XPS Studies on Electroless As-Deposited and Annealed Ni-P Films

Electroless deposition has been used to deposit Ni-P films on glass slides using the reducing agent sodium hypophosphite. This has been done with a purpose to use Ni-P films as back contact for silicon carbide radiation detectors. By keeping deposition time, temperature, pH and concentration of the precursor solution constant, the film deposition has been done. XPS studies were done to analyze the composition and stoichiometry of Ni-P thin films.

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of electroless deposited Ni-P/CeO_2 coating

Electroless Ni-P/nano-CeO2 composite coating was prepared in acidic condition, and its microstructure and corrosive property were compared with its CeO2-free counterpart. Scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） spectrometer were used to examine surface morphology and structure of the as-plated coating. Differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） and transmission electronic microscopy （TEM） were used to study the coating＇s phase change at high temperature. The coating＇s corrosive behavior in 3%NaCl ＋ 5%H2SO4 solution was also investigated. The results showed that Ni-P coating had partial amorphous structure mixed with nano-crystals, while the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had perfect amorphous structure. In high-temperature condition, Ni3P precipitation and Ni crystallization took place in both coatings but at different temperatures, while the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had sintered phase of NiCe2O4 spinels. The anti-corrosion property was better in the CeO2-containing coating, and this was due to its less liability to undergo local-cell corrosion than its CeO2-free counterpart. Ni-P/CeO2 coating＇s pure amorphous structure was the result of Ni＇s hindered crystal-typed deposition and P＇s promoted deposition.

Mechanical assisted electroless barrel-plating Ni-P coatings on magnesium alloy

A mechanically assisted electroless barrel-plating Ni-P was carried out in a rolling drum containing Mg alloy specimens and ceramic balls, which was submerged in a bath containing electroless plating solution deposited by this novel technique have a It is demonstrated that the Ni-P coatings crystallized Ni-P solid solution structure, showing fine-grains, higher hardness, and higher corrosion resistance compared with the conventional electroless plated amorphous Ni-P coatings. After heat treatment at 400 ℃ for 1 h, the structure of such Ni-P coatings were transformed to a structure with Ni-Ni3P double phases, and cracks in these coatings could not be observed, whereas cracks appeared seriously in the conventional electroless plated Ni-P coating after same heat treatment. Therefore, both hardness and corrosion resistance of these Ni-P coatings can be improved further by heat treatment. All of these beneficial effects can be attributed to the role of mechanical attrition during the mechanically assisted electroless barrel-plating process.

Fabrication of multi-shell coated silicon nanoparticles via in-situ electroless deposition as high performance anodes for lithium ion batteries

Si-based materials have been extensively studied because of their high theoretical capacity,low working potential,and abundant reserves,but serious initial irreversible capacity loss and poor cyclic performance resulting from large volume change of Si during lithiation and delithiation processes restrict their widespread application.Herein,we report the preparation of multi-shell coated Si(DS-Si)nanocomposites by in-situ electroless deposition method using Si granules as the active materials and copper sulfate as Cu sources.The ratio of Si and Cu was readily tuned by varying the concentration of copper sulfate.The multi-shell(Cu@CuxSi/SiO2)coating on Si surface promotes the formation of robust and dense SEI films and the transportation of electron.Thus,the obtained DS-Si composites exhibit an initial coulombic efficiency of 86.2%,a capacity of 1636 mAh g^-1 after 100 discharge-charge cycles at 840 mA g^-1,and an average charge capacity of 1493 mAh g^-1 at 4200 mA g^-1.This study provides a low-cost and large-scale approach to the preparation of nanostructured Si-metal composites anodes with good electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries.

Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Electroless Plating Ni-P Coating on P110 Steel

In order to improve the surface performance and increase the lifetime of P 110 oil casing tube steel during operation, electroless plating was conducted to form Ni-P coating onto its surface. The surface morphology/element distribution and phase constitution of the Ni-P coating were analyzed using scanning electron microscope （SEM） equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. Tribological and electrochemical measurement tests were applied to investigate the wear and corrosion resistance of P110 steel and the Ni-P coating. The results showed that a uniform and compact, high phosphorous Ni-P coating was formed. The obtained Ni-P coating indicated certain friction-reduction effect and lower mass loss during friction-wear tests. The Ni-P coating also exhibited higher corrosion resistance in comparison with bared P 110 steel. The obtained N i-P coating has significantly improved the surface performance of P110 steel.

