Effect of electrode Pt-loading and cathode flow-field plate type on the degradation of PEMFC

The electrode Pt-loading has an effect on the number of active sites and the thickness of catalyst layer,which has huge influence on the mass transfer and water management during dynamic process in PEMFCs. In this study, membrane electrode assemblies with different Pt-loadings were prepared, and PEMFCs were assembled using those membrane electrode assemblies with traditional solid plate and water transport plate as cathode flow-field plates, respectively. The performance and electrochemical surface area of cells were characterized to evaluate the membrane electrode assemblies degradation after rapid currentvariation cycles. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the decay of catalyst layers and Pt/C catalyst. With the increase of Pt-loading, the performance degradation of membrane electrode assemblies will be mitigated. But higher Pt-loading means thicker catalyst layer, which leads to a longer pathway of mass transfer, and it may result in carbon material corrosion in membrane electrode assemblies. The decay of Pt/C catalyst in cathode is mainly caused by the corrosion of carbon support, and the degradation of anode Pt/C catalyst is a consequence of migration and aggregation of Pt particles. And using water transport plate is beneficial to alleviating the age of cathode Pt/C catalyst.

Discharge characteristics of a needle-to-plate electrode at a micro-scale gap

To understand the discharge characteristics under a gap of micrometers,the breakdown voltage and current–voltage curve are measured experimentally in a needle-to-plate electrode at a microscale gap of 3–50 μm in air.The effect of the needle radius and the gas pressure on the discharge characteristics are tested.The results show that when the gap is larger than 10 μm,the relation between the breakdown voltage and the gap looks like the Paschen curve;while below 10 μm,the breakdown voltage is nearly constant in the range of the tested gap.However,at the same gap distance,the breakdown voltage is still affected by the pressure and shows a trend similar to Paschen＇s law.The current–voltage characteristic in all the gaps is similar and follows the trend of a typical Townsend-to-glow discharge.A simple model is used to explain the non-normality of breakdown in the micro-gaps.The Townsend mechanism is suggested to control the breakdown process in this configuration before the gap reduces much smaller in air.

EFFECT OF ELECTROLESS PLATING COBALT UPON CHARACTERISTICS OF NICKEL HYDROXIDE ELECTRODEFORRECHARGEABLEALKALINEBATTERIES

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Ion-Conductive-Polymer-Film Actuators with Pt Electrodes Selectively Grown using Non-Electrolyzed Plating

Organic soft actuators are of special interest in many fields including intravascular neurosurgery. Ion conductive polymer film （ICPF） actuators have been one of the strong candidates. The ICPF investigated here was a cation-exchange membrane （Nation 117, Du Pont）. When a voltage is given between the metal eIectrodes of an ICPF actuator, the ICPF actuator bends in the water due to the motion of Li＋ cations with associated water. In order to increase the freedom of the deformation of the ICPF actuator, structures of independent electrode pairs were proposed. The electrodes were selectively deposited by non-electrokvzed plating including the Pt [（NH3）6]^4＋ deposition process in a [Pt（NH3）6]Cl4 solution and the reduction process in a NaBH4 solution. Here, an elastomer adhesive tape with a fine electrode patterns was used performances were reported in detail. as a mask. The actuators processing conditions and their actuator

Study of Gallium Plating of Metal Electrodes

Conditions of gallium plating of metal electrodes were studied in the paper. It was found that stability of gallium cover depends on the material and is increasing in the raw: stainless steel 08Х18Н12Т < Steel 1, Steel 2, Steel 3, Steel 45 < Ni < Cd < Cu. Phase composition of the electrode surface layer obtained after gallium plating was studied. It was found that gallium with nickel form Ga36Ni64(Ga Ni2) compound and gallium with copper form CuGa2compound. Different acids were used for electrode leaching: H2SO4;HNO3;H3PO4;HCI. It was shown that only hydrochloric acid is suit-able for gallium plating of the electrodes.

Numerical Study of Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure Under the Needle-Plate Electrode Configuration

In this paper, we study the characteristics of atmospheric-pressure pulsed dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） under the needle-plate electrode configuration using a one-dimensional self-consistent fluid model. The results show that, the DBDs driven by positive pulse, negative pulse and bipolar pulse possess different behaviors. Moreover, the two discharges appearing at the rising and the falling phases of per voltage pulse also have different discharge regimes. For the case of the positive pulse, the breakdown field is much lower than that of the negative pulse, and its propagation characteristic is different from the negative pulse DBD. When the DBD is driven by a bipolar pulse voltage, there exists the interaction between the positive and negative pulses, resulting in the decrease of the breakdown field of the negative pulse DBD and causing the change of the discharge behaviors. In addition, the effects of the discharge parameters on the behaviors of pulsed DBD in the needle-plate electrode configuration are also studied.

