Optical, Photoelectrochemical, and Electrochemical Impedance Studies on Photoactive Organic/Inorganic/Interface Assemblies of Poly 2,2 Bithiophene/Poly 3-(2-Thienyl) Aniline (PThA)/TiO₂

Particles of TiO2 modified with poly 3-(2-thienyl) aniline (PThA) and occluded in poly 2,2 bithiophene (PBTh), were subjected to optical, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) investigation in aqueous, acetate, citrate, and phosphate electrolytes. EIS studies revealed that the assembly film of TiO2/PThA/PBTh possess porous-type structure. They also confirmed the approximate value of Ef obtained from electrochemical studies. Both EIS and optical studies indicated that ac conductivity is much greater than dc conductivity. Guided by the properties of PBTh, no large changes in the energy band structure occurred due to occlusion of TiO2 in PBTh films. Occlusion of TiO2/PThA into the network structure of PBTh inhibits the energy dissipation process and impeded charge polarization process of the material. Photoelectrochemical outcome suggested possible band alignments between the organic film and TiO2 and formation of hybrid sub-bands. Inclusion of TiO2 in the thiophene-based polymers enhanced the charge separation and consequently charge transfer processes and widen the absorption in visible light range.

Interface Engineering of Titanium Nitride Nanotube Composites for Excellent Microwave Absorption at Elevated Temperature

Currently,the microwave absorbers usually suffer dreadful electromagnetic wave absorption(EMWA)performance damping at elevated temperature due to impedance mismatching induced by increased conduction loss.Consequently,the development of high-performance EMWA materials with good impedance matching and strong loss ability in wide temperature spectrum has emerged as a top priority.Herein,due to the high melting point,good electrical conductivity,excellent environmental stability,EM coupling effect,and abundant interfaces of titanium nitride(TiN)nanotubes,they were designed based on the controlling kinetic diffusion procedure and Ostwald ripening process.Benefiting from boosted heterogeneous interfaces between TiN nanotubes and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),enhanced polarization loss relaxations were created,which could not only improve the depletion efficiency of EMWA,but also contribute to the optimized impedance matching at elevated temperature.Therefore,the TiN nanotubes/PDMS composite showed excellent EMWA performances at varied temperature(298-573 K),while achieved an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)value of 3.23 GHz and a minimum reflection loss(RLmin)value of−44.15 dB at 423 K.This study not only clarifies the relationship between dielectric loss capacity(conduction loss and polarization loss)and temperature,but also breaks new ground for EM absorbers in wide temperature spectrum based on interface engineering.

Development and Evaluation of a 7-DOF Haptic Interface

With the development of human robot interaction technologies, haptic interfaces are widely used for 3 D applications to provide the sense of touch. These interfaces have been utilized in medical simulation, virtual assembly and remote manipulation tasks. However, haptic interface design and control are still critical problems to reproduce the highly sensitive touch sense of humans. This paper presents the development and evaluation of a7-DOF(degree of freedom) haptic interface based on the modified delta mechanism. Firstly, both kinematics and dynamics of the modified mechanism are analyzed and presented. A novel gravity compensation algorithm based on the physical model is proposed and validated in simulation. A haptic controller is proposed based on the forward kinematics and the gravity compensation algorithm. To evaluate the control performance of the haptic interface, a prototype has been implemented. Three kinds of experiments: gravity compensation, static response and force tracking are performed respectively. The experimental results show that the mean error of the gravity compensation is less than 0.7 N and the maximum continuous force along the axis can be up to 6 N. This demonstrates the good performance of the proposed haptic interface.

Effects of grinding-induced grain boundary and interfaces on electrical transportation and structure phase transition in ZnSe under high pressure

Interface and scale effects are the two most important factors which strongly affect the structure and the properties of nano-/micro-crystals under pressure.We conduct an experiment under high pressure in situ alternating current impedance to elucidate the effects of interface on the structure and electrical transport behavior of two Zn Se samples with different sizes obtained by physical grinding.The results show that（i） two different-sized Zn Se samples undergo the same phase transitions from zinc blend to cinnabar-type phase and then to rock salt phase;（ii） the structural transition pressure of the859-nm Zn Se sample is higher than that of the sample of 478 nm,which indicates the strong scale effect.The pressure induced boundary resistance change is obtained by fitting the impedance spectrum,which shows that the boundary conduction dominates the electrical transport behavior of Zn Se in the whole experimental pressure range.By comparing the impedance spectra of two different-sized Zn Se samples at high pressure,we find that the resistance of the 478-nm Zn Se sample is lower than that of the 859-nm sample,which illustrates that the sample with smaller particle size has more defects which are due to physical grinding.

