基于深度学习的EEG数据分析技术综述

对近年来的相关工作进行全面分析、横向比较,梳理出基于深度学习的EEG数据分析闭环流程.对EEG数据进行介绍,从深度学习在EEG数据预处理、特征提取以及模型泛化3个关键阶段的应用进行展开,梳理深度学习算法在相应阶段提供的研究思路和解决方案,包括各阶段所存在的难点与问题.全方位总结出不同算法的主要贡献和局限性,讨论深度学习技术在各个阶段处理EEG数据时所面临的挑战及未来的发展方向.

Effects of Immediate Dental Loading Implant Therapy on Electroencephalography (EEG) and Stress

Purpose: Implant therapy restores masticatory function by restoring lost tooth morphology. It has been shown that mastication contributes not only to food intake and digestion, but also to the improvement of overall health. However, there have been no studies on the effects of implant treatment on electroencephalography (EEG). In this study, we investigated the effects of restoration of masticatory function by implant treatment on EEG and stress. Methods: 13 subjects (6 males, 7 females, age 64.1 ± 5.8 years) who had lost masticatory function due to tooth loss and 11 healthy subjects (6 males, 5 females, age 47.6 ± 2.4 years) as a control group. EEG (θ, α, β waves, α/β ratio) and salivary cortisol were measured before immediate dental implant treatment and every month of treatment for 6 months. EEG (θ, α, β waves, α/β ratio) was measured with a simple electroencephalograph miniature DAQ terminal (Intercross-410, Intercross Co., Ltd., Japan) in a resting closed-eye condition, and salivary cortisol was measured using an ELISA kit. Results: Compared to the control group, the appearance of θ and α waves were significantly decreased and β waves were increased, and α/β ratio was significantly decreased. The cortisol level of the subject group was significantly higher compared with the control group. With the course of implant treatment, the appearance of θ and α waves of the subject group increased, while β waves decreased. However, no significant difference was observed. The α/β ratio of the subject group increased from the first month after implant treatment and increased significantly after 5 and 6 months (0 vs. 5 months: p < 0.05, 0 vs. 6 months: p < 0.01). The cortisol levels in the subject group decreased from the first month after implant treatment and significantly decreased after 3 or 4 months (0 vs. 3 months: p < 0.05, 0 vs. 4 months: p < 0.01). These results suggest that tooth loss causes mental stress, which decreases brain stimulation and affects function. Restoration of masticatory function by implants was suggested to alleviate the effects on brain function and stress.

Detection of EEG signals in normal and epileptic seizures with multiscale multifractal analysis approach via weighted horizontal visibility graph

Electroencephalogram(EEG) signals contain important information about the regulation of brain system. Thus, automatic detection of epilepsy by analyzing the characteristics obtained from EEG signals has important research implications in the field of clinical medicine. In this paper, the horizontal visibility graph(HVG) algorithm is used to map multifractal EEG signals into complex networks. Then, we study the structure of the networks and explore the nonlinear dynamics properties of the EEG signals inherited from these networks. In order to better describe complex brain behaviors, we use the angle between two connected nodes as the edge weight of the network and construct the weighted horizontal visibility graph(WHVG). In our studies, fractality and multifractality of WHVG are innovatively used to analyze the structure of related networks. However, these methods only analyze the reconstructed dynamical system in general characterizations,they are not sufficient to describe the complex behavior and cannot provide a comprehensive picture of the system. To this effect, we propose an improved multiscale multifractal analysis(MMA) for network, which extends the description of the network dynamics features by focusing on the relationship between the multifractality and the measured scale-free intervals.Furthermore, neural networks are applied to train the above-mentioned parameters for the classification and identification of three kinds of EEG signals, i.e., health, interictal phase, and ictal phase. By evaluating our experimental results, the classification accuracy is 99.0%, reflecting the effectiveness of the WHVG algorithm in extracting the potential dynamic characteristics of EEG signals.

