Electrochemically triggered decoupled transport behaviors in intercalated graphite:From energy storage to enhanced electromagnetic applications

Pyrolytic graphite (PG) with highly aligned graphene layers,present anisotropic electrical and thermal transport behavior,which is attractive in electronic,electrocatalyst and energy storage.Such pristine PG could meeting the limit of electrical conductivity (~2.5×10^(4) S·cm^(−1)),although efforts have been made for achieving high-purity sp^(2) hybridized carbon.For manipulating the electrical conductivity of PG,a facile and efficient electrochemical strategy is demonstrated to enhance electrical transport ability via reversible intercalation/de-intercalation of AlCl_(4)^(-)into the graphitic interlayers.With the stage evolution at different voltages,variable electrical and thermal transport behaviors could be achieved via controlling AlCl_(4)^(-)concentrations in the PG because of substantial variation in the electronic density of states.Such evolution leads to decoupled electrical and thermal transport (opposite variation trend) in the in-plane and out-of-plane directions,and the in-plane electrical conductivity of the pristine PG (1.25×10^(4) S·cm^(−1)) could be massively promoted to 4.09×10^(4) S·cm(AlCl_(4)^(-)intercalated PG),much better than the pristine bulk graphitic papers used for the electrical transport and electromagnetic shielding.The fundamental mechanism of decoupled transport feature and electrochemical strategy here could be extended into other anisotropic conductive bulks for achieving unusual behaviors.

基于分数阶混沌的反激变换器辐射EMI主动抑制

快速通断的开关信号是造成开关电源电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)的主要原因。目前,关于混沌抑制EMI技术的研究主要集中在利用整数阶混沌抑制传导EMI。在此基础上,本文对分数阶混沌在辐射EMI上的抑制以及最优阶次的选取问题展开研究。首先,通过分数阶Lorenz的频谱特性及Lyapunov指数谱分析,优选出1.8阶Lorenz信号为最佳扩频序列;其次,基于变开关频率抑制EMI技术的基本原理,在STM32单片机中分别实现了定频、整数阶、2.7阶、1.8阶Lorenz混沌扩频PWM信号,在一台5 W反激变换器中进行近场辐射实验,证明了1.8阶Lorenz信号对近场磁场辐射抑制作用最强;最后,测得分数阶Lorenz混沌与定频PWM控制下,样机的整机效率相差2%左右,验证了分数阶混沌PWM在辐射EMI抑制性能上的优越性。

Layered Structural PBAT Composite Foams for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

The utilization of eco-friendly,lightweight,high-efficiency and high-absorbing electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding composites is imperative in light of the worldwide promotion of sustainable manufacturing.In this work,magnetic poly(butyleneadipate-coterephthalate)(PBAT)microspheres were firstly synthesized via phase separation method,then PBAT composite foams with layered structure was constructed through the supercritical carbon dioxide foaming and scraping techniques.The merits of integrating ferroferric oxideloaded multi-walled carbon nanotubes(Fe3O4@MWCNTs)nanoparticles,a microcellular framework,and a highly conductive silver layer have been judiciously orchestrated within this distinctive layered configuration.Microwaves are consumed throughout the process of“absorption-reflection-reabsorption”as much as possible,which greatly declines the secondary radiation pollution.The biodegradable PBAT composite foams achieved an EMI shielding effectiveness of up to 68 dB and an absorptivity of 77%,and authenticated favorable stabilization after the tape adhesion experiment.