Erosion and Toughening Mechanisms of Electroless Ni-P-Nano-NiTi Composite Coatings on API X100 Steel under Single Particle Impact

The addition of superelastic NiTi to electroless Ni-P coating has been found to toughen the otherwise brittle coatings in static loading conditions, though its effect on erosion behaviour has not yet been explored. In the present study, spherical WC-Co erodent particles were used in single particle impact testing of Ni-P-nano-NiTi composite coatings on API X100 steel substrates at two average velocities—35 m/s and 52 m/s. Erosion tests were performed at impact angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The effect of NiTi concentration in the coating was also examined. Through examination of the impact craters and material response at various impact conditions, it was found that the presence of superelastic NiTi in the brittle Ni-P matrix hindered the propagation of cracks and provided a barrier to crack growth. The following toughening mechanisms were identified: crack bridging and deflection, micro-cracking, and transformation toughening.

EFFECTS OF DEPOSITION PROCESS ON PHOSPHORUS CONTENT IN ELECTROLESS Ni－P COATINGS

There are many factors that affect the phosphorus content in the electroless Ni-P coatings The effects of the compositions of plating solution,the PH values of plat ing solution and the deposition temperature on the phosphorus content in Ni-P coatings were investigated in this paper It is found that the phosphorus content in Ni-P coatings increases and the deposition rate decreases with decreasing PH values,nickel sulphate NiSO4 content of plating solution and the deposition temperature.

Structural characterization and corrosive property of Ni-P/CeO_2 composite coating

Electroless Ni-P/nano-CeO2 composite coating was prepared in acidic condition, and its microstructure and corrosive property were compared with its CeO2-free counterpart.Scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）, transmission electronic microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction spectrometer（XRD）, and differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） were used to examine surface morphology and microstructure of the coating.Corrosive investigation was carried out in 3%NaCl＋5%H2SO4 solution.The results showed that Ni-P coating had partial amorphous structure mixed with nanocrystals, whereas the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had perfect amorphous structure.In high temperature condition, Ni3P precipitation and Ni crystallization occurred in both coatings but at different temperatures, whereas the Ni-P/CeO2 coating had sintered phase of NiCe2O4 spinels.The anticorrosion property and passivity were improved in the CeO2-containing coating due to its less liability to undergo local-cell corrosion than its CeO2-free counterpart.During the co-deposition process, some Cen＋（n=3, 4） ions may be adsorbed to the metal/solution interface, hinder nickel＇s crystal-typed deposition and promote phosphorous deposition.The nano-CeO2 doping finally resulted in the coating＇ perfect amorphous structure and good anti-corrosive property.

High-temperature Compressive Performance of Mg Alloy Foams Coated with Ni-P Layer

Mg/Ni hybrid foams were fabricated by the electroless method.The Ni-P(Nickel-Phosphorous)coatings were deposited on the surface of closed-cell Mg alloy foams.The composition,microstructure and phases of the Ni-P coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and X-ray diffraction(XRD),respectively.The compressive tests were performed on the Mg/Ni hybrid foams at 400℃using the Mg alloy foams as a reference.The experimental results show that the yield strength,plateau stress and energy absorption capacity of the closed-cell Mg alloy foams at high temperature were improved by the Ni-P coating.And there are four main modes for the Mg/Ni hybrid foam failure at 400℃,i e,shearing in cell wall,bending in cell edge,shedding and cracking in Ni-P coating.

Effect of Addition of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) on Properties of Electroless Nickel Alloy Coatings

Electroless nickel (copper)-phosphorus-silicon carbide (SiC)-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite coatings were prepared by adding SiC and PTFE into electroless nickel (copper)-phosphorus alloy baths. The effects of addition of SiC and PTFE on depositing rate, microhardness, wear resistance and anti-friction of the resulted composite coatings were studied. The results indicated that electroless nickel (copper)-phosphorus alloy coatings were greatly improved in depositing rate, microhardness, wear resistance and antifriction by co-deposited proper amount of SiC and PTFE.

