehumidifier).The evaporation system is tested with dry bulb temperature and relative air humidity data.The results of numerical simulations indicate that higher inlet air velocities(from 0.75 to 3 m/s)lead to a decrease in theΔT,ΔRH,and effectiveness.With the air remaining within the evaporator for 30 cm,the temperature differential increases to 5.7°C,accompanied by a 39%rise in relative humidity contrast.These changes result in a significant enhancement in humidification efficiency,achieving a remarkable efficiency level of 78%.However,a wettability value of 630 m^(2)/m^(3)leads to a smaller reduction of these parameters.Increasing the pad thickness,particularly to 0.3 m,improves performance by boostingΔT,ΔRH,and effectiveness,especially for pads with a wettability of 630 m^(2)/m^(3),for which superior performances are predicted by the numerical tests.

Effects of Desalination Processes on the Water Circulation and Earth System

Desalination is emerging as a promising alternative among various technologies to resolve water shortage. However, desalination requires a sufficient energy and cooling device and therefore poses limitations for its installation and application. In particular, many countries suffering water deficits are economically underdeveloped and cannot afford the technology. As this technology, which changes seawater into freshwater, has little environmental impact, developed countries will need to assist less developed countries to introduce this technology as a humanitarian effort. This will help reduce the number of countries that have experienced difficulty with development.

An efficient photothermal conversion material based on D-A type luminophore for solar-driven desalination

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is a promising technology for desalination.The photothermal conversion materials are at the core and play a key role in thisfield.Design of photothermal conversion materials based on organic dyes for desalina-tion is still a challenge due to lack of efficient guiding strategy.Herein,a new D(donor)-A(acceptor)type conjugated tetraphenylpyrazine(TPP)luminophore(namely TPP-2IND)was prepared as a photothermal conversion molecule.It exhib-ited a broad absorption spectrum and strongπ–πstacking in the solid state,resulting in efficient sunlight harvesting and boosting nonradiative decay.TPP-2IND powder exhibited high photothermal efficiency upon 660 nm laser irradiation(0.9 W cm-2),and the surface temperature can reach to 200◦C.Then,an interfacial heating system based on TPP-2IND is established successfully.The water evaporation rate and the solar-driven water evaporation efficiency were evaluated up to 1.04 kg m-2 h-1 and 65.8%under 1 sunlight,respectively.Thus,this novel solar-driven heating system shows high potential for desalination and stimulates the development of advanced photothermal conversion materials.

Seawater desalination of arid regions:comparing the policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Indonesia

Problems with clean water in coastal areas alongside an increase in population and community economic activities have diversified community activities.Coastal settlements bordering the high seas are characterized as arid areas with a lack of clean water.Here,the use of the range groundwater supply against seawater intrusion means that the water consumed by the community tastes salty and brackish.The availability of abundant seawater,processed through desalination technology,can be used to meet the daily clean water needs of coastal communities.Sustainable development goal(SDG)6 Water and Sanitation is concerned with ensuring that everyone has access to clean water and sanitation.In this regard,desalination technology is considered viable to achieve the SDGs in the environmental sector.Some countries have focused on using desalination technology to achieve target 6.4 by 2030.This goal aims to improve the efficiency of water use to reduce the number of people experiencing clean water scarcity by ensuring a sustainable supply of fresh water.The objective of this study is to examine the application of seawater desalination technology for clean water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)and Indonesia,and identify the implications of desalination policies in these countries.Comparative studies were conducted using secondary data and literature studies on transforming seawater into clean water with technology.KSA applies seawater desalination technology to meet water needs.However,in Indonesia,policymaking has not holistically examined the potential of using seawater desalination technology for clean water.Until now,unlike in the KSA,Indonesia has not addressed the importance of the use of desalination technology in state policy.

An efficient strategy for the preparation of MIL-53(Al)-NH_(2)membranes with high ion selectivity and desalination performance

The efficient extraction of sodium(Na^(+))and lithium(Li^(+))from seawater and salt lakes is increasingly demanding due to their great application value in chemical industries.However,coexisting cations such as divalent calcium(Ca^(2+))and magnesium(Mg^(2+))ions are at the subnanometer scale in diameter,similar to target monovalent ions,making ion separation a great challenge.Here,we propose a simple and fast secondary growth method for the preparation of MIL-53(Al)-NH_(2)membranes on the surface of anodic aluminum oxide.Such membranes contain angstrom-scale(~7Å)channels for the entrance of small monovalent ions and water molecules,endowing the selectivities for monovalent cations over divalent cations and water over salt molecules.The resulting high-connectivity MIL-53(Al)-NH_(2)membranes exhibit excellent ion separation performance(a selectivity of 121.42 for Na^(+)/Ca^(2+)and 93.81 for Li^(+)/Mg^(2+))and desalination performance(a water/salt selectivity of up to 5196).This work highlights metal–organic framework membranes as potential candidates for realizing ion separation and desalination in liquid treatment.