Effect of Magnetic Field on Properties of AuPt Particles Magneto- electrodeposited on Carbon Paper

AuPt nano particles are bi-functional catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction （ORR） and Oxygen Evolution Reaction （OER） that were taken place on air electrodes in lithium air batteries. Magnetic field has been applied during electrodeposition for the preparation of AuPt particles. With the increase of the magnetic flux density under constant current density, the grain size decreases from - 1μm to 200nm and the activity of the AuPt catalyst increases. The magnetic field oriented vertical to the electric field has a promotion effect on increasing the catalytic ability of AuPt/carbon electrode. By pulse plating, the grain size decreases to about 100nm. By adjusting parameters of the electric field and the magnetic field, controllable in-situ preparation of AuPt catalyst with various morphology and catalytic activity could be achieved.

Effect of surface modification of metal hydride electrode on performance of MH/Ni batteries

A novel method was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride(MH)electrode of MH/Ni batteries.Both sides of the electrode were plated with a thin silver film about 0.1μm thick using vacuum evaporation plating technology,and the effect of the electrode on the performance of MH/Ni batteries was examined.It is found that the surface modification can enhance the electrode conductivity and decrease the battery ohimic resistance.After surface modification,the discharge capacity at 5C(7.5A)is increased by 212 mA.h and the discharge voltage is increased by 0.11 V,the resistance of the batteries is also decreased by 32%.The batteries with modified electrode exhibit satisfactory durability.The remaining capacity of the modified batteries is 89%of the initial capacity even after 500 cycles.The inner pressure of the batteries during overcharging is lowered and the charging efficiency of the batteries is improved.

Improved Electrochemical Performance of Surface-Modified Metal Hydride Electrodes

A novel plating process was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride （MH） electrode of the MH/Ni batteries. The electrode was plated with a thin nickel film about 0.1 μm thick by using multi-arc ion plating technique. The X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） were used to analyze the electrodes. Influence of the surface modification on the performance of the MH/Ni batteries was studied. It is shown that the surface modification could enhance the electrode eondue tivity and decrease the batteries ohimie resistance by 28.2 %. After surface modification, the discharge capacity of the batteries at 5C （8.5 A） is increased by 212 mA· h and discharge voltage is increased by 0.09 V. The surface modification also improves the cyclic durability of the batteries. The inner pressure of the batteries with modified electrode during overcharging is much lower than that with unmodified electrode. The experimental results demonstrate that this process is an effective way for the surface modification of the electrode of MH/Ni batteries.

棒电极直径和端部形状对短空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响研究

空气间隙交流击穿特性试验常采用棒棒、棒板电极作为试验电极,目前棒电极直径、棒端部形状对空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响尚不清晰。为此,用直径2 cm、1 cm的圆棒和直径1 cm的尖棒搭建棒棒、棒板电极,开展5~40 cm短空气间隙下的交流击穿试验,研究棒电极直径和端部形状对空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响。结果表明:在试验棒电极直径和端部形状范围内,空气间隙距离5~20 cm时,各棒棒或棒板电极空气间隙击穿电压相对偏差在5.93%~33%之间,随着空气间隙距离增大,棒电极直径和端部形状对棒棒、棒板空气间隙击穿电压的影响逐渐减弱;空气间隙距离大于20 cm时,各棒棒或棒板电极空气间隙击穿电压相对偏差均小于5%。研究认为,空气间隙距离超过20 cm时,棒电极直径和端部形状对棒棒、棒板空气间隙击穿电压无影响。

振动对交流电压下针板电极局部放电起始特性的影响

高压电气设备在实际运行过程中常伴随着持续的机械振动,为探究振动对极不均匀电场局部放电起始放电特性的影响,搭建了空气中振动条件下针板电极局部放电试验平台,采集了起始放电过程的局部放电信号,在工频电压下分别研究了电极间距、振幅、振动频率对局部放电起始过程的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着振幅增加,间隙最大电场强度增大,碰撞电离过程加剧,起始放电电压降低,负半周放电次数和放电量增加,正负半周放电相位扩大;随着电极间距增加,振动对电场不均匀程度影响减小,负半周起始放电过程受振动影响逐渐减弱;振动频率会影响起晕段内高场强区的作用时间,振动频率越高,带电粒子能够获得的最大动能越小,碰撞电离过程越微弱,放电的剧烈程度越低。

