Review of the Configuration and Transient Stability of Large-scale Renewable Energy Generation through Hybrid DC Transmission

Based on the complementary advantages of Line Commutated Converter(LCC)and Modular Multilevel Converter(MMC)in power grid applications,there are two types of hybrid DC system topologies:one is the parallel connection of LCC converter stations and MMC converter stations,and the other is the series connection of LCC and MMC converter stations within a single station.The hybrid DC transmission system faces broad application prospects and development potential in large-scale clean energy integration across regions and the construction of a new power system dominated by new energy sources in China.This paper first analyzes the system forms and topological characteristics of hybrid DC transmission,introducing the forms and topological characteristics of converter-level hybrid DC transmission systems and system-level hybrid DC transmission systems.Next,it analyzes the operating characteristics of LCC and MMC inverter-level hybrid DC transmission systems,provides insights into the transient stability of hybrid DC transmission systems,and typical fault ride-through control strategies.Finally,it summarizes the networking characteristics of the LCC-MMC series within the converter station hybrid DC transmission system,studies the transient characteristics and fault ridethrough control strategies under different fault types for the LCC-MMC series in the receiving-end converter station,and investigates the transient characteristics and fault ride-through control strategies under different fault types for the LCC-MMC series in the sending-end converter station.

Combined hybrid energy storage system and transmission grid model for peak shaving based on time series operation simulation

This study proposes a combined hybrid energy storage system(HESS) and transmission grid(TG) model, and a corresponding time series operation simulation(TSOS) model is established to relieve the peak-shaving pressure of power systems under the integration of renewable energy. First, a linear model for the optimal operation of the HESS is established, which considers the different power-efficiency characteristics of the pumped storage system, electrochemical storage system, and a new type of liquid compressed air energy storage. Second, a TSOS simulation model for peak shaving is built to maximize the power entering the grid from the wind farms and HESS. Based on the proposed model, this study considers the transmission capacity of a TG. By adding the power-flow constraints of the TG, a TSOS-based HESS and TG combination model for peak shaving is established. Finally, the improved IEEE-39 and IEEE-118 bus systems were considered as examples to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model.

Analysis Method and Principle of Dual-mode Electro-mechanical Variable Transmission Program

Automotive industry,as an important pillar of the national economy,has been rapidly developing in recent years.But proplems such as energy comsumption and environmental pollution are posed at the same time.Electro-mechanical variable transmission system is considered one of avilable workarounds.It is brought forward a kind of design methods of dual-mode electro-mechanical variable transmission system rotational speed characteristics and dual-mode drive diagrams.With the motor operating behavior of running in four quadrants and the speed characteristics of the simple internal and external meshing single planetary gear train,four kinds of dual-mode electro-mechanical transmission system scheme are designed.And the velocity,torque and power characteristics of one of the programs are analyzed.The magnitude of the electric split-flow power is an important factor which influences the system performance,so in the parameters matching design,it needs to reduce the power needs under the first mode of the motor.The motor,output rotational speed range and the position of the mode switching point have relationships with the characteristics design of the planetary gear set.The analysis method is to provide a reference for hybrid vehicles＇ design.As the involved rotational speed and torque relationships are the natural contact of every part of transmission system,a theory basis of system program and performance analysis is provided.

Design and Analysis of Electro-mechanical Hybrid Anti-lock Braking System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Utilizing Motor Regenerative Braking

Braking on low adhesion-coefficient roads, hybrid electric vehicle＇s motor regenerative torque is switched off to safeguard the normal anti-lock braking system （ABS） fimction. When the ABS control is terminated, the motor regenerative braking is readmitted. Aiming at avoiding permanent cycles from hydraulic anti-lock braking to motor regenerative braking, a novel electro-mechanical hybrid anti-lock braking system using fuzzy logic is designed. Different from the traditional single control structure, this system has a two-layered hierarchical structure, The first layer is responsible for harmonious adjustment or interaction between regenerative system and anti-lock braking system. The second layer is responsible for braking torque distribution and adjustment. The closed-loop simulation model is built. Control strategy and method for coordination between regenerative and anti-lock braking are developed. Simulation braking on low adhesion-coefficient roads with fuzzy logic control and real vehicle braking field test are presented. The results from simulating analysis and experiment show braking performance of the vehicle is perfect, harmonious coordination between regenerative and anti-lock braking function, significant amount of braking energy can be recovered and the proposed control strategy and method are effective.

CONTROL STRATEGY OF A PARALLEL HYBRID CAR WITH A METAL BELT-PLANETARY GEAR CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The most remarkable characteristic of a metal belt-planetary gearcontinuously variable transmission is a wider ratio range and a bigger torque capacity than aconventional metal pushing belt continuously variable transmission. A parallel hybrid car with thistransmission system not only can reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission at a ECE city cycle,but also can keep the motor working in the most efficiency area and can be started by a lower powermotor by oneself. At the same time, the continuously variable transmission system can realize thesmooth switch between the motor and the engine.

