Review on Development and Application of Fabric Electrodes in Electrocardiogram Monitoring Garments

Cardiovascular disease persists as the primary cause of human mortality,significantly impacting healthy life expectancy.The routine electrocardiogram(ECG)stands out as a pivotal noninvasive diagnostic tool for identifying arrhythmias.The evolving landscape of fabric electrodes,specifically designed for the prolonged monitoring of human ECG signals,is the focus of this research.Adhering to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)statement and assimilating data from 81 pertinent studies sourced from reputable databases,the research conducts a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the materials,fabric structures and preparation methods of fabric electrodes in the existing literature.It provides a nuanced assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of diverse textile materials and structures,elucidating their impacts on the stability of biomonitoring signals.Furthermore,the study outlines current developmental constraints and future trajectories for fabric electrodes.These insights could serve as essential guidance for ECG monitoring system designers,aiding them in the selection of materials that optimize the measurement of biopotential signals.

The future of remote ECG monitoring systems

Remote ECG monitoring systems are becoming commonplace medical devices for remote heart monitoring. In recent years, remote ECG monitoring systems have been applied in the monitoring of various kinds of heart diseases, and the quality of the transmission and re- ception of the ECG signals during remote process kept advancing. However, there remains accompanying challenges. This report focuses on the three components of the remote ECG monitoring system： patient （the end user）, the doctor workstation, and the remote server, reviewing and evaluating the imminent challenges on the wearable systems, packet loss in remote transmission, portable ECG monitoring system, pa- tient ECG data collection system, and ECG signals transmission including real-time processing ST segment, R wave, RR interval and QRS wave, etc. This paper tries to clarify the future developmental strategies of the ECG remote monitoring, which can be helpful in guiding the research and development of remote ECG monitoring.

A wearable real-time telemonitoring electrocardiogram device compared with traditional Holter monitoring

Arrhythmias are very common in the healthy populations as well as patients with cardiovascular diseases.Among them,atrial fibrillation(AF)and malignant ventricular arrhythmias are usually associated with some clinical events.Early diagnosis of arrhythmias,particularly AF and ventricular arrhythmias,is very important for the treatment and prognosis of patients.Holter is a gold standard commonly recommended for noninvasive detection of paroxysmal arrhythmia.However,it has some shortcomings such as fixed detection timings,delayed report and inability of remote real-time detection.To deal with such problems,we designed and applied a new wearable 72-hour triple-lead H3-electrocardiogram(ECG)device with a remote cloud-based ECG platform and an expertsupporting system.In this study,31 patients were recruited and 24-hour synchronous ECG data by H3-ECG and Holter were recorded.In the H3-ECG group,ECG signals were transmitted using remote real-time modes,and confirmed reports were made by doctors in the remote expert-supporting system,while the traditional modes and detection systems were used in the Holter group.The results showed no significant differences between the two groups in 24-hour total heart rate(HR),averaged HR,maximum HR,minimum HR,premature atrial complexes(PACs)and premature ventricular complexes(PVCs)(P>0.05).The sensitivity and specificity of capture and remote automatic cardiac events detection of PACs,PVCs,and AF by H3-ECG were 93%and 99%,98%and 99%,94%and 98%,respectively.Therefore,the long-term limb triple-lead H3-ECG device can be utilized for domiciliary ECG self-monitoring and remote management of patients with common arrhythmia under medical supervision.

An ECG Monitoring and Alarming System Based On Android Smart Phone

ECG monitoring in daily life is an important means of treating heart disease. To make it easier for the medical to monitor the ECG of their patients outside the hospital, we designed and developed an ECG monitoring and alarming system based on Android smart phone. In our system, an ECG device collects the ECG signal and transmits it to an Android phone. The Android phone detects alarms which come from the ECG devices. When alarms occur, Android phone will capture the ECG images and the details about the alarms, and sends them to the cloud Alarm Server (AS). Once received, AS push the messages to doctors’ phone, so the doctors could see the ECG images and alarm details on their mobile phone. In our system, high resolution ECG pictures are transmitted to doctors’ phone in a user-friendly way, which can help doctors keep track of their patient’s condition easily.