干式直流电容器全链条国产化关键技术探讨

高性能薄膜电容器广泛应用于新能源交通工具、输变电工程、医疗救治器械和电磁脉冲武器等领域,其中干式直流电容器更是柔性直流输电的重要装备。目前薄膜电容器生产过程中从原料到重要装备完全依靠国外技术,高端薄膜电容器超净聚丙烯(PP)原料完全依赖从国外进口,加工双向拉伸BOPP薄膜和电极蒸镀等大型生产设备都是从发达国家购买,严重制约了我国薄膜电容器技术研发和工程应用,特别是在当前的复杂国际环境下带来诸多隐患,一旦国外禁止向我国出售相关原料和设备,将严重影响我国高科技领域的发展。由此,在当前复杂的国际环境和我国政府提出的“双碳”目标背景下,必须下大力气着力解决影响薄膜电容器领域发展的诸多关键因素,依靠自主技术服务于新能源系统建设。在国家重点研发计划“干式直流电容器用电介质薄膜材料”重点专项支持下,本文从薄膜电容器用电工级超净PP原料入手,探讨通过相关领域科研院所与相关企业深度合作,进行电工级超净PP原料技术攻关,解决研发验证过程中存在的问题,从全局观出发力图解决我国干式直流电容器工程应用面临的重大问题,形成我国干式直流电容器全链条国产化关键技术。

织物和静电极板参数对静电吸附力的影响分析

为了明确织物和静电极板参数对静电吸附力的影响规律,为服装软面料的静电吸附式抓取提供理论支撑,文章开展织物参数和静电极板参数对静电吸附力影响规律的系统性研究。首先建立纬编织物结构模型及静电吸附力理论模型,通过理论分析结果和仿真结果的对比分析,验证仿真方法的有效性;接着基于Maxwell张量法推导了五层二维静电吸附力理论模型,分析静电吸附力模型结构参数对静电吸附力的影响规律,并得出结论:(1)静电吸附力和电极上施加电压的平方成正比;(2)织物密度越大,产生的静电吸附力越大;(3)绝缘层介电常数越大,静电吸附力越大;绝缘层厚度越大,静电吸附力越小;(4)随着极板占空比及电极间距的增大,静电吸附力均呈先增大后减小的趋势。

电解液改善锂离子电池低温析锂研究进展

锂离子电池作为便携式电子产品和电动汽车的“心脏”,在推动人类社会的无化石燃料化中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,在低温条件下(0℃及以下)充电时,锂离子电池电极极化急剧增大,导致了严重的析锂问题。通过合理设计低温电解液,降低低温充电时电极极化,并构建稳定的电解液-电极界面,可以有效遏制析锂及其对锂离子电池带来的不利影响。本文首先阐释了低温下锂离子电池析锂的形成机制,并指出低温电解液的设计是改善锂离子电池低温析锂行为的有效途径。接着,本文进一步介绍了缓解低温析锂问题的几种电解液设计策略,包括降低去溶剂化能垒的弱溶剂化电解液和共嵌入电解液、衍生低阻抗固态电解质界面膜(SEI)的局部高盐电解液以及钝化析锂的羧酸酯基高盐电解液,同时比较了这些策略的优劣势。最后,结合现有研究成果,展望了电解液调控低温析锂行为的未来研究方向,提出了发展实时析锂预警方法、采用实用化条件评估电解液抑制低温析锂能力以及设计兼顾电化学动力学和界面稳定性的高比能硅碳负极用低温电解液,以望实现低温锂离子电池的高容量发挥和长循环寿命。