Electroless copper-phosphorus coatings with the addition of silicon carbide (SiC) particles

Cu-P-silicon carbide （SiC） composite coatings were deposited by means of electroless plating.The effects of pH values,temperature,and different concentrations of sodium hypophosphite （NaH2PO2·H2O）,nickel sulfate （NiSO4·6H2O）,sodium citrate （C6H5Na3O7·2H2O） and SiC on the deposition rate and coating compositions were evaluated,and the bath formulation for Cu-P-SiC composite coatings was optimised.The coating compositions were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）.The corresponding optimal operating parameters for depositing Cu-P-SiC are as follows：pH 9;temperature,90oC;NaH2PO2·H2O concentration,125 g/L;NiSO4·6H2O concentration,3.125 g/L;SiC concentration,5 g/L;and C6H5Na3O7·2H2O concentration,50 g/L.The surface morphology of the coatings analysed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） shows that Cu particles are uniformly distributed.The hardness and wear resistance of Cu-P composite coatings are improved with the addition of SiC particles and increase with the increase of SiC content.

Effect of additives on nickel-phosphorus deposition obtained by electroless plating:Characterization and corrosion resistance in 3%(mass)sodium chloride medium

Nichel-phosphorus(Ni-P)coatings are deposited on mild steel by using an electroless plating process.The effect of three calix[4]arene derivatives,namely tetra methyl ester-P-tertbutyl calix[4]arene(Calix1),tetra acid-P-tert-butyl calix[4]arene(Calix2)and tetra methyl P-tert-butyl-thicalix[4]arene ester(Calix3)on the deposition rate,the deposit composition,and the morphological surface was investigated and the study of growth mechanisms has delivered useful information about the surface properties of deposit.It is found that these additives modify the deposition rate and the nickel crystallization process.In fact,the Calix1 and Calix3 act as an accelerator,while Calix2 acts as an inhibitor for the nickel electroless.Furthermore,it is shown that the chemical bath is more stable with calix[4]arene derivatives addition and the obtained deposits are compact and adherent.It is observed also that the nickel content increases with additives.On the other hand,the X-ray diffraction showed that the orientation peaks are intensified at{111}in the presence of Calix2,confirming obtained results of EDAX spectrum.The cyclic voltammetry revealed that the tested additives strongly influence the cathodic process and slightly affect the hypophosphite oxidation.Finally,it is found that these compounds improve the anticorrosion efficiency of Ni-P coating on the mild steel substrate in 3%(mass)NaCl,where its polarization resistance increases with Calix2 and Calix3 addition.

A novel electroless silver depositing method for magnesium alloys

Depositing silver on magnesium alloy by both electroless plating and organic coatings was studied. The organic coating was made by immersing samples in organosilicon heat-resisting varnish. In this method the organic coating acts as interlayer between the substrate and silver film. When the reaction starts, silver deposits directly on the interlayer. X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis were used to determine the composition and morphology of the interlayer and silver film. The potentiodynamic polarization curves for corrosion studies of coated magnesium alloys were performed in a corrosive environment of 3.5% NaCl(mass fraction) at neutral pH (6.9). The results indicate that compared with the substrate, the corrosion resistance of coated magnesium alloys increases greatly. Moreover, the method proposed in this work is environmentally friendly, non-toxic chemicals were used. In addition, it provides a new concept for the corrosion inhibition of magnesium alloys.

Mechanically Assisted Electroless Barrel-plating Ni-P Coatings Deposited on Carbon Steel

A mechanically assisted electroless （MAE） barrel-plating technique has been developed to deposit Ni-P coatings on carbon steel.The mechanical treatment was carried out in a rolling drum containing carbon steel specimens and glass balls of 2-3 mm diameter,which was submerged in a bath containing electroless plating solution.The coatings are Ni-polycrystalline and have a fine grained structure and smooth surfaces.The hardness and corrosion resistance of the novel coatings are considerably improved compared with the conventional electroless （CE）-plated Ni-P coatings,which are amorphous.After heat treatment at 400 C for one hour,cracks and pores are observed in the CE-plated Ni-P coating,while no cracks appear in the MAE barrel-plated Ni-P coating.The improved properties of the MAE barrel-plated Ni-P coatings demonstrate the advantages of this novel technique,wide applications of which will be found in industries.

原位测量法研究AZ31镁合金表面化学镀Ni-P的沉积机理(英文)

设计一种原位方法去测量AZ31镁合金在化学镀Ni-P过程中基体在镀液中的开路电位和体积表面的镀层形貌变化。通过开路电位曲线、扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析研究AZ31镁合金化学镀Ni-P的沉积机理。结果表明:化学镀Ni-P的沉积过程包括镀层的形成过程和镀层的增厚过程,其中镀层的形成过程又包括镍晶核的形核和长大过程、镀层的二维扩展过程和镀层的三维搭接过程。扫描电镜分析证实了Ni-P镀层的球形瘤状物不仅形成于镀层的增厚阶段,同样也形成于Ni-P镀层的初始沉积阶段。不同沉积阶段的沉积速度变化分别与各自的沉积机理对应。

NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-P合金防腐研究

采用正交试验法对NdFeB磁体表面化学镀镍磷合金的工艺进行了优化,测量了镀层和基体在3.5%(ω)NaCl溶液、10%(φ)盐酸和20%(ω)NaOH溶液中的腐蚀速度,以及在3.5%NaCl溶液中的极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,对比分析了在酸性和碱性条件下所得Ni-P镀层的结构和表面形貌。结果表明,采用EIS谱图及等效电路模型可对镀层和磁体在介质中的电化学参数进行拟合分析,化学镀Ni-P合金能够显著改善NdFeB磁体的耐腐蚀性能,且酸性条件下所获得的镀层为非晶态结构,表面胞状组织呈密集连续分布,耐腐蚀性能更佳。

前处理工艺对铝基Ni-P化学镀层性能的影响

针对铝合金易产生晶间腐蚀、表面硬度低、不耐磨损等缺点,利用金相显微观察、扫描电镜能谱测定、增重法、热震网格实验和失重法,以镀速、镀层结合强度、显微硬度以及耐蚀性为考核指标,研究了以硫酸镍为主盐、以次磷酸钠为还原剂、以焦磷酸钠为络合剂的预化学镀镍磷合金过程的工艺参数以及预化学镀和活化时间对镀层性能的影响。研究结果表明,所获得的活化-预化学镀镍磷合金前处理新工艺可显著提高镀层与基体的结合强度和沉积速率,同时得到的镀层组织结构致密均匀、硬度好、耐蚀性优良。

Ni-P-TiO2纳米复合镀层的制备及性能研究

用化学沉积方法制备了Ni-P-TiO2纳米复合镀层,通过XRD、SEM、TEM和EDS对纳米复合镀层进行了表征,分析了在3.5%NaCl溶液中TiO2纳米颗粒浓度对纳米复合镀层的耐蚀性能影响,研究了热处理温度对复合镀层显微硬度的影响。结果表明:所得复合镀层中纳米粒子的复合量可达到11.33%;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,当TiO2浓度为8g/L时复合镀层腐蚀电位最高,耐蚀性能最好;在镀态或热处理后,复合镀层的硬度都明显高于Ni-P合金镀层,且经过400℃热处理后,复合镀层的硬度高达Hv1160。

铝合金化学镀Ni-P前处理工艺条件的优化

化学镀Ni-P可以改善铝合金易产生晶间腐蚀、表面硬度低、不耐磨损等缺陷,欲使镀层与铝合金基体具有很好的结合力,前处理工艺则显得尤为重要。采用正交试验,用极差法分析了活化和预镀镍各工艺参数对后续化学镀Ni-P镀速影响的主次顺序,确定了活化和预镀镍镀液的最佳配方及各工艺条件,并利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱、增重法、热震实验和失重法等测试了采用最佳活化、预镀镍工艺所得镀层的形貌和性能,结果表明:所确定的活化、预化学镀镍前处理工艺可显著提高镀层的硬度、沉积速率及其与基体的结合强度,镀层组织致密均匀,耐蚀性优良。

(Ni-P)-Si_3N_4复合镀层硬度及耐磨性研究

利用化学镀方法获得了(Ni-P)-Si3N4复合镀层,并研究了Si3N4颗粒含量、pH及热处理条件对镀层硬度及耐磨性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜观察,镀层表面平整,Si3N4微粒均匀复合在镀层中。机械性能测试表明,镀层的硬度与耐磨性能随着镀液中次磷酸钠质量浓度的增加呈现出先提高后降低的趋势。当镀液中Si3N4质量浓度为10g/L时,镀层硬度及耐磨性最好,热处理后的镀层硬度高达1088HV。