Development and interpretation of ISO 13205:2024,Marine technology-Seawater desalination-Vocabulary

Vocabulary is the most basic subject of standardization.Despite that individual terms related to seawater desalination have been mentioned in some standards and technical documents of ISO,WHO,and ASTM,the inconsistent expression might still induce ambiguity in communications among the participators in this area.Moreover,terms in these documents are not comprehensive.Consequently,ISO 13205:2024 is developed to eliminate the misunderstanding in both the academic and commercial communications.This paper expounds on the specific progress of the research in three aspects:background,drafting of ISO 13205:2024,and interpretation of ISO 13205:2024.The significance of the standard is also discussed.

Optimizing Sustainability:Exergoenvironmental Analysis of a Multi-Effect Distillation with Thermal Vapor Compression System for Seawater Desalination

Seawater desalination stands as an increasingly indispensable solution to address global water scarcity issues.This study conducts a thorough exergoenvironmental analysis of a multi-effect distillation with thermal vapor compression(MED-TVC)system,a highly promising desalination technology.The MED-TVC system presents an energy-efficient approach to desalination by harnessing waste heat sources and incorporating thermal vapor compression.The primary objective of this research is to assess the system’s thermodynamic efficiency and environmental impact,considering both energy and exergy aspects.The investigation delves into the intricacies of energy and exergy losses within the MED-TVC process,providing a holistic understanding of its performance.By scrutinizing the distribution and sources of exergy destruction,the study identifies specific areas for enhancement in the system’s design and operation,thereby elevating its overall sustainability.Moreover,the exergoenvironmental analysis quantifies the environmental impact,offering vital insights into the sustainability of seawater desalination technologies.The results underscore the significance of every component in the MED-TVC system for its exergoenvironmental performance.Notably,the thermal vapor compressor emerges as pivotal due to its direct impact on energy efficiency,exergy losses,and the environmental footprint of the process.Consequently,optimizing this particular component becomes imperative for achieving a more sustainable and efficient desalination system.

Impacts of Climate Change on Seawater Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination in the Arabian Gulf Region

This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.

Experimental Study on Corrosion of Stainless Steel in Low Temperature Multi effect Seawater Desalination

Starting from the corrosion mechanism,this paper analyzes the characteristics of various types of stainless steel and selects the best performance composite plate composite plate stainless steel.Analyze and select the most suitable corrosion detection method based on specific practical multi working conditions,discuss the interference factors that affect metal corrosion during experimental simulation,and the advantages of newly developed sheet metal.The new development of composite board panels,with the substrate and composite materials applying their respective capabilities for MED,will bring breakthrough progress to the scientific research and engineering applica-tion of composite boards.

Scalable Core–Sheath Yarn for Boosting Solar Interfacial Desalination Through Engineering Controllable Water Supply

Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of constriction occurs when controlling the water rate for confined heating.In this study,we demonstrate a facile and scalable weaving technique for fabricating core-sheath photothermal yarns that facilitate controlled water supply for stable and efficient interracial solar desalination.The core-sheath yarn comprises modal fibers as the core and carbon fibers as the sheaths.Because of the core-sheath design,remarkable liquid pumping can be enabled in the carbon fiber bundle of the dispersed superhydrophilic modal fibers.Our woven fabrics absorb a high proportion(92%)of the electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum because of the weaving structure and the carbon fiber sheath.Under one-sun(1 kW·m^(-2))illumination,our woven fabric device can achieve the highest evaporation rate(of 2.12kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) with energy conversion efficiency:93.7%)by regulating the number of core-sheath yarns.Practical application tests demonstrate that our device can maintain high and stable desalination performance in a 5 wt%NaCl solution.

New Method for the Deep Dehydration and Desalination of Crude Oil

The present work focused on the environmentally friendly deep desalination of crude oil using ethylene glycol as the extraction solvent and quartz sand as the demulsifier.The effect of droplet size distribution in the emulsion on the dehydration results and desalination efficiency was investigated.Experimental results showed that the desalination efficiencies of Sarir and Basra crude oils were 93.3%and 90.0%,respectively.Furthermore,the desalination efficiency of Basra crude oil using ethylene glycol could be enhanced up to 96.7%by adding 30 g/L quartz sand with a particle size of 15μm.Finally,94%of the ethylene glycol and 86%of the quartz sand could be recovered from the emulsion.This process offers an alternative method to the deep desalination of crude oil.