针板电晕等离子体对提升农业地膜降解率的影响

地膜为农业发展带来了极大的便利,但由于其稳定的理化性质,在自然条件下极难进行处理,若处理不当极易对环境造成严重威胁。为了探究低温等离子体降解技术中不同实验因素对农业地膜降解效果的影响,本研究采用自制针板电极结构,通过施加高频交流电压对聚乙烯地膜进行了等离子体处理。分析了输入功率、放电时间、电极数量以及空气流通等因素对地膜降解率的影响。通过地膜质量、拉曼光谱图、扫描电子显微镜以及相对分子质量等参数对比了处理前后地膜的变化。结果表明:当输入功率由26 W上升至80 W,地膜降解率提升了约2.6倍,提高输入功率可以增加反应空间内的高能电子和活性物质,但能量效率并未随降解率而升高,当输入功率为51 W时,能量效率最高为58.82μg/(W·h);针尖数量会影响等离子体的均匀性和输入功率,随着针电极数量增加,地膜降解率由3.49%下降至2.1%后又上升到3.57%;延长放电时间会导致分子链结构更容易受到等离子体攻击,发生断裂;此外,空气流动性会影响反应器内的臭氧浓度,当输入功率较低时,密闭环境下臭氧浓度更高,当输入功率提升至80 W,具有良好空气流动性情况下臭氧浓度更高,有助于提升地膜降解率。

质子交换膜燃料电池核心部件分析

对质子交换膜燃料电池工作原理、结构进行分析,重点对质子交换膜燃料电池的双极板、质子交换膜、电催化剂、膜电极关键部件进行分析研究,质子交换膜燃料电池生产成本高是影响商业化普及的重要原因,未来随着质子交换膜燃料电池技术的进步,生产成本将大幅度降低,有望在汽车产业得到广泛应用。

静电火花感度仪中针板电极间隙击穿过程的仿真与分析

为了研究静电火花感度仪中针板电极间隙的击穿特性,根据流注放电理论,建立了流体动力学-化学反应混合模型,对针板电极间隙的击穿放电过程进行了数值模拟。计算表明,在不同的放电初始条件下,流注头部电场强度、流注发展速度、电子平均能量等参数的时空演化表现出明显差异。击穿过程受针电极形状、针板间距、外加电压、气体压强等因素影响并呈现如下规律:减小针电极直径、头部曲率半径或针板间距,以及提高电压,均能增大流注头部电场强度并加快流注发展;增大气体压强,会使流注头部电场强度增大,电子平均能量减小,流注发展减慢。研究结果可以为静电火花感度试验装置的设计提供一定的理论依据。

电解极板高效烘干系统设计与应用

电解是金属提纯的主要方法,而电解锰在洗涤后、剥离前需要烘干,以避免锰在潮湿的环境下被氧化。目前,大多数生产企业在清洗和烘干过程中采用人工操作,劳动强度大,生产效率低,烘干能耗高。该文结合我国电解锰后处理装备发展的现状,通过对极板烘干机理的研究,提出将吹干与烘干结合,在电解极板洗涤后进入烘箱前增加风刀吹干,将极板表面水分预先吹落,再对极板进行烘干的高效烘干系统,该技术应用于某大型电解锰企业的新建20 kt/a电解锰项目上,实现极板后处理作业自动生产,同时烘干综合能耗降低30%以上的良好效果。

燃料电池极板过渡区结构的优化设计

为解决质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cells,PEMFC)反应区流道燃料分配不均匀性,采用计算流体力学方法对流道燃料流动进行仿真,采用变异系数对不同方案进行评价,研究过渡区中圆柱体积占比、圆柱排列方式、圆柱到流道距离、过渡区圆柱开孔率对燃料分配均匀性的影响。结果表明:采用圆柱导流的燃料分配均匀性优于导流道导流;过渡区圆柱采用正方形排列时燃料分配均匀性最佳;增加圆柱到流道的距离,各流道燃料分配均匀性呈现先升高后下降的趋势,距离为3 mm时均匀性较好;过渡区开孔率约为11.4%时燃料分配均匀性较好,过大过小都会造成分配均匀性恶化。

基于Over-plating成型的金属微电极阵列制备技术

为了解决MEMS工艺制备金属微电极阵列时,电极与基底结合力小,易脱落等问题,提出了基于Over-plating成型的过电铸法金属微电极阵列制备技术。在常温下,选择190 g/m L的CuSO_4·5H_2O、60 g/L的H_2SO_4、70 mg/L的氯离子以及适量的添加剂配置成的电铸液,并采用酸性镀铜工艺,设置电流密度1.5 A/dm^2,过电铸20 h,经抛光处理后,分别得到了高度200μm、900μm,线宽200μm,中心距300μm的柱金属微电极阵列。所制备的金属微电极阵列,在相邻区域金属沉积过程中相互影响形成了较深的孔缝,这些微孔极大地增加了三维微电极的表面积。可见,过电铸工艺是一种便捷、快速、低成本的微电极制备工艺。