In this article, we evaluated surface topographical images of the bovine (cartilage/cartilage) pair friction. In healthy joints, the cartilage (AC) surface coated with phospholipid multi-bilayers is activated by the l...In this article, we evaluated surface topographical images of the bovine (cartilage/cartilage) pair friction. In healthy joints, the cartilage (AC) surface coated with phospholipid multi-bilayers is activated by the lamellar-repulsive-slippage lubrication mechanism. Hydrophilic and negatively charged (--) natural cartilage surface is covered by phospholipid bilayers. These phospholipids have been demonstrated to exert highly desirable characteristics on the surface of articular cartilage such as efficient lubrication, load processing, and semi-permeability for nutrient transport. We attempt to demonstrate phospholipids involvement in boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by: 1) the surface amorphous layer (SAL);2) negatively charged surface;3) lamellar-repulsive lubrication;and 4) lamellar-slippage mechanism in (cartilage/cartilage) pair lubrication. The secret of the super low friction and wear between the cartilage-bearing surfaces is lamellar-repulsive and slippage mechanism of lubrication. We also present the evidence that the superficial phospholipid bilayer covering the articular surface of cartilage has a primary function of creating a hydrophilic surface with wetting properties, and hence, of controlling interfacial properties under 7.4 pH values. We conclude that lamellar bilayers slippage, as well as the short-range repulsion between the interfaces of the negatively charged (-) cartilage surfaces, is a primary determinant of the low frictional properties of the joint.展开更多
The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
电磁斥力机构应用于40.5 kV真空断路器可以提高其开断速度,从而提高电力系统稳定性。文中选取励磁线圈匝数、储能电容量和充电电压这3个主要参数进行综合优化研究,旨在确定40.5 kV真空断路器中电磁斥力机构储能电容能量最小的参数设计...电磁斥力机构应用于40.5 kV真空断路器可以提高其开断速度,从而提高电力系统稳定性。文中选取励磁线圈匝数、储能电容量和充电电压这3个主要参数进行综合优化研究,旨在确定40.5 kV真空断路器中电磁斥力机构储能电容能量最小的参数设计方案。对3个试验因素设立3个水平,采用正交试验设计的方法安排9次试验,并建立有限元模型进行数值模拟试验,然后对试验结果进行回归分析和优化。研究结果表明,对于斥力盘的运动特性,充电电压影响最显著,储能电容量次之,励磁线圈匝数最弱。斥力盘运动平均速度与3个设计参数间的回归方程为v=-10.583+0.071N+0.018U+0.169C。最后,确定了参数设计方案,在充电电压600 V,储能电容20 m F,线圈20匝时,储能电容能量最小为3.6 k J。展开更多
文摘In this article, we evaluated surface topographical images of the bovine (cartilage/cartilage) pair friction. In healthy joints, the cartilage (AC) surface coated with phospholipid multi-bilayers is activated by the lamellar-repulsive-slippage lubrication mechanism. Hydrophilic and negatively charged (--) natural cartilage surface is covered by phospholipid bilayers. These phospholipids have been demonstrated to exert highly desirable characteristics on the surface of articular cartilage such as efficient lubrication, load processing, and semi-permeability for nutrient transport. We attempt to demonstrate phospholipids involvement in boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by: 1) the surface amorphous layer (SAL);2) negatively charged surface;3) lamellar-repulsive lubrication;and 4) lamellar-slippage mechanism in (cartilage/cartilage) pair lubrication. The secret of the super low friction and wear between the cartilage-bearing surfaces is lamellar-repulsive and slippage mechanism of lubrication. We also present the evidence that the superficial phospholipid bilayer covering the articular surface of cartilage has a primary function of creating a hydrophilic surface with wetting properties, and hence, of controlling interfacial properties under 7.4 pH values. We conclude that lamellar bilayers slippage, as well as the short-range repulsion between the interfaces of the negatively charged (-) cartilage surfaces, is a primary determinant of the low frictional properties of the joint.
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
文摘电磁斥力机构应用于40.5 kV真空断路器可以提高其开断速度,从而提高电力系统稳定性。文中选取励磁线圈匝数、储能电容量和充电电压这3个主要参数进行综合优化研究,旨在确定40.5 kV真空断路器中电磁斥力机构储能电容能量最小的参数设计方案。对3个试验因素设立3个水平,采用正交试验设计的方法安排9次试验,并建立有限元模型进行数值模拟试验,然后对试验结果进行回归分析和优化。研究结果表明,对于斥力盘的运动特性,充电电压影响最显著,储能电容量次之,励磁线圈匝数最弱。斥力盘运动平均速度与3个设计参数间的回归方程为v=-10.583+0.071N+0.018U+0.169C。最后,确定了参数设计方案,在充电电压600 V,储能电容20 m F,线圈20匝时,储能电容能量最小为3.6 k J。