Evaluation of Pencil Lead Based Electrodes for Electrocardiogram Monitoring in Hot Spring

Electrocardiogram(ECG)electrodes are conductive pads applied to the skin to measure cardiac activity.Ag/AgCl electrodes are the commercial product which widely used to obtain ECGs.When monitoring the ECG in a hot spring,Ag/AgCl electrodes must be waterproofed;however,this is time-consuming,and the adhesive may tear the skin on removal.For solving the problem,we developed the carbon pencil lead(CPL)electrodes for use in hot springs.Both CPL and Ag/AgCl electrodes were connected to ECG100C’s cables.The Performance was evaluated in three conditions as following:hot spring water with and without bubble,and in cold water.In each environment,the procedure was followed by three different protocols that are recording from the dry condition,hot spring water immersion with and without movement,post hot spring water condition.Under dry and wet conditions,both electrodes can obtain the waveform of the ECG signal in which all PQRST waves were identifiable.Nevertheless,the signal quality of both types of electrodes was different in water immersion with and without movement.The overall morphology obtained by Ag/AgCl electrodes was unstable higher than that of CPL electrodes in immersion without movement condition.The CPL electrodes provided better ECG waveform quality compared to Ag/AgCl electrodes in which the ECG signal had high waveforms distortion in water immersion with movement condition.

A ECG Tele-monitoring Method and System Based on Embedded Web Server

This paper describes the development of a new ECG tele-monitoring method and system based on the embedded web server. The system consists of ECG recorders with network interface and the embedded web server, internet networks and computers, with the system operating on browser/server(B/S) mode. The ECG recorder was designed by ARM9 (S3C2410X) and embedded operating system (Linux). Once the ECG recorder has been connected to the internet network, medical experts can use the internet to access the server of the ECG recorder, monitor ECG signals, and diagnose patients by browsing the dynamic web pages in the embedded web server. The experimental results reveal that the designed system is stable, reliable, and suitable for the use in real-time ECG tele-monitoring for both family and community health care.

Monitoring Heart Rate Variability Based on Self-powered ECG Sensor Tag

This paper proposes a batteryless sensing and computational device to collect and process electrocardiography(ECG)signals for monitoring heart rate variability(HRV).The proposed system comprises of a passive UHF radio frequency identification(RFID)tag,an extreme low power microcontroller,a low-power ECG circuit,and a radio frequency(RF)energy harvester.The microcontroller and ECG circuits consume less power of only~30μA and~3 mA,respectively.Therefore,the proposed RF harvester operating at frequency band of 902 MHz~928 MHz can sufficiently collect available energy from the RFID reader to supply power to the system within a maximum distance of~2 m.To extract R-peak of the ECG signal,a robust algorithm that consumes less time processing is also developed.The information of R-peaks is stored into an Electronic Product Code(EPC)Class 1st Generation 1st compliant ID of the tag and read by the reader.This reader is functioned to collected the R-peak data with sampling rate of 100ms;therefore,the user application can monitor fully range of HRV.The performance of the proposed system shows that this study can provide a good solution in paving the way to new classes of healthcare applications.

Effect of Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide(H_2S) on the Electrocardiogram(ECG) of Rats Generally Anaesthetized by Zoletil

Hydrogen sulfide （H2S） is the third gaseous signaling molecule discovered in recent years, and plays an important physiological role in the cardivascular system. To explore the effects of different doses of exogenous H2S on the electrocardiogram （ECG） of rats generally anesthetized by zoletil, different doses of NariS solution were used for the intervention of intraperitoneal injection 20 rain before the zoletil anesthesia. The ECGs of rats from each treatment group during the time range of 10^th-50^th min were determined under general anesthesia, and then were compared with those from the control group. The results showed that exogenous H2S could significantly reduce the Q-T interval time limit, thus played a role in slowing tachycardia or arrhythmia and other anomalies, thereby protecting the heart. S-T segment and T segment evaluation values were significantly reduced, which might be associated with bradycardia.

Design and Implementation of Long-Term Single-Lead ECG Monitor

Some heart diseases need long-term monitoring to diagnose. In this paper, we present a wearable single lead ECG monitoring device with low power consumption based on MSP430 and single-lead ECG front-end AD8232, which could acquire and store patient’s ECG data for 7 days continuously. This device is available for long-term wearing with a small volume. Also, it could detect user’s motion status with an acceleration sensor and supports Bluetooth 4.0 protocol. So it could be expanded to be a dynamic heart rate monitor and/or sleep quality monitor combined with smart phone. The device has huge potential of application for health care of human daily life.

