An internal ballistic model of electromagnetic railgun based on PFN coupled with multi-physical field and experimental validation

To accelerate the practicality of electromagnetic railguns,it is necessary to use a combination of threedimensional numerical simulation and experiments to study the mechanism of bore damage.In this paper,a three-dimensional numerical model of the augmented railgun with four parallel unconventional rails is introduced to simulate the internal ballistic process and realize the multi-physics field coupling calculation of the rail gun,and a test experiment of a medium-caliber electromagnetic launcher powered by pulse formation network(PFN)is carried out.Various test methods such as spectrometer,fiber grating and high-speed camera are used to test several parameters such as muzzle initial velocity,transient magnetic field strength and stress-strain of rail.Combining the simulation results and experimental data,the damage condition of the contact surface is analyzed.

Coupled Modeling of Electromagnetic Fleld,Fluid Flow,Heat Transfer and Solidification During Conventional DC Casting and Low Ftequency Electrmagnetic Casting of 7xxx Aluminum Alloys

A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed to describe the interaction of the multiple physics fields during the conventional DC casting and LFEC (low frequency electromagnetic casting) process. The model is based on a combination of the commercial finite element package ANSYS and the commercial finite volume package FLUENT, with the former for the calculation of the electromagnetic field and the latter for the calculation of the magnetic driven fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification. Moreover, the model has been verified against the temperature measurements obtained from two 7XXX aluminum alloy billets of 200mm diameter, cast during the conventional DC casting and the LFEC casting processes. In addition, a measurement of the sump shape of the billets were carried out by using addition melting metal of Al-30%Cu alloy into the billets during casting process. There was a good agreement between the calculated results and the measured results. Further, comparison of the calculated results during the LFEC process with that during the conventional DC casting process indicated that velocity patterns, temperature profiles and the sump depth are strongly modified by the application of a low frequency electromagnetic field during the DC casting.

Loss Analysis of Electromagnetic Linear Actuator Coupling Control Electromagnetic Mechanical System

As an energy converter,electromagnetic linear actuators(EMLAs)have been widely used in industries.Multidisciplinary methodology is a preferred tool for the design and optimization of EMLA.In this paper,a multidisciplinary method was proposed for revealing the influence mechanism of load on EMLA’s loss.The motion trajectory of EMLA is planned through tracking differentiator,an adaptive robust control was adopted to compensate the influence of load on motion trajectory.A control-electromagnetic-mechanical coupling model was established and verified experimentally.The influence laws of load change on EMLA’s loss,loss composition and loss distribution were analyzed quantitatively.The results show that the data error of experiment,and simulation result of input energy,mechanical work,and iron loss is less than 3%.The iron loss accounts for less than 54.9%of the total loss under no-load condition,while the iron loss increases with the increase of load.For iron loss distribution,only the percentage of inner yoke keeps increasing with the increase of load.The composition and distribution of loss are the basis of thermal analysis and design.

Precision of meshfree methods and application to forward modeling of two-dimensional electromagnetic sources

Meshfree method offers high accuracy and computational capability and constructs the shape function without relying on predefined elements. We comparatively analyze the global weak form meshfree methods, such as element-free Galerkin method （EFGM）, the point interpolation method （PIM）, and the radial point interpolation method （RPIM）. Taking two dimensional Poisson equation as an example, we discuss the support-domain dimensionless size, the field nodes, and background element settings with respect to their effect on calculation accuracy of the meshfree method. RPIM and EFGM are applied to controlled- source two-dimensional electromagnetic modeling with fixed shape parameters. The accuracy of boundary conditions imposed directly and by a penalty function are discussed in the case of forward modeling of two-dimensional magnetotellurics in a homogeneous medium model. The coupling algorithm of EFG-PIM and EFG-RPIM are generated by integrating the PIM or RPIM and EFGM. The results of the numerical modeling suggest the following. First, the proposed meshfree method and corresponding coupled methods are well-suited for electromagnetic numerical modeling. The accuracy of the algorithm is the highest when the support-domain dimensionless size is 1.0 and the distribution of field nodes is consistent with the nodes of background elements. Second, the accuracy of PIM and RPIM are lower than that of EFGM for the Poisson equation but higher than EFGM for the homogeneous medium MT response. Third, RPIM overcomes the matrix inversion problem of PIM and has a wider selection of support-domain dimensionless sizes as compared to RPIM.