Structure and resistance of concentration polar layer on cation exchange membrane-solution interface

Membrane/solution interface consists of a neutral concentration polai layer(CPL) and a charge layer(CL) under external electrical field, and the neutral CPL can be neglected under high frequency AC electrical field. The relationship of CL thickness e with electrolyte concentration C and fixed ion exchange sites density σ in membrane surface layer can be expressed as e

Vertical impedance functions of pile groups under low-to-high loading amplitudes:numerical simulations and experimental validation

Piles in a group experience additional displacements in soil due to pile-to-pile interactions apart from those resulting from the external loading.The effect of these interactions determined assuming soil as an elastic and/or viscoelastic material on pile head impedance functions of the pile group is studied by relating the group stiffness to the static stiffness of a single pile.However,the prevailing elastic solutions may misestimate the resulting pile group response due to the lack of consideration for either soil(material)and/or soil-pile interface nonlinearities.It is well established that soil behaves nonlinearly under moderate-to-high loading amplitudes,and besides,the soil-pile interface nonlinearity can exist even at small loading amplitudes.This study addresses the effects of these nonlinearities on the vertical impedance functions of a 3×3-pile group using numerical methods by direct analyses and superposition using pile-to-pile interaction factors.The numerical results are validated using scaled model tests under 1 g conditions.The results highlight the overestimation of pile-to-pile interactions in the pile group when assuming elastic soil conditions.The cases either by direct analyses or superposition approach involving soil and soil-pile interface nonlinearities agree well with the experimental pile group responses under close-to-elastic and nonlinear conditions.

Homogeneous interface-type resistance switching in Au/La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3/SrTiO_3/F:SnO_2 heterojunction memories

La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 thin films are fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide conducting glass substrates by a pulsed laser deposition technique with SrTiO3 used as a buffer layer. The current-voltage characteristics of the heterojunetions exhibit an asymmetric and resistance switching behaviour. A homogeneous interface-type conduction mechanism is also reported using impedance spectroscopy. The spatial homogeneity of the charge carrier distribution leads to field- induced potential-barrier change at the Au-La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 interface and a concomitant resistance switching effect. The ratio of the high resistance state to the low resistance state is found to be as high as 1.3 x 10^4% by simulating the AC electric field. This colossal resistance switching effect will greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio in nonvolatile memory applications.

Alternating-Current Transport Properties of the Interface between Nd_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_(3) Ceramic and a Ag Electrode

Electrical transport properties of the interface between a Nd_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_(3) ceramic and a Ag electrode are investigated using the ac impedance over a wide temperature and frequency ranges.The ac impedance measurements give the compressed semicircle arcs at different temperatures,which are used for the analysis of different contributions to electrical transport based on an electrical equivalent circuit.A significant interface-dependent electroresistance effect of 530% is clearly developed around the metal-insulator transition temperature 130K,which is confirmed as the interface-layer dependent Curie temperature by the plot of interfacial conductance with frequency at different temperatures.

Understanding the Thermal Impedance of Silicone Rubber/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Composites as Thermal Interface Materials

Silicone rubber(SR) composites are most widely used as thermal interface materials(TIMs) for electronics heat dissipation. Thermal impedance as the main bottleneck limiting the performance of TIMs is usually neglected. Herein, the thermal impedance of SR composites loaded with different levels of hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) as TIMs was elaborated for the first time by the ASTM D 5470 standard test and finite element analysis. It was found that elastic modulus and surface roughness of SR composites increased with the increase of h-BN content, indicating that the conformity was reduced. When the assembly pressure was 0.69 MPa, there existed an optimal h-BN content at which the contact resistance was minimum(0.39 K·cm^(2)·W^(-1)). Although the decreased bond line thickness(BLT) by increasing the assembly pressure was beneficial to reduce the thermal impedance, the proper assembly pressure should be selected to prevent the warpage of the contact surfaces and the increase in contact resistance, according to the compression properties of the SR composites. This study provides valuable insights into fabrication of high-performance TIMs for modern electronic device applications.

Interfacial transport in lithium-ion conductors

Physical models of ion diffusion at different interfaces are reviewed. The use of impedance spectroscopy （IS）, nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）, and secondary ion mass spectrometry （SIMS） techniques are also discussed. The diffusion of ions is fundamental to the operation of lithium-ion batteries, taking place not only within the grains but also across different interfaces. Interfacial ion transport usually contributes to the majority of the resistance in lithium-ion batteries. A greater understanding of the interfacial diffusion of ions is crucial to improving battery performance.