Feature Selection with Deep Belief Network for Epileptic Seizure Detection on EEG Signals

The term Epilepsy refers to a most commonly occurring brain disorder after a migraine.Early identification of incoming seizures significantly impacts the lives of people with Epilepsy.Automated detection of epileptic seizures(ES)has dramatically improved the life quality of the patients.Recent Electroencephalogram(EEG)related seizure detection mechanisms encountered several difficulties in real-time.The EEGs are the non-stationary signal,and seizure patternswould changewith patients and recording sessions.Further,EEG data were disposed to wide noise varieties that adversely moved the recognition accuracy of ESs.Artificial intelligence(AI)methods in the domain of ES analysis use traditional deep learning(DL),and machine learning(ML)approaches.This article introduces an Oppositional Aquila Optimizer-based Feature Selection with Deep Belief Network for Epileptic Seizure Detection(OAOFS-DBNECD)technique using EEG signals.The primary aim of the presented OAOFS-DBNECD system is to categorize and classify the presence of ESs.The suggested OAOFS-DBNECD technique transforms the EEG signals into.csv format at the initial stage.Next,the OAOFS technique selects an optimal subset of features using the preprocessed data.For seizure classification,the presented OAOFS-DBNECD technique applies Artificial Ecosystem Optimizer(AEO)with a deep belief network(DBN)model.An extensive range of simulations was performed on the benchmark dataset to ensure the enhanced performance of the presented OAOFS-DBNECD algorithm.The comparison study shows the significant outcomes of the OAOFS-DBNECD approach over other methodologies.In addition,the result of the suggested approach has been evaluated using the CHB-MIT database,and the findings demonstrate accuracy of 97.81%.These findings confirmed the best seizure categorization accuracy on the EEG data considered.

Multi-View & Transfer Learning for Epilepsy Recognition Based on EEG Signals

Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal.Electroencephalogram(EEG)signals,as recordings of brain activity,have been widely used for epilepsy recognition.To study epilep-tic EEG signals and develop artificial intelligence(AI)-assist recognition,a multi-view transfer learning(MVTL-LSR)algorithm based on least squares regression is proposed in this study.Compared with most existing multi-view transfer learning algorithms,MVTL-LSR has two merits:(1)Since traditional transfer learning algorithms leverage knowledge from different sources,which poses a significant risk to data privacy.Therefore,we develop a knowledge transfer mechanism that can protect the security of source domain data while guaranteeing performance.(2)When utilizing multi-view data,we embed view weighting and manifold regularization into the transfer framework to measure the views’strengths and weaknesses and improve generalization ability.In the experimental studies,12 different simulated multi-view&transfer scenarios are constructed from epileptic EEG signals licensed and provided by the Uni-versity of Bonn,Germany.Extensive experimental results show that MVTL-LSR outperforms baselines.The source code will be available on https://github.com/didid5/MVTL-LSR.

基于改进的GAF算法的EEG情感识别

利用脑电图(EEG)信号对人类的情感进行识别一直是一个重要且具有挑战性的研究领域。传统的方法都是对一维EEG信号进行分析,然后提取特征进行识别;但这种方法需要提取许多时域或频域上的特征才能取得较好的识别效果。考虑到二维图像蕴含的信息要远远比一维信号蕴含的信息丰富,因此将一维信号转换成二维图像可以提取更加有效的特征进行识别。为此,该文提出了一种基于改进的Gramian Angular Field(GAF)算法的EEG情感识别方法。首先,从EEG信号中提取alpha、beta、gama三个频段的子带信号;然后,提出了一种基于马氏距离加权的改进GAF算法将一维EEG信号转换成二维特征图像;接着,从二维图像中提取奇异值熵、图能量等特征;最后,利用卷积神经网络(CNN)对提取的EEG特征进行分类识别。基于广泛使用的DEAP数据集,针对四分类(HAHV、LAHV、LALV和HALV)情感识别任务,对该模型进行了验证。实验结果表明:所提算法的平均分类准确率达到92.63%,与现有的识别方法对比具有一定的优势。

Applications of advanced signal processing and machine learning in the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic electroencephalography