Development of Portable Monitoring System for Real-Time Detection of Fetal Movement

Effective fetal monitoring is an important guarantee for fetal health and early treatment. Fetal movement is one of critical indicators of fetal monitoring, which plays an important role in fetal health. Counting the number of fetal movement by pregnant women is a traditional method for long-term monitoring. However, there are many defects in pregnant women’s feeling count, which cannot meet the accurate requirements of modern perinatal medicine. With the rapid development of biological and electronic technology, various sensors are used to probe the fetal dynamic monitoring, but not on fetal movement. This research proposes a monitoring method for fetal movement via three electrodes. Briefly: first, three electrodes are used to extract electrical signals in the abdomen of pregnant women;second, these signals are amplified and filtered;third, A/D converter with microprocessor is used to make analog digital conversion, which can be stored in the SD card under the control of the microprocessor;finally, the SD card data are processed by computer software and the fetal movement information is analyzed.

Cardiac monitoring for patients with palpitations

Palpitations are one of the most common reasons for medical consultation. Theytend to worry patients and can affect their quality of life. They are often asymptom associated with cardiac rhythm disorders, although there are otheretiologies. For diagnosis, it is essential to be able to reliably correlate the symptomswith an electrocardiographic record allowing the identification or rulingout of a possible rhythm disorder. However, reaching a diagnosis is not alwayssimple, given that they tend to be transitory symptoms and the patient isfrequently asymptomatic at the time of assessment. In recent years, electrocardiographicmonitoring systems have incorporated many technical improvements thatsolve several of the 24-h Holter monitor limitations. The objective of this review isto provide an update on the different monitoring methods currently available,remarking their indications and limitations, to help healthcare professionals toappropriately select and use them in the work-up of patients with palpitations.

基于单通道ECG信号与INFO-ABCLogitBoost模型的睡眠分期

为了减少对传统多导睡眠图(PSG)系统的依赖,基于单通道心电图(ECG)信号,设计了一种简单高效的睡眠分析算法.采用最大重叠离散小波变换(MODWT)对原始信号进行多分辨分析,再进一步提取峰值信息;根据峰值位置的一阶偏差,提取多维度的心率变异性(HRV)特征.为了进一步筛选与不同睡眠阶段具有强关联性的HRV特征,提出基于ReliefF算法与Gini指数的特征提取方法.在此基础上,采用INFO-ABCLogitBoost方法挖掘HRV与不同睡眠阶段之间的关联性,从而实现睡眠阶段的精细分类.在实际公开数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出的模型在睡眠分期任务中,总体精度为83.67%,准确率为82.59%,Kappa系数为77.94%,F1-Score为82.97%.相比于睡眠分期任务中的常规模型,所提方法展现出更加高效便捷的睡眠质量评估性能,有助于实现家庭或移动医疗场景下的睡眠监测.

Monitoring Biosignals with Low Cost Wearable Sensors

With the increase of aging population, we have been witnessing a decline in the quality of life influenced by numerous social, cultural and economic factors. Several studies have addressed these facts and some emerging technologies are capable of monitoring and anticipating these problems. With the advance in the development of smart textiles, it＇s possible to use these technologies in the acquisition of biosignals, which allows obtaining a better comfort regarding the use of smart clothes over traditional Ag/AgCI electrodes. In this way, it is possible to monitor for longer periods reducing the discomfort to the user. This paper reports the development of a low cost sensor with the capability of monitoring the electrical activity of the heart, measuring the heart rate and body temperature and is applied in the scenario： health ＆ wellbeing, targeting the continuous measurement of vital signs.

Efficient ECG classification based on Chi-square distance for arrhythmia detection

This study introduces a new classifier tailored to address the limitations inherent in conventional classifiers such as K-nearest neighbor(KNN),random forest(RF),decision tree(DT),and support vector machine(SVM)for arrhythmia detection.The proposed classifier leverages the Chi-square distance as a primary metric,providing a specialized and original approach for precise arrhythmia detection.To optimize feature selection and refine the classifier’s performance,particle swarm optimization(PSO)is integrated with the Chi-square distance as a fitness function.This synergistic integration enhances the classifier’s capabilities,resulting in a substantial improvement in accuracy for arrhythmia detection.Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method,achieving a noteworthy accuracy rate of 98% with PSO,higher than 89% achieved without any previous optimization.The classifier outperforms machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques,underscoring its reliability and superiority in the realm of arrhythmia classification.The promising results render it an effective method to support both academic and medical communities,offering an advanced and precise solution for arrhythmia detection in electrocardiogram(ECG)data.

基于BAB算法的ECG身份识别解析特征选择方法

ECG作为一种新的活体生物特征用于身份识别有着广阔的应用前景。针对目前不同学者用于ECG身份识别的解析特征种类多、差异大问题。提出了ECG身份识别的特征选择问题,并提出了基于分支定界法的ECG身份识别解析特征选择方法,将所提出的解析特征与Gahi最新提出的解析特征送入神经网络进行比较。实验表明该算法所提特征稳定性高、特异性强,优于Gahi算法所提特征,可有效用于ECG身份识别。

滤除ECG中肌电和宽频率范围工频干扰的小波算法

目的设计小波去除噪声方法消除心电内肌电和宽频率范围的工频干扰。方法根据QRS波群含有的最高频率成分较高 ,T波和P波含有的最高频率成分较低的特性 ,选取双正交小波将原始信号分解 ,将各尺度上系数重新组合 ,然后再重构 ,得到消噪后的心电。结果受肌电干扰的心电信号分别叠加幅度为 2 0 %的 49Hz和 61Hz工频干扰的心电信号 ,经小波消噪算法后 49Hz至 61Hz工频干扰和肌电干扰已消除。结论该方法可以很好地去除肌电干扰和工频干扰的基频和谐波成分 ,而对工频干扰的频率变化并不敏感 ,对于 5 0 /60Hz的工频干扰可用同样的算法。

基于JAVA手机便携式心电监护分析仪的ECG信号采集模块设计

目的:设计一种基于JAVA手机的便携式心电监护仪的心电信号采集模块。方法:心电采集模块采用低功耗51单片机为控制核心,通过心电信号的采集、放大、滤波、A/D转换以及红外通讯接口5个模块,实现心电信号的采集及与JAVA移动手机之间的通信。结果:设计的采集模块具有高输入阻抗、高共模抑制比、低噪声、增益可控等优点,可实现心电信号无失真采集和与手机间进行红外线通信。结论:该心电信号采集模块成本低、体积小、耗电少,适合患者自身携带和医务工作者使用。

基于支持向量机算法的ECG分类策略

心电信号（ECG）对医生诊断心脏疾病极为重要。现存许多ECG分类技术存在实现困难，处理时间长和只能对2～3类的ECG进行分类的不足。我们提出了一类基于SVM的ECG分类的崭新的方法，阐明了SVM对ECG分类的基本思想。与传统的神经网络分类相比，在理论上该方法优于神经网络，因为支持向量机考虑的是测试样本的最小化而不是训练样本的最小化。

ECG监护仪前置放大电路的设计

基于传统的仪用放大器基本框架,设计了一种新的可用于心电信号放大的前置放大器。在3 dB带宽范围内,该放大器的增益达到了48.3 dB。等效的输出噪声电压值为5.34 nV/Hz。根据生物电信号采集的特点,通过增加右腿驱动电路,提高了放大器的共模抑制比,对被测的生物体具有更安全的保护作用。仿真结果表明该放大器在增益、频率响应特性、共模抑制比等性能参数方面符合美国心脏协会(AHA)的建议要求,确保了输出心电信号的低失真,可用于ECG监护仪中。

基于PCA特征和融合特征的ECG身份识别方法

ECG作为一种活体生物特征用于身份识别在国际上引起了广泛重视.针对基于解析特征的ECG身份识别方法对特征点检测精度要求较高的缺点,提出一种仅需R波峰值点检测的ECG身份识别方法,该方法通过有针对性的设定相应阈值,将PCA特征和小波融合特征方法相结合.实验结果表明该方法优于PCA特征方法、波形特征方法和小波特征方法,既减少了特征点检测的复杂性和特征点检测不准确带来的误差,又可获得较高的识别率,是一种实时、高效算法.