夹心杆系统中一维弹塑性波演化精细分析(Ⅱ):弹塑性交界面与平台段反射衰减

相对于入射波加载阶段透反射分析过程,入射波平台段持续时间长且弹塑性传播与演化行为复杂得多,此阶段试件内弹塑性波相互作用的影响非常明显。开展了矩形入射波作用下试件内弹塑性波的相互作用及其在两个界面上的弹塑性透反射行为计算,定量研究了夹心杆系统中反射波的衰减特征。结果表明:强入射波作用下,由于弹塑性波相互作用,试件内形成了曲线型弹塑性交界面,使透射端达到屈服状态的时间明显提前,该弹塑性交界面以大于弹性声速的速度向反射端变速传播;在塑性阶段,反射波的衰减是试件截面积增大引起的广义波阻抗增大和压缩引起的塑性波往返次数增加两个方面导致的衰减量之和。计算显示,试件的密度变化虽然明显影响其波速和广义波阻抗,但两个方面引起的衰减量之和正好接近于零,使得密度变化对透反射波平台段变化的影响可以忽略;塑性模量的增大使得反射波在平台端衰减更快,而试件直径对反射波衰减速度的影响并不是单调的,从4 mm增大到10 mm,反射波衰减速度增大,但增大到12 mm后衰减量反而有所减小。研究结果可为分离式Hopkinson压杆试验透反射波形的深入分析以及精细化试验设计与数据处理提供参考。

太阳能电池阻抗谱测量方法及其应用进展

阻抗谱测量技术是研究太阳能电池的重要手段。该文首先对近几年提出的阻抗谱测量方法进行评述,分析各类方法的优缺点。通过对阻抗谱测量方法的研究,发现不同测量方法之间的差异主要体现在其效率、精度以及成本等方面。其次,分析阻抗谱在太阳电池故障检测、电子输运、界面研究等方面的应用情况,指出它们评价电池动态行为时存在的不足之处。最后,总结阻抗谱测量方法未来发展方向及应用需求。

适应于逆变型风电接入系统的改进故障序分量选相方法

针对传统故障序分量选相元件在逆变型风电接入系统中可靠性较低的问题,提出了一种改进的故障序分量选相方法。首先,分析在最新风电场低电压穿越策略下,风电侧的故障序阻抗特性及传统故障序分量选相元件的适应性。然后,利用负正序、负零序阻抗相位差等效正负序、零负序电流分支系数相位差,以补偿传统序分量选相判据的相角误差。最后,采用补偿后的故障序电流相位差作为选相判据,实现了故障相的判别。同时通过调整零负序选相分区,使其具有较好的耐过渡电阻能力。仿真实验表明,在不同故障类型、故障位置和过渡电阻下改进选相方法均能可靠地选出故障相。

全功率型逆变电源侧工频变化量距离保护性能下降机理分析

受逆变型分布式电源(IIDG)系统内阻抗不稳定的影响,工频变化量距离保护在全功率型逆变电源侧存在拒动风险,但现有理论未能从机理方面明确指出造成内阻抗不稳定的具体因素,难以提出针对性的保护改进方案。为了深入探究IIDG侧工频变化量距离保护性能急剧下降的机理,基于阻抗平面法分析指出,在全功率型逆变电源控制策略的作用下,IIDG侧正序电流增量表现为相位、幅值受控的独立变量,其与过渡电阻共同构成的附加阻抗大小随故障工况变化且矢量方向发生不确定性偏转,导致保护正确动作可行域不明晰,在传统阻抗继电器整定判据下保护可靠性严重劣化。在此基础上,进一步研究了主流的PQ控制及低电压穿越控制策略对该保护动作安全性和耐受过渡电阻能力的影响。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性,为工频变化量距离保护在IIDG并网工况下故障响应能力的恢复提供了有益的理论参考。

冲击激励式压电俘能器的接口电路设计

设计了一种自供能同步非对称电压翻转及电荷提取电路(SP-SAFCE),其在压电俘能器电压正峰值完全翻转,在负峰值将能量完全提取,结合了并联同步开关电感电路和同步电荷提取电路的特点。相比于传统的压电接口电路,SP-SAFCE具有自供能的峰值检测模块和开关、无整流桥、无需阻抗匹配等优势。在拨动频率和磁铁间距离变化条件下进行对比实验,实验表明,在相同冲击激励下,SP-SAFCE电路的工作电压比同步电荷提取电路低0.8 V,输出功率约为同步电荷提取电路的1.15倍,适合作为冲击激励式压电俘能器的接口电路。