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy significantly contributes to neonatal death and life-long disability such as cerebral palsy. Advances in signal processing and machine learning have provided the research community with an opportunity to develop automated real-time identification techniques to detect the signs of hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy in larger electroencephalography/amplitude-integrated electroencephalography data sets more easily. This review details the recent achievements, performed by a number of prominent research groups across the world, in the automatic identification and classification of hypoxic-ischemic epileptiform neonatal seizures using advanced signal processing and machine learning techniques. This review also addresses the clinical challenges that current automated techniques face in order to be fully utilized by clinicians, and highlights the importance of upgrading the current clinical bedside sampling frequencies to higher sampling rates in order to provide better hypoxic-ischemic biomarker detection frameworks. Additionally, the article highlights that current clinical automated epileptiform detection strategies for human neonates have been only concerned with seizure detection after the therapeutic latent phase of injury. Whereas recent animal studies have demonstrated that the latent phase of opportunity is critically important for early diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy electroencephalography biomarkers and although difficult, detection strategies could utilize biomarkers in the latent phase to also predict the onset of future seizures.

基于时空和频域特征的EEG帕金森疾病识别

脑电图(EEG)中蕴含着有关脑功能的丰富信息,这些信息对不同类型神经系统疾病的检测和诊断非常重要。针对单一特征无法充分表达脑电信号的问题,本文融合了频域特征和时空信息来更好的对信号进行表征,并提出一种基于时空和频域特征的注意力网络(STFACN)用于帕金森疾病(PD)的自动检测。在频域角度,利用快速傅里叶变换法从多通道脑电图中求取Delta、Theta、Alpha频段的平均功率特征。同时构建基于时空特征的紧凑型卷积神经网络,并将通道注意力机制嵌入到网络中,自适应提取表征PD的时空特征。最后将基于频域特征的模型与基于时空特征的紧凑型卷积神经网络模型进行融合,在新墨西哥州大学(UNM)数据集上进行实验,特异性、敏感性、准确率分别达到87.97%、84.39%、86.89%。在爱荷华大学(UI)数据集上进行跨数据集实验,准确率达到77.33%。实验结果表明:与现有的方法相比,本文提出的方法能够从原始脑电图中挖掘出有效特征,在基于EEG的帕金森疾病识别问题上准确率高,泛化能力强。

A Method for Quantifying the Emotional Intensity and Duration of a Startle Reaction with Customized Fractal Dimensions of EEG Signals

The assessment of emotions with fractal dimensions of EEG signals has been attempted before, but the quantification of the intensity and duration of sudden and short emotions remains a challenge. This paper suggests a method for this purpose, by using a new fractal dimension algorithm and by adjusting the amplitude of the EEG signal in order to obtain maximal separation of high and low fractal dimensions. The emotion was induced by embedding a scary image at 20 seconds in landscape videos of 60 seconds length. The new method did not only detect the onset of the emotion correctly, but also revealed its duration and intensity. The intensity is based on the magnitude and impulse of the fractal dimension signal. It is also shown that Higuchi’s method does not always detect emotion spikes correctly;on the contrary, the region of the expected emotional response can be represented by fractal dimensions smaller than the rest of the signal, whereas the new method directly reveals distinct spikes. The duration of these spikes was 10 - 11 seconds. The magnitude of these spikes varied across the EEG channels. The build-up and cool-down of the emotions can occur with steep and flat gradients.

Classification of Imagined Speech EEG Signals with DWT and SVM

With the development of human-computer interaction technology,brain-computer interface(BCI)has been widely used in medical,entertainment,military,and other fields.Imagined speech is the latest paradigm of BCI and represents the mental process of imagining a word without making a sound or making clear facial movements.Imagined speech allows patients with physical disabilities to communicate with the outside world and use smart devices through imagination.Imagined speech can meet the needs of more complex manipulative tasks considering its more intuitive features.This study proposes a classification method of imagined speech Electroencephalogram(EEG)signals with discrete wavelet transform(DWT)and support vector machine(SVM).An open dataset that consists of 15 subjects imagining speaking six different words,namely,up,down,left,right,backward,and forward,is used.The objective is to improve the classification accuracy of imagined speech BCI system.The features of EEG signals are first extracted by DWT,and the imagined words are clas-sified by SVM with the above features.Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 61.69%,which is better than those of existing methods for classifying imagined speech tasks.

Editorial commentary on special issue of Advances in EEG Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Epileptic Seizure Detection and Prediction

This special issue of The Journal of Biomedical Research features novel studies on epileptic seizure detection and prediction based on advanced EEG signal processing and machine learning algorithms.The articles selected present important findings including new experimental results and theoretical studies.