Graphene quantum dots doped poly(vinyl alcohol)hybrid membranes for desalination via pervaporation

Pervaporation desalination by highly hydrophilic materials such as poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)based separation membrane is a burgeoning technology of late years.However,the improvement of membrane flux in pervaporation desalination has been a difficult task.Here,a novel hybrid membrane with doped graphene oxide quantum dots(GOQDs)which is rich in hydrophilic groups and small size into the matrix of PVA was prepared to improve the membrane flux.The membranes structures were described by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).And more,Water contact angle,swelling degree,and pervaporation properties were carried out to explore the effect of GOQDs in PVA matrix.In addition,GOQDs content in the hybrid membrane,NaCl concentration,and feed temperature were investigated accordingly.Moreover,the hydrogen bonds between PVA chains were weakened by the interaction between GOQDs and PVA chains.Significantly,the hybrid membrane with optimized doped GOQDs content,200 mg·L^(-1),displays a high membrane flux of 17.09 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)and the salt rejection is consistently greater than 99.6%.

Renewable Energy Seawater Desalination Technology and Application Analysis

This paper proposed a new technology way for seawater desalination which used renewable energy(wind energy and solar energy).The effects of practical application showed that remote islands and cage culture zones in the bay that lack electricity and water are very suitable for using small seawater desalination devices that do not require consumption of conventional energy.

Salinization-Desalinization (SDS) Processes—A Linkage between Hula Valley and Lake Kinneret Ecosystem Management

The salinization process resulted in agricultural damage in the Hula Valley and water quality deterioration in Lake Kinneret. Therefore, salinization-desalinization (SDS) processes have been emphasized in the last two decades. Global and regional extreme climatological events and water scarcity strengthen the link between Hula Valley and Lake Kinneret management design. A bond between optimizing Hula agricultural maintenance and Kinneret water quality protection is conclusively suggested. Saline contribution originated from the southern Hula Valley region to the underground and surface water is higher than from the northern organic soil. The impact of eastern water Intrusion from the Golan Heights as surface waters, river discharge and underground seepage into the Hula Valley represent north-south gradient enhancement. Salinized surface water contribution from the Hula Valley to Lake Kinneret is unwanted because presently Kinneret desalinization management policy is critically required. The present salinization of surface and underground water in the Hula Valley indicates the upper limit suitable for agricultural crop optimization and the decline of salinity is crucial. Enhancement of the portion of Jordan water within the total balance in the valley is beneficial for Hula agricultural crops but serves as a disadvantage to Kinneret desalinization implementation. Therefore, the enhancement of lake water exchange is recommended.

Multi-effect distillation system for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy

A multi-effect distillation technology for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy is presented.In the system,tidal energy is utilized to supply power instead of coventional electric pumps during the operation,resulting in the decrease of dependence on steady electric power supply and a reduction in the running costs.According to the technological principle,a testing unit is designed and built.The effects of the feed seawater temperature and the heat source temperature on the unit performance are tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that the fresh water output is 27 kg/h when the heating water temperature is 65 ℃ and the absolute pressure is 25 kPa.The experimental and theoretical analysis results indicate that the appropriate heating water temperature is a key factor in ensuring the steady operation of the system.

Progress and trends in hydrate based desalination(HBD) technology:A review

The shortage of freshwater boosts the development of seawater desalination technology. As a novel method, the hydrate based desalination technology has been put forward for decades and achieved considerable development in the past years. This review focuses on the experimental progress at the aspects of the hydrate former choice, formation promotion and ion removal efficiency and conceptive innovation of hydrate separation and energy utilization. It should be noted that gaseous hydrate former with low formation pressure and insoluble liquid hydrate former are worthy for further study. Besides, the water migration caused by propane deserves to be investigated much more deeply for the potential value of wide application. Moreover, the utilization proposal of LNG cold energy brings more possibility of commercial application. In a word, the hydrate based desalination technology is hopefully an environment friendly, low-cost and widely used desalination technology in the near future.

Potential of MXenes in Water Desalination: Current Status and Perspectives

MXenes,novel 2D transition metal carbides,have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications.The tremendous characteristics of MXenes,i.e.,high surface area,high metallic conductivity,ease of functionalization,biocompatibility,activated metallic hydroxide sites,and hydrophilicity,make them the best aspirant for applications in energy storage,catalysis,sensors,electronics,and environmental remediation.Due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and multifarious chemical compositions,MXenes have gained considerable attention for applications in water treatment and desalination in recent times.It is vital to understand the current status of MXene applications in desalination in order to define the roadmap for the development of MXene-based materials and endorse their practical applications in the future.This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based composites for applications in desalination.The desalination potential of MXenes is portrayed in detail with a focus on ion-sieving membranes,capacitive deionization,and solar desalination.The ion removal mechanism and regeneration ability of MXenes are also summarized to get insight into the process.The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in desalination are highlighted.Lastly,research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way.This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water desalination in the future.

Emerging R&D on membranes and systems for water reuse and desalination

Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy consumption and fouling propensity for broad sustainable applications.In addition,different membranes face various challenges in their specific applications during long-term operations.In this short review,we will summarize the recent progresses in emerging membrane technologies and system integration to advance and sustain water reuse and desalination with discussion on their challenges and perspectives.