一款用于双向传输高速接口的阻抗校准电路

在具有双向传输功能的高速串行接口中,发射机输出端的两个电阻对电路性能有很大的影响。为提升电路在复杂环境中的工作性能,需要对电阻进行阻抗校准。传统的阻抗校准存在着功耗高、面积大、系统误差大、收敛时间长等缺点。针对上述问题,设计了一款用于双向传输高速串行接口的阻抗校准电路,通过共用电流源的方式有效地减小了阻抗校准电路的面积及功耗,并消除了电流源失配带来的系统误差;引入了带有失调消除的比较器,并对比较器中存在的开关管漏电及时钟馈通等效应进行优化,降低了校准电路的系统误差;使用了逐次逼近寄存器(Successive Approximation Register,SAR)逻辑对最佳的电阻校准控制码进行查找,从而减小了收敛时间。在SMIC 40 nm工艺上实现了一款高精度,低功耗,且可对两个电阻分别进行调节的阻抗校准电路。对两个待校准电阻进行蒙特卡洛分析,阻抗校准的3σ值分别为201.76 mΩ,198.80 mΩ,阻抗校准电路整体功耗为4.205 mW。

基于S7-200Smart的联合站原油盘库系统设计

在石油生产过程中,联合站具有油气水分离、原油脱水、油水外输等重要功能,是油田原油集输和处理的中枢。联合站内原油沉降罐中油水界面及液位的准确测量对于油田的稳定运行和实时计量有着重要的作用。针对目前原油盘库系统存在的不足,本文提出了一种通过大罐多相剖面仪对介质阻抗进行逐点测量实现罐内液位监控的测量方法,提高液位及油水界面的测量精度和实时性,对油田联合站智能化建设具有重要意义。

功率连接型数字物理混合仿真系统 (一)接口算法特性

功率连接型数字物理混合仿真结合了实时数字仿真和动态物理模拟的优点,是未来研究新能源发电和储能设备物理特性和接入技术的关键手段。接口算法是功率连接型混合仿真系统的关键技术。文中从稳定性和精确性2个方面,研究并建立了功率连接型混合仿真系统的接口特性。对阻抗阻尼接口进行了化简,分析了简化阻尼阻抗接口和理想变压器接口的稳定性。分析了简化阻尼阻抗接口对数字仿真系统精确性的影响,得出在阻抗匹配时阻尼阻抗法不受接口延迟影响的透明特性。针对物理模拟系统无源和有源2种情况,分析了简化阻尼阻抗接口和理想变压器接口对物理被试系统精确性的影响,得出理想变压器接口带有源负载能力优于阻尼阻抗接口的结论。根据理论分析结果,给出了在各种情况下选择接口算法的原则。

功率连接型数字物理混合仿真系统(二)适应有源被试系统的新型接口算法

将实时数字仿真技术和动态物理模拟技术结合起来,可以对含可再生能源和储能的微网系统进行研究与测试。由于被试系统为有源系统,对混合仿真系统的接口算法提出了更高的要求。针对简化阻尼阻抗接口,设计了一种适用于有源被试系统的阻抗跟踪算法,实现了实时阻抗匹配。提出了一种新的混合接口模型,新接口用理想变压器接口构成前向驱动器,以激励物理模拟系统;由简化阻尼阻抗接口构成反向观测器,以获得精确的数字仿真结果。MATLAB仿真表明,对于有源被试系统,新接口算法兼顾了简化阻尼接口算法对数字仿真系统的"透明性"以及理想变压器接口的带有源负载能力。

不同背板对陶瓷复合装甲抗弹性能影响的研究

用12.7mm穿燃弹对几种不同背板的陶瓷复合装甲进行了实弹射击试验,以研究复合装甲中陶瓷与背板组成的界面对其抗枪弹性能的影响。试验中在有效弹速下,以弹丸在后效板上的垂直残余穿深来作为衡量陶瓷复合装甲抗弹性能的指标。陶瓷复合装甲由Al2O3陶瓷层和不同密度的均质材料组成。根据试验结果及对其的分析讨论,看出随着背板材料声阻抗的提高,界面阻止弹丸侵彻的能力也是降低的。