Economic feasibility of large-scale hydro–solar hybrid power including long distance transmission

Solar PV is expected to become the most cost-competitive renewable energy owing to the rapidly decreasing cost of the system. On the other hand, hydropower is a high-quality and reliable regulating power source that can be bundled with solar PV to improve the economic feasibility of long-distance transmitted power. In this paper, a quantification model is established taking into account the regulating capacity of the reservoir, the characteristics of solar generation, and cost of hydro and solar PV with long-distance transmission based on the installed capacity ratio of hydro–solar hybrid power. Results indicate that for hydropower stations with high regulating capacity and generation factor of approximately 0.5, a hydro–solar installed capacity ratio of 1:1 will yield overall optimal economic performance, whereas for hydropower stations with daily regulating capacity reservoir and capacity factor of approximately 0.65, the optimal hydro–solar installed capacity ratio is approximately 1:0.3. In addition, the accuracy of the approach used in this study is verified through operation simulation of a hydro–solar hybrid system including ultra high-voltage direct current(UHVDC) transmission using two case studies in Africa.

SER analysis and power allocation for hybrid cooperative transmission system

The symbol-error-rate（SER） and power allocation for hybrid cooperative（HC） transmission system are investigated.Closed-form SER expression is derived by using the moment generating function（MGF）-based approach.However,the resultant SER contains an MGF of the harmonic mean of two independent random variables（RVs）,which is not tractable in SER analysis.We present a simple MGF expression of the harmonic mean of two independent RVs which avoids the hypergeometric functions used commonly in previous studies.Using the simple MGF,closed-form SER for HC system with M-ary phase shift keying（M-PSK） signals is provided.Further,an approximation as well as an upper bound of the SER is presented.It is shown that the SER approximation is asymptotically tight.Based on the tight SER approximation,the power allocation of the HC system is investigated.It is shown that the optimal power allocation does not depend on the fading parameters of the source-destination（SD） channel and it only depends on the source-relay（SR） and relay-destination（RD） channels.Moreover,the performance gain of the power allocation depends on the ratio of the channel quality between RD and SR.With the increase of this ratio,more performance gain can be acquired.

OPTIMAL TORQUE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

In parallel hybrid electrical vehicle （PHEV） equipped with automatic mechanical transmission （AMT）, the driving smoothness and the clutch abrasion are the primary considerations for powertrain control during gearshift and clutch operation. To improve these performance indexes of PHEV, a coordinated control system is proposed through the analyzing of HEV powertrain dynamic characteristics. Using the method of minimum principle, the input torque of transmission is optimized to improve the driving smoothness of vehicle. Using the methods of fuzzy logic and fuzzy-PID, the engaging speed of clutch and the throttle opening of engine are manipulated to ensure the smoothness of clutch engagement and reduce the abrasion of clutch friction plates. The motor provides the difference between the required input torque of transmission and the torque transmitted through clutch plates. Results of simulation and experiments show that the proposed control strategy performs better than the contrastive control system, the smoothness of driving and the abrasion of clutch can be improved simultaneously.

Chromosomal Transmission in F_2BC_1Hybrid Progenies between Sugarcane and Erianthus fulvus

[ Objective ] This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for breeding new sugarcane varieties with hybrid progenies of Erianthus fulvus and modifying existing sugarcane cultivars. [ Method] Chromosomal slides of the F2 and F2 BC1 hybrid progenies between sugarcane and E. fu/vus （2n = 20） and those of parental materials were prepared with the wall degradation hypotonic method, to further analyze the chromosomal transmission in the F2 and F2BC1 hybrid progenies and to investigate the chromosome transmission mechanism. [ Result ] The results showed that, somatic chromosome number varied in various hybrid progenies; chromo- somes from parents were transmitted into the somatic cells of F2 hybrids in ＂2n ＋ n＂ pattern and transmitted into the somatic cells of F2BC1 hybrids in ＂n ＋ n＂ pattern. [ Conclusion ] This study provided a preliminary cytological basis for further use of these materials in sugarcane breeding.

Design Method for the Power Shifting Transmission of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A novel method of scheme design is proposed for power shifting transmissions of parallel hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs).First,shift sequences considering the path of power flow and shift logics are analyzed based on the graph theory model,abstracted from the degree-of-freedom(DOF)of the schemes.Second,the scheme of gear-pair and shaft,defined as the scheme that ignores the arrangement of synchronizers,is derived from the basic configuration,defined as the scheme of gear-pair and shaft that contains only one of each type of the variable connections,and the numbers of each type of the variable connections.Finally,a multi-parameter scheme,including the arrangement of synchronizers and gear ratios,is designed to optimize the results of synthesis.This method helps to gain a deeper understanding of the systematic design of other fixed gear transmission schemes,such as automated mechanical transmission,dual clutch transmission,and even some novel multi-input transmission.