EEGbands: A Computer Program to Statistically Analyze Parameters of Electroencephalographic Signals

The quantitative analysis of electroencephalographic activity (EEG) is a useful tool for the study of changes in brain electrical activity during cognitive and behavioral functions in several experimental conditions. Their recording and analysis are currently carried out primarily through the use of computer programs. This paper presents a computerized program (EEGbands) created for Windows operating systems using the Delphi language, and designed to analyze EEG signals and facilitate their quantitative exploration. EEGbands applies Rapid Fourier Transformation to the EEG signals of one or more groups of subjects to obtain absolute and relative power spectra. It also calculates both interhemispheric and intrahemispheric correlation and coherence spectra and, finally, applies parametrical statistical analysis to these spectral parameters calculated for wide frequency EEG bands. Unlike other programs, EEGbands is simple and inexpensive, and rapidly and precisely generates results files with the corresponding statistical significances. The efficacy and versatility of EEGbands allow it to be easily adapted to different experimental and clinical needs.

Adaptive Signal Enhancement Unit for EEG Analysis in Remote Patient Care Monitoring Systems

In this paper we propose an efcient process of physiological artifact elimination methodology from brain waves(BW),which are also commonly known as electroencephalogram(EEG)signal.In a clinical environment during the acquisition of BW several artifacts contaminates the actual BW component.This leads to inaccurate and ambiguous diagnosis.As the statistical nature of the EEG signal is more non-stationery,adaptive ltering is the more promising method for the process of artifact elimination.In clinical conditions,the conventional adaptive techniques require many numbers of computational operations and leads to data samples overlapping and instability of the algorithm used.This causes delay in diagnosis and decision making.To overcome this problem in our work we propose to set a threshold value to diminish the problem of round off error.The resultant adaptive algorithm based on this strategy is Non-linear Least mean square(NL2MS)algorithm.Again,to improve this algorithm in terms of ltering capability we perform data normalization,using this algorithm several hybrid versions are developed to improve ltering and reduce computational operations.Using the method,a new signal enhancement unit(SEU)is realized and performance of various hybrid versions of algorithms examined using real EEG signals recorded from the subject.The ability of the proposed schemes is measured in terms of convergence,enhancement and multiplications required.Among various SEUs,the MCN2L 2MS algorithm achieves 14.6734,12.8732,10.9257,15.7790 dB during the artifact removal of RA,EMG,CSA and EBA components with only two multiplications.Hence,this algorithm seems to be better candidate for artifact elimination.

Research on time-frequency cross mutual of motor imagination data based on multichannel EEG signal

At present,multi-channel electroencephalogram(EEG)signal acquisition equipment is used to collect motor imagery EEG data,and there is a problem with selecting multiple acquisition channels.Choosing too many channels will result in a large amount of calculation.Components irrelevant to the task will interfere with the required features,which is not conducive to the real-time processing of EEG data.Using too few channels will result in the loss of useful information and low robustness.A method of selecting data channels for motion imagination is proposed based on the time-frequency cross mutual information(TFCMI).This method determines the required data channels in a targeted manner,uses the common spatial pattern mode for feature extraction,and uses support vector ma-chine(SVM)for feature classification.An experiment is designed to collect motor imagery EEG da-ta with four experimenters and adds brain-computer interface(BCI)Competition IV public motor imagery experimental data to verify the method.The data demonstrates that compared with the meth-od of selecting too many or too few data channels,the time-frequency cross mutual information meth-od using motor imagery can improve the recognition accuracy and reduce the amount of calculation.

Prediction of Epileptic EEG Signal Based on SECNN-LSTM

Brain-Computer Interface(BCI)technology is a way for humans to explore the mysteries of the brain and has applications in many areas of real life.People use this technology to capture brain waves and analyze the electroencephalograph(EEG)signal for feature extraction.Take the medical field as an example,epilepsy disease is threatening human health every moment.We propose a convolutional neural network SECNN-LSTM framework based on the attention mechanism can automatically perform feature extraction and analysis on the collected EEG signals of patients to complete the prediction of epilepsy diseases,overcoming the problem that the disease requires long time EEG monitoring and analysis by manual,which is a large workload and relatively subjective,and improving the prediction accuracy of epilepsy diseases by adding the attention mechanism module.Through experimental tests,the algorithm of SECNN-LSTM can effectively predict the EEG signal of epilepsy disease,and the correct recognition rate is improved.The experiment has some reference value for the subsequent research of EEG signals in other fields in deep learning.

基于EEGNet的脑电情绪分类应用研究

针对特定脑电信号数据集的情绪分类问题,研究紧凑型的卷积神经网络EEGNet在不同脑电数据集上的能力与效果,并通过在不同的脑电数据集上对EEGNet进行训练与调试,实现单模态脑电数据集的情绪分类。首先,介绍紧凑轻量型卷积神经网络EEGNet结构在时空数据集上的强大处理能力,提出在对EEG信号特征进行编码时的有效性假设。其次,介绍两种经典的脑电公开数据集SEED和SEED-IV,设计针对性的预处理方法、基于EEGNet的情绪分类实验并与其他经典分类方法进行了比较分析。最终,经过在SEED和SEED-IV数据集上的多轮测试,分别得到了85.3%和73.3%的分类准确率,验证了EEGNet在基于脑电信号的情绪分类任务中具有较好的健壮性与准确率。

Quantum Computational Techniques for Prediction of Cognitive State of Human Mind from EEG Signals

The utilization of quantum states for the representation of information and the advances in machine learning is considered as an efficient way of modeling the working of complex systems.The states of mind or judgment outcomes are highly complex phenomena that happen inside the human body.Decoding these states is significant for improving the quality of technology and providing an impetus to scientific research aimed at understanding the functioning of the human mind.One of the key advantages of quantum wave-functions over conventional classical models is the existence of configurable hidden variables,which provide more data density due to its exponential state-space growth.These hidden variables correspond to the amplitudes of each probable state of the system and allow for the modeling of various intricate aspects of measurable and observable physical quantities.This makes the quantum wave-functions powerful and felicitous to model cognitive states of the human mind,as it inherits the ability to efficiently couple the current context with past experiences temporally and spatially to approach an appropriate future cognitive state.This paper implements and compares some techniques like Variational Quantum Classifiers(VQC),quantum annealing classifiers,and hybrid quantum-classical neural networks,to harness the power of quantum computing for processing cognitive states of the mind by making use of EEG data.It also introduces a novel pipeline by logically combining some of the aforementioned techniques,to predict future cognitive responses.The preliminary results of these approaches are presented and are very encouraging with upto 61.53%validation accuracy.

基于改进EEGNet的n-back任务脑电信号识别

在人机交互的过程中,脑力负荷过高是产生操作错误的重要因素,现阶段基于脑电信号具有时间分辨率高和便携性好的特点,常用于脑力负荷的评估.近几年来深度学习的快速发展也使得其广泛应用在脑电领域并取得了比传统的机器学习更加优异的效果, n-back任务可通过设定不同的n值来诱发不同程度的脑力负荷.由此设计了基于视觉和听觉的n-back的范式来避免维度单一,同时还提出一种新的卷积神经网络模型,使用64通道的eego脑电设备采集数据经eeglab预处理后用于该模型的训练.在测试集上与EEGNet, FBCNet, ShallowConNet的性能进行对比,其提出的新模型在分类准确率有较为明显的提升,使得该研究在脑力负荷的评估尤其在多维度n-back任务的分类上具有一定应用潜力.

基于EEG和DE-CNN-GRU的情绪识别

近年,情绪识别研究已经不再局限于面部和语音识别,基于脑电等生理信号的情绪识别日趋火热.但由于特征信息提取不完整或者分类模型不适应等问题,使得情绪识别分类效果不佳.基于此,本文提出一种微分熵(DE)、卷积神经网络(CNN)和门控循环单元(GRU)结合的混合模型(DE-CNN-GRU)进行基于脑电的情绪识别研究.将预处理后的脑电信号分成5个频带,分别提取它们的DE特征作为初步特征,输入到CNN-GRU模型中进行深度特征提取,并结合Softmax进行分类.在SEED数据集上进行验证,该混合模型得到的平均准确率比单独使用CNN或GRU算法的平均准确率分别高出5.57%与13.82%.