具有软启动功能的EMI直流滤波器设计

宽禁带半导体器件的应用使电动汽车的电机驱动系统更加小型化和轻量化,但也引发了更为严重的电磁干扰,使得驱动系统的可靠性面临严峻挑战。为此,以24 V/2 A的EMI直流滤波器为例,通过噪声源、滤波器原理及阻抗影响的分析,依据插入损耗指标进行滤波器参数设计。同时,考虑到整车启动时刻的启动冲击,加入软启动电路,进一步提高电动汽车驱动系统可靠性。实验测试验证了滤波器的电磁干扰抑制效果和软启动性能,证明了滤波器设计的可行性和有效性。

具有低EMI和低开启损耗的浮空P区IGBT研究

为了优化浮空P区IGBT结构的电磁干扰噪声(EMI)与开启损耗(E_(on))的折中关系,提出一种假栅沟槽连接多晶硅阻挡层的浮空P区IGBT结构。新结构在浮空P区内引入对称的两个假栅沟槽,并通过多晶硅层连接。假栅沟槽将浮空P区分为三部分,减少了栅极沟槽附近的空穴积累,降低了栅极的固有位移电流。二维结构仿真表明,在小电流开启时,该结构与传统结构相比,栅极沟槽空穴电流密度减小90%,明显降低了集电极电流(I_(CE))过冲峰值和栅极电压(V_(GE))过冲峰值,提高了栅极电阻对dI_(CE)/dt和dV_(KA)/dt的控制能力。在相同的开启损耗下,新结构的dI_(CE)/dt、dV_(CE)/dt和dV_(KA)/dt最大值分别降低32.22%、38.41%和12.92%,降低了器件的EMI噪声,并改善了器件EMI噪声与开启损耗的折中关系。

Self‑Assembly of Binderless MXene Aerogel for Multiple‑Scenario and Responsive Phase Change Composites with Ultrahigh Thermal Energy Storage Density and Exceptional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

The severe dependence of traditional phase change materials(PCMs)on the temperature-response and lattice deficiencies in versatility cannot satisfy demand for using such materials in complex application scenarios.Here,we introduced metal ions to induce the self-assembly of MXene nanosheets and achieve their ordered arrangement by combining suction filtration and rapid freezing.Subsequently,a series of MXene/K^(+)/paraffin wax(PW)phase change composites(PCCs)were obtained via vacuum impregnation in molten PW.The prepared MXene-based PCCs showed versatile applications from macroscale technologies,successfully transforming solar,electric,and magnetic energy into thermal energy stored as latent heat in the PCCs.Moreover,due to the absence of binder in the MXene-based aerogel,MK3@PW exhibits a prime solar-thermal conversion efficiency(98.4%).Notably,MK3@PW can further convert the collected heat energy into electric energy through thermoelectric equipment and realize favorable solar-thermal-electric conversion(producing 206 mV of voltage with light radiation intensity of 200 mw cm^(−2)).An excellent Joule heat performance(reaching 105℃with an input voltage of 2.5 V)and responsive magnetic-thermal conversion behavior(a charging time of 11.8 s can achieve a thermal insulation effect of 285 s)for contactless thermotherapy were also demonstrated by the MK3@PW.Specifically,as a result of the ordered arrangement of MXene nanosheet self-assembly induced by potassium ions,MK3@PW PCC exhibits a higher electromagnetic shielding efficiency value(57.7 dB)than pure MXene aerogel/PW PCC(29.8 dB)with the same MXene mass.This work presents an opportunity for the multi-scene response and practical application of PCMs that satisfy demand of next-generation multifunctional PCCs.

基于SiC MOSFET同步BuckDC-DC变换器的宽频混合EMI滤波器设计

由于SiC MOSFET在高速开关电源中的广泛应用,导致严重的电磁干扰(EMI)问题,因此EMI滤波器的设计成为研究热点。为了满足电磁兼容(EMC)标准,无源EMI滤波器可以有效地降低DC-DC变换器产生的电磁干扰,但是无源磁性器件的体积较大,不利于提高DC-DC变换器的功率密度。该文分析DC-DC变换器的电磁干扰源和噪声源阻抗特性,建立无源和有源EMI滤波器的理论模型,提出宽频混合EMI滤波器的设计方法。最后,通过实验验证宽频混合EMI滤波器对DC-DC变换器EMI的抑制效果。