MMC-MTDC Transmission System with Partially Hybrid Branches

This paper proposes a hybrid submodule modular multilevel converter(MMC)topology which is suitable for multi terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission systems.Each arm of the proposed MMC topology consists of a half-bridge submodule(HBSM)branch and two parallel full-bridge submodule(FBSM)branches.Comparing with the conventional MTDC transmission system,the proposed topology can selectively block the DC fault current and isolate the corresponding fault line without expensive DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Thus,the influence range of the DC fault can be reduced and the reliability of the power supply can be improved as well.The corresponding modulation and voltage balancing strategies are developed for the proposed hybrid MMC topology.The feasibility of the proposed topology and control strategy is verified in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

Energy control strategy for parallel hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles

Aimed at the relatively lower energy density and complicated coordinating operation between two power sources,a special energy control strategy is required to maximize the fuel saving potential.Then a new type of configuration for hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles(PHHV) and the selection criterion for important components are proposed.Based on the optimization of planet gear transmission ratio and the analysis of optimal energy distribution for the proposed PHHV on a representative urban driving cycle,a fuzzy torque control strategy and a braking energy regeneration strategy are designed and developed to realize the real-time control of energy for the proposed PHHV.Simulation results demonstrate that the energy control strategy effectively improves the fuel economy of PHHV.

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

Characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS Tapes Under Short-Circuit Current Impacts in Hybrid Energy Transmission Pipelines

A hybrid energy transmission pipeline is proposed with the aim of long-distance cooperative transmission of electricity and chemical fuels, which is composed of an inner high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable and outer liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline. The flowing LNG could maintain the operating temperature of the inner HTS power cable within the range of 85 K-90 K, thus the Bi-2223 superconductors in the HTS power cable produce little Joule loss with the transmission current below the critical current. Owing to the advantages of high power density, low transmission losses and economical manufacturing costs, the hybrid energy transmission pipeline is expected to be widely utilized in the near future. In order to ensure the safety of the HTS power cable and explosive LNG in case of short-circuit faults, this paper tests and analyzes the characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS tapes of the Type HT-CA, Type HT-SS and Type H models under short-circuit current impacts at the LNG cooling temperature (85 K-90 K). An experimental platform is designed and established for the ampacity tests of HTS tapes above LN2 cooling temperature (77 K). The AC over-current impact tests at 85 K-90 K are carried out on each sample of Bi-2223 tapes respectively, and the experimental results are analyzed and compared to evaluate their performances under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the Type HT-CA tape can withstand 50 Hz short-circuit current impact with the amplitude of 1108 A (10 times of critical current Ic ) for 100 ms at 90 K, and its resistance is the smallest of the three tested samples under similar current impacts. Therefore, the Type HT-CA Bi-2223 tape is the optimal superconductor of the HTS power cable in the hybrid energy transmission pipeline.

Recent progress on advanced transmission electron microscopy characterization for halide perovskite semiconductors

Halide perovskites are strategically important in the field of energy materials. Along with the rapid development of the materials and related devices, there is an urgent need to understand the structure–property relationship from nanoscale to atomic scale. Much effort has been made in the past few years to overcome the difficulty of imaging limited by electron dose,and to further extend the investigation towards operando conditions. This review is dedicated to recent studies of advanced transmission electron microscopy(TEM) characterizations for halide perovskites. The irradiation damage caused by the interaction of electron beams and perovskites under conventional imaging conditions are first summarized and discussed. Low-dose TEM is then discussed, including electron diffraction and emerging techniques for high-resolution TEM(HRTEM) imaging. Atomic-resolution imaging, defects identification and chemical mapping on halide perovskites are reviewed. Cryo-TEM for halide perovskites is discussed, since it can readily suppress irradiation damage and has been rapidly developed in the past few years. Finally, the applications of in-situ TEM in the degradation study of perovskites under environmental conditions such as heating,biasing, light illumination and humidity are reviewed. More applications of emerging TEM characterizations are foreseen in the coming future, unveiling the structural origin of halide perovskite’s unique properties and degradation mechanism under operando conditions, so to assist the design of a more efficient and robust energy material.