Effects of annulus gap on flow and temperature field in electromagnetic direct chill casting process

A comprehensive mathematical model of annulus-electromagnetic direct chill （A-EMDC） casting of A357 aluminum alloy was established with corresponding experimental verification. The model was based on a combination of the commercial finite element package ANSYS and the commercial finite volume package FLUENT. The effects of structural parameters on fluid flow, temperature field and solidification during A-EMDC process were investigated numerically. The results show that structural parameters such as annulus gap width, annulus gap position, and centre pipe length influence the flow and temperature fields. The smaller the annulus gap width is, the more uniform the temperature is, and the smaller the temperature gradient is. With increasing the centre pipe length, the circular flow would decrease due to the dislocation of centre pipe. Specially, when the annulus gap is located at periphery of the billet, the temperature gradient of the longitudinal direction in the solidification region falls evidently.

Dynamic characteristics of large permanent magnet direct‐drive generators considering electromagnetic–structural coupling effects

Dynamic characteristics of large permanent magnet direct‐drive generators(PMDGs)considering electromagnetic–structural coupling effects are analyzed in this study.Using the conformal mapping method,the scalar magnetic potential of the air gap magnetic field considering the slot effect is calculated.On the basis of the discrete current element and magnetic equivalent circuit model,the local magnetic saturation effect of the stator and rotor is quantitatively simulated and the air gap magnetic field intensity distribution is obtained via numerical simulation.A series of uniformly distributed equivalent electromagnetic springs are introduced to develop an electromagnetic–structural coupling finite element PMDG model.The proposed air gap field analysis method is verified by the finite element analysis results.On the basis of the test platform for the Goldwind 1.5MW PMDG,both modal and dynamic response tests for the stator/rotor coupling system are conducted,and the results are compared with the natural frequencies,mode shapes,and vibration responses obtained using the numerical model.The effects of the air gap length and rotor speed on the natural frequencies of the coupling system are analyzed.The proposed model has the potential to accurately evaluate the PMDG vibration energy,avoiding resonance points,and maintaining stable operations of the unit.

电火工品的电磁场安全阈值

为探索电火工品电磁场安全阈值,为电火工品电磁兼容和电磁环境效应研究提供敏感度评价基准,以电火工品电磁‐热耦合模型为基础,采用白光干涉法测试了14号电火工品电磁场响应特征,研究了电火工品电磁场耦合、自身敏感性以及电磁响应三者之间的效应关系,形成了电火工品电磁场安全阈值的试验方法和计算方法,获得了10 kHz~18 GHz频率范围内14号电火工品电磁场安全阈值。结果表明14号电火工品的敏感频率范围为40 MHz~1 GHz。

全向电磁场与架空线缆的耦合响应分析

构建了全向入射电磁环境,使得入射电磁波极化角在[0,π/2]范围内,入射角在[0,2π]范围内,方位角在[0,π/2]范围内随机均匀分布,电磁波入射点随机分布在以线缆为球心的单位球上。重点研究了Agrawal模型和Vance模型在解决场线耦合问题时的异同,分析了线缆高度、长度、半径以及端接电阻等参数对场线耦合结果的影响。仿真结果表明:Agrawal模型和Vance模型对全向电磁波的响应波形大体一致,但在响应幅值上会出现一定的偏差,这主要是由于Agrawal模型中因垂直电场的存在而产生的集总源的缘故,当忽略掉集总源后,两个模型可获得相同的响应结果。线缆上响应电流随着线缆离地高度、长度和半径的增加而增大。不同端接电阻响应电流的峰值大小随着端接负载的增大而减小。