Flexible, Transparent and Conductive Metal Mesh Films with Ultra‑High FoM for Stretchable Heating and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Despite the growing demand for transparent conductive films in smart and wearable electronics for electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,achieving a flexible EMI shielding film,while maintaining a high transmittance remains a significant challenge.Herein,a flexible,transparent,and conductive copper(Cu)metal mesh film for EMI shielding is fabricated by self-forming crackle template method and electroplating technique.The Cu mesh film shows an ultra-low sheet resistance(0.18Ω□^(-1)),high transmittance(85.8%@550 nm),and ultra-high figure of merit(>13,000).It also has satisfactory stretchability and mechanical stability,with a resistance increases of only 1.3%after 1,000 bending cycles.As a stretchable heater(ε>30%),the saturation temperature of the film can reach over 110°C within 60 s at 1.00 V applied voltage.Moreover,the metal mesh film exhibits outstanding average EMI shielding effectiveness of 40.4 dB in the X-band at the thickness of 2.5μm.As a demonstration,it is used as a transparent window for shielding the wireless communication electromagnetic waves.Therefore,the flexible and transparent conductive Cu mesh film proposed in this work provides a promising candidate for the next-generation EMI shielding applications.

3D‑Printed Carbon‑Based Conformal Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Module for Integrated Electronics

Electromagnetic interference shielding(EMI SE)modules are the core com-ponent of modern electronics.However,the tra-ditional metal-based SE modules always take up indispensable three-dimensional space inside electronics,posing a major obstacle to the integra-tion of electronics.The innovation of integrating 3D-printed conformal shielding(c-SE)modules with packaging materials onto core electronics offers infinite possibilities to satisfy ideal SE func-tion without occupying additional space.Herein,the 3D printable carbon-based inks with various proportions of graphene and carbon nanotube nanoparticles are well-formulated by manipulating their rheological peculiarity.Accordingly,the free-constructed architectures with arbitrarily-customized structure and multifunctionality are created via 3D printing.In particular,the SE performance of 3D-printed frame is up to 61.4 dB,simultaneously accompanied with an ultralight architecture of 0.076 g cm^(-3) and a superhigh specific shielding of 802.4 dB cm3 g^(-1).Moreover,as a proof-of-concept,the 3D-printed c-SE module is in situ integrated into core electronics,successfully replacing the traditional metal-based module to afford multiple functions for electromagnetic compatibility and thermal dissipa-tion.Thus,this scientific innovation completely makes up the blank for assembling carbon-based c-SE modules and sheds a brilliant light on developing the next generation of high-performance shielding materials with arbitrarily-customized structure for integrated electronics.

Reflection on methodology of the correlation between electromagnetic interference and safety in high-speed railway

Purpose – In the continuous development of high-speed railways, ensuring the safety of the operation controlsystem is crucial. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) faults in signaling equipment may cause transportationinterruptions, delays and even threaten the safety of train operations. Exploring the impact of disturbances onsignaling equipment and establishing evaluation methods for the correlation between EMI and safety isurgently needed.Design/methodology/approach – This paper elaborates on the necessity and significance of studying theimpact of EMI as an unavoidable and widespread risk factor in the external environment of high-speed railwayoperations and continuous development. The current status of research methods and achievements from theperspectives of standard systems, reliability analysis and safety assessment are examined layer by layer.Additionally, it provides prospects for innovative ideas for exploring the quantitative correlation between EMIand signaling safety.Findings – Despite certain innovative achievements in both domestic and international standard systems andrelated research for ensuring and evaluating railway signaling safety, there’s a lack of quantitative and strategic research on the degradation of safety performance in signaling equipment due to EMI. A quantitativecorrelation between EMI and safety has yet to be established. On this basis, this paper proposes considerationsfor research methods pertaining to the correlation between EMI and safety.Originality/value – This paper overviews a series of methods and outcomes derived from domestic andinternational studies regarding railway signaling safety, encompassing standard systems, reliability analysisand safety assessment. Recognizing the necessity for quantitatively describing and predicting the impact ofEMI on high-speed railway signaling safety, an innovative approach using risk assessment techniques as abridge to establish the correlation between EMI and signaling safety is proposed.