中国混合动力汽车动力总成技术进展

在国家政策与市场需求的双重驱动下,2021年以来,中国品牌混合动力汽车动力总成技术实现突破,围绕中国市场特点与消费者用车习惯推出一批具有中国特色、世界范围内领先的混合动力汽车产品。近期混合动力汽车市场销量呈爆发式增长,2023年中国市场混合动力乘用车销售超300万辆,同比增长83%。然而,受近年来汽车领域电动化浪潮影响,行业内尚存关于混合动力汽车仅为过渡性技术的观点,部分消费者对国产混动汽车技术产品力仍存质疑。为纠正对混合动力汽车的片面性、偏见性认识,该文围绕中国混合动力汽车动力总成技术路线展开,聚焦多样化的混动架构与专用化的核心部件,提出新的混合度定义作为动力总成电气化程度的统一评价标准,探讨国内外主流混动技术异同,剖析当下中国最前沿的混动技术特点与发展趋势,厘清中国混动汽车动力总成的发展脉络。研究表明:中国式混动汽车以大容量动力电池与插电式混合动力为技术特色,实现发动机、电机两大驱动动力源以及动力电池、增程系统两大动力能量源的灵活混合与优势互补。与纯内燃机车相比,得益于电驱动技术辅助,混合动力汽车聚焦提高发动机热效率、发动机高效区利用率以及整车燃油经济性。与纯电动车相比,混合动力汽车则基于发动机的增程发电,以高性价比和高便利度解决纯电动车的补能焦虑;并通过结合发动机直驱、变速器动力放大等机械驱动技术,以更低的硬件成本实现更稳定的强劲动力输出。混合动力汽车的独特优势使其作为长期性技术路线,将成为带动汽车产业向碳中和方向转型升级的关键,该文对当下市场的深度分析和未来趋势的理性推测将为中国混动技术的进一步发展提供有益参考。

结合传递比与栈式自编码器的结构损伤识别

如何从土木结构响应数据中挖掘损伤特征并有效分类,是实现损伤模式识别的关键。为此,以框架结构为分析对象,搭建设有自编码器隐藏层和Softmax分类层的栈式自编码器网络,采用无监督联合有监督的混合学习机制;基于有限元分析获取框架不同工况下的传递比函数值,构建训练集、验证集和测试集样本;通过预训练确定自编码器隐藏层的参数值如权重和偏置值,避免网络出现过拟合;采用微调方式进一步调整预训练后的网络参数值,再结合验证集实现对网络超参数的调整;将实测传递比数据输入网络,实现对框架节点损伤的评估。结果表明:所提方法能有效进行损伤特征的提取和分类,准确识别框架节点的单、双损伤工况,相较于传统浅层神经网络具有更高的识别准确度和更好的抗噪性。

连接无源网络的LCC-FHMMC混合直流输电系统送端交流故障穿越控制策略

LCC-FHMMC型混合直流输电系统可以完全解决逆变侧换相失败问题,在向无源网络供电领域具有广阔的应用前景。建立了双端混合直流输电系统的数学模型,在分析送端交流故障机理和无源网络工作特性的基础上提出一种基于桥臂电压控制的故障穿越控制策略。通过让负荷主动参与调节换流站不平衡功率,快速恢复直流功率传输的同时有效避免切负荷,同时实现受端换流站和负荷的故障穿越。依靠全桥子模块拓扑能够输出负电平的特点扩大逆变侧直流电压的调节范围,避免子模块电容过度放电导致的换流站闭锁,有效减小了故障清除后直流冲击电流。设计了不同严重程度交流故障下相关参数的选取原则,后基于电磁暂态仿真软件搭建双端混合直流输电系统的仿真模型验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

混合级联特高压直流输电系统逆变站保护功能及闭锁策略设计

针对混合级联特高压直流输电系统的逆变站,基于其一次拓扑结构,按照保护无死区、故障易定位的原则,结合测量互感器的安装位置,提出了保护的分区建议和配置方案。根据逆变站故障发生的位置及严重程度,以快速切除故障、减少停运范围为目标,提出包括LCC(电网换相换流器)闭锁、单MMC(模块化多电平换流器)闭锁、MMC整体闭锁、顺序极闭锁和分步极闭锁的分级闭锁策略。以白鹤滩-江苏混合级联特高压直流输电工程实际的控制保护装置和按照工程成套参数建立的RTDS(实时仿真系统)模型组建了实时闭环仿真系统,通过仿真验证了所提保护方案和闭锁策略的可行性和有效性。

基于暂态电流行波突变的LCC-MMC混合双极直流输电纵联方向保护

在直流线路中行波保护作为主保护应用广泛,但行波保护作为单端量的保护具有误动性较高且耐过渡电阻能力较差的缺点。在分析了行波在直流输电系统中传播特性的基础上,根据区内和区外故障时暂态电流行波变化方向的不同提出了一种基于暂态电流行波突变的LCC-MMC混合双极直流输电系统纵联方向保护。若故障时两侧暂态电流行波突变方向相同,则为区内故障,否则为区外故障。通过PSCAD和MATLAB的仿真结果表明,该保护能快速准确地识别故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障发生位置距离的影响,因此具有一定的实用性。