基于电磁-热耦合的XLPE电缆缺陷暂态温度分布研究

针对10 kV电缆常见的3种缺陷,本文建立了三维电缆缺陷模型并进行电磁-热耦合温度场分析,研究3种缺陷电缆的暂态温度模型,分析不同工作电流与不同敷设条件对3种缺陷电缆温度的影响。结果表明:缺陷对电缆的危害从大到小排序依次为金属尖端缺陷、气隙缺陷、划痕缺陷;在相同载流量的情况下,金属尖端缺陷处温度高于其他两种缺陷处温度;确定了电缆在出现缺陷时隧道敷设的散热效果最好;无缺陷试样电缆内部温度从线芯至外护套沿径向逐渐降低,在缺陷的作用下电缆内部温度场发生畸变;缺陷电缆线芯温度与外护套温度的拟合系数、电缆缺陷处温度与电缆线芯温度的拟合系数均接近1。仿真拟合结果为电缆缺陷的判断与识别提供了理论支撑。

统计性方法预测高功率微波进入腔体内的分布

文章介绍了电磁场波混沌理论的发展和相关研究。在此基础上讨论了高功率微波在腔体内部形成波混沌现象的情况,并且针对这一现象,利用随机耦合模方法,对高功率微波下波混沌腔体内不同物体的耦合情况进行统计性分析。考虑到微带线的情况,利用科朗-布朗宁模型计算了随机平面波假设下微带线结构的平均吸收截面,进而对波混沌腔体内微带线的耦合情况进行统计性预测。最后设计实验,用单极天线作为参考端口,不同长度的微带线为待解端口,验证了方法的可靠性。

Nonlinear analysis on the coupling process of electromagnetic vibrator and earth

The linear model based on the hydraulic pressure vibrator has been no longer adaptable to the electromagnetic vibrator. In order to realize the effective transmission of the limited energy from the vibrator to the ground, it is important to study the coupling model of the electromagnetic vibrator and the earth. In this paper, a nonlinear restore term was introduced to the coupling model because of the existence of a large amount of harmonics in the vibrator baseplate. The nonlinear vibration analysis was applied to the model by the multiscale method. In the course of energy transmission from the vibrator to the ground, ultraharmonic resonance was used to explain the generation of harmonics. An improved scheme was advanced to select the cross correlation reference signal in the vibrator seismic exploration. Good application results were obtained in field experiments.

Reluctance Network Analysis for Complex Coupled Inductors

The use of reluctance networks has been a conventional practice to analyze transformer structures. Basic transformer structures can be well analyzed by using the magnetic-electric analogues discovered by Heaviside in the 19th century. However, as power transformer structures are getting more complex today, it has been recognized that changing transformer structures cannot be accurately analyzed using the current reluctance network methods. This paper presents a novel method in which the magnetic reluctance network or arbitrary complexity and the surrounding electrical networks can be analyzed as a single network. The method presented provides a straightforward mapping table for systematically linking the electric lumped elements to magnetic circuit elements. The methodology is validated by analyzing several practical transformer structures. The proposed method allows the analysis of coupled inductor of any complexity, linear or non-linear.

动静态力共同作用对电抗器铁心振动影响

带气隙结构的并联电抗器铁心在实际运行中,除受到螺杆与夹件施加的静态压紧力外,也会受到磁致伸缩力与铁心饼间麦克斯韦力的动态力作用,动静态力都对铁心的磁性能产生影响,进而影响电抗器铁心振动特性。目前的研究主要集中于静态压紧力对硅钢片磁特性以及电抗器铁心振动特性的影响,动态力对其影响的研究未见报道,更没有考虑共同作用的影响。该文首先测量动静态力共同作用下硅钢片的磁特性曲线;其次建立考虑动静态力共同作用的电抗器电磁场-机械场双向耦合模型,对并联电抗器进行电磁振动计算;最后搭建振动测量实验平台,实验结果验证了所建模型的正确性与精准性,为进一步分析电抗器振动问题提供理论支持和分析方法。

弓网滑动电接触电磁热力耦合效应研究进展

为电力机车提供牵引动力的受电弓滑板与接触网导线是典型的滑动电接触摩擦副,二者在工作中存在电、磁、热、力多场耦合效应,复杂的多场耦合作用将影响弓网的受流质量和摩擦磨损性能,开展电气化铁路弓网接触多物理场耦合效应研究,对降低弓网运行维护成本,提高受电弓滑板和接触网导线使用寿命等具有重要意义。该文重点归纳总结了近些年来弓网系统在电、磁、热、力多场效应下的相关研究进展。结合列车实际运行工况,综述了弓网接触电阻、电弧、接触温度、电磁力和压力载荷等因素对弓网载流摩擦磨损性能的影响规律,针对多物理场作用下研究中存在的问题与不足,提出进一步研究和完善的意见。在此基础上,从提高弓网滑动电接触性能、保障列车安全稳定运行角度,采用弓网接触电阻、燃弧率及接触温度对电接触性能的评价进行阐述和探讨,以期对弓网电接触行为进行合理预测与评估,为进一步研究弓网滑动电接触多场耦合效应提供参考。

金属套管对井下电磁波无线传输的影响

电磁波无线传输技术可以实现井下数据实时传输至地面,以便地面工作人员及时获取地层参数,但受井下套管的影响,地面接收到的电磁波信号要远弱于裸眼井所传输出的信号。文章通过对电磁波在有套管的井的无线传输信道进行阻抗分析,发现其传输信号受影响的关键机理与电磁波发射器部分阻抗的分布有关。文章在此基础上建立了套管与油管耦合模型,提出了一种新的分布参数的计算方法来计算耦合模型的阻抗分布参数,同时定义了穿透系数,对发射器部分长度、信号频率、管柱物理参数等影响电磁波传输的关键因素进行定量描述,经仿真数据和现场试验验证,理论结果可靠。在有套管的井中,可以通过选择合适的信号频率、提高套管电阻率、降低套管磁导率等方法,来调整阻抗分布参数,对保证信号的稳定性、提升传输的深度具有重要意义。

高频电磁干扰对传输线耦合全波建模方法

对于场线耦合问题,经典传输线理论不适用于求解高频电磁干扰辐照下传输线负载上的电压和电流响应。针对这一问题,首先介绍了一种基于天线理论和模拟行为建模(ABM)的时域全波建模方法。该方法利用Harrington矩量法将电流积分方程离散并推导得到宏模型时域表达式,然后利用ABM频域功能实现频变参数的傅里叶逆变换和时域卷积计算。利用电路求解器,该建模方法可直接求解任意结构传输线耦合的负载处瞬态响应;与传统全波算法相比,模型一旦建立便可应用于任意入射场和线性/非线性负载的情况,无需重复耗时地求解电流积分方程。该方法可简化全波算法求解过程,提高仿真计算效率,尤其便于在入射场和负载存在不确定参数时进行高效重复抽样计算以获得统计特性。然后以高频电磁干扰耦合有损大地上的双导体传输线为例,通过与数值电磁代码和传统传输线理论方法的求解结果对比,验证了所提宏模型的有效性以及传输线理论在解决场线耦合问题时的局限性。结果表明,基于全波方法构建的宏模型可在时域内高效准确地求解高频电磁干扰辐照下任意形状传输线负载上的瞬态响应。

基于电磁-结构力场耦合的铁芯电抗器振动特性分析及优化方法

建立准确的材料磁致伸缩模型是分析铁芯电抗器振动特性的关键。为准确建立硅钢片磁致伸缩模型,基于经典Jiles-Atherton(J-A)磁滞模型和二次畴转模型建立了铁芯材料磁致伸缩模型,提出了基于改进粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)与归一化的阻尼最小二乘算法(Levenberg-Marquardt,LM)的混合优化算法,结合实验测量结果,该算法能够准确和快速辨识模型中的5个特征参数。根据软磁材料模型特征参数,构建了考虑磁致伸缩特性的三相干式铁芯电抗器几何模型,分析了铁芯电抗器铁芯振动位移分布。利用中心组合试验设计与有限元仿真相结合的方法,获得了不同气隙结构参数下电抗器的振动位移仿真结果,并建立了能够准确预测铁芯振动位移的正交多项式模型。以电抗器铁芯振动位移最小作为目标函数,在保证电感值基本不变的情况下获得了铁芯最佳气隙长度。优化结果表明,在最佳气隙结构参数下电抗器振动位移减少了10%,电感值变化仅为0.051%,优化方法对于降低铁芯电抗器的振动具有重要的参考意义。

超高速碰撞力电耦合的模型分析

超高速碰撞成坑过程中,等离子体运动产生的瞬时电场和电磁辐射对靶板中的应力状态产生影响,靶板中应力状态的变化又会加剧靶板的损伤和破坏,进而影响等离子体运动及等离子体产生的电磁辐射,发生变化的等离子体及其电磁辐射又会影响靶板中的应力状态。等离子体及其电磁辐射在靶板中产生的附加应力使靶板更易损伤和破坏,加剧了靶板材料发生等离子体相变。建立了超高速碰撞等离子体及其电磁辐射在靶板中产生附加应力的理论模型。结果表明:碰撞速度为5 km/s时,附加应力约为1 MPa,碰撞速度大于15 km/s时,附加应力达到数十兆帕,超高速碰撞过程中的力电耦合效应比较明显。将附加应力理论模型引入分子动力学计算程序中,对超高速碰撞过程中的力电耦合效应进行模拟。结果表明:超高速碰撞产生的等离子体及其电磁辐射使靶板势能有所增加,而对靶板温度影响不大,使靶板在后续碰撞过程中更易损伤和破坏。

悬臂梁式扫描微波探针设计

微波芯片的高度集成化对扫描微波成像技术提出了新的挑战,设计了一种结构简单、辐射效率高和耦合低特性的悬臂梁式扫描微波探针。通过建立探针三维有限元数值模型,在不同微波频率和不同探针结构下分别研究了探针针尖倏逝电场分布。有无屏蔽结构的探针针尖与样品间的电场分布表明,屏蔽层有效降低了悬臂梁下方非针尖部分微波信号的辐射,悬臂梁—样品的寄生电容显著减小,且在多个工作频率段具有高空间分辨与高辐射效率的特性。设计的探针满足微波芯片对高频、高空间分辨扫描微波成像的需求。

张衡一号电磁卫星在轨情况及主要的科学成果

张衡一号电磁卫星是中国地震立体观测体系的天基观测平台,其科学目标是获取全球电磁场、电离层等离子体、高能粒子数据,对中国及其周边开展电离层动态实时监测和地震前兆跟踪,弥补地面观测的不足,探索地震监测预测新途径.张衡一号电磁卫星系列的第一颗试验卫星于2018年2月成功发射,现已在轨稳定运行4年多;第二颗同类电磁卫星将于2023年6月左右发射.在轨测试、交叉定标工作表明张衡一号电磁卫星具备良好数据质量.在科学产出方面,张衡一号卫星全球地磁场参考模型是全球地磁场参考模型(IGRF)构建一个多世纪以来,唯一由中国科学家牵头且唯一采用中国数据制作的全球地磁场参考模型;基于张衡一号的电离层电子密度3D模型很好地重现了电离层结构特征;张衡一号电磁卫星在地震等自然灾害、空间天气事件监测方面显示出了良好的响应能力;在圈层耦合机理方面,关于地震电磁波跨圈层传播全波计算方法能够计算出岩石圈-电离层波导及电离层中的电磁场变化,证实了张衡一号卫星电磁场载荷探测地震低频电磁异常的能力.张衡一号卫星能够反映岩石圈的地震、甚低频发射站、岩石圈磁异常、大气层的闪电等活动.科学研究结果表明张衡一号电磁卫星与其它观测结果一致,具备良好的数据质量,将为地球物理、空间物理等相关领域持续提供数据支撑.