电驱系统高压无源EMI滤波器建模研究

实际工程中,通常使用无源EMI滤波器来抑制电磁干扰(electromagnetic interference,EMI),准确的滤波器模型对滤波器的性能仿真及优化设计具有重要意义。为此,对磁环的频变特性进行等效,采用全电路方法建立精准的EMI滤波器模型。首先,建立磁环的共模和差模高频等效电路模型,模型参数通过遗传算法获得;基于阻抗计算公式建立了X、Y电容的高频电路模型;然后,利用有限元提取了母排、接地以及PCB走线的寄生参数;根据共、差模等效原则建立0.009~60 MHz频段的全电路模型,该模型与滤波器实际的结构相对应,同时包含共模特性和差模特性;最后,通过插入损耗和端口阻抗验证了模型的有效性。

基于矢量拟合法的交流接触器EMI高频模型

随着交流接触器的智能化,越来越多的交流接触器控制系统采用了电力电子器件。但开关器件的引入会产生大量的电磁干扰,影响控制系统的工作稳定性。交流接触器作为控制系统中电磁干扰流经的重要路径,需要对其高频电路模型进行精确建模。针对不易建立高精度、宽频带的交流接触器电磁干扰(EMI)高频模型问题,提出了一种基于矢量拟合法的交流接触器EMI高频模型和建模方法。首先将交流接触器的阻抗表示成网络函数形式。然后使用矢量网络分析仪测取线圈出线端口的阻抗特性数据,对测得的数据进行矢量拟合,求出极点和留数。之后根据网络函数与电路参数的关系,对拟合出的极点和留数进行电路等效,并在电路仿真软件中搭建交流接触器高频电路模型并进行仿真。仿真实验结果表明该高频电路模型在150 kHz~30 MHz频段范围内有较高的精度。最后将交流接触器EMI高频模型代入交流接触器控制系统EMI模型中进行时域仿真。仿真实验结果显示在150 kHz~30 MHz频率范围内,建立的接触器EMI高频模型可用于接触器控制系统的传导电磁干扰分析。

器件混合型三电平变流器EMI分析及抑制

SiC-MOSFET开关过程的高du/dt可减少开关损耗,但会显著增加变流器的电磁干扰(EMI)。这里以SiCMOSFET和Si-IGBT器件混合型3L-ANPC变流器拓扑为研究对象,分析零电压转换(ZVT)软开关技术对变流器共模(CM)噪声的抑制效果。首先对3L-ANPC软开关变流器进行介绍,然后基于变流器EMI的分析建立了硬开关和软开关拓扑CM EMI等效简化模型。通过对比两种开关条件下功率器件的du/dt和传导路径阻抗的差异,分析出软开关对CM噪声的抑制效果。最后通过实验验证了该软开关技术可以有效降低EMI水平。

扇出型封装EMI电磁屏蔽及部分屏蔽处理方案

随着科技的进步,电子产品变得不可或缺。扇出型封装技术以其性能和设计灵活性受到关注,提高了芯片整合度和电性能。但高性能电子设备密度和复杂性增加带来电磁干扰(EMI)问题,影响设备运作和信号传输。因此,研发有效的电磁屏蔽技术至关重要。文章探讨了扇出型封装中的EMI问题,提出了电磁屏蔽设计方案,包括Diefirst方案和RDLfirst方案。文章总结了扇出型封装技术发展趋势,探讨了未来挑战并为EMI电磁屏蔽设计提供建议,期望启发未来研究和创新。

Flexible and Waterproof 2D/1D/0D Construction of MXene-Based Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,EMI Shielding,and Photothermal Conversion

High-performance electromagnetic wave absorption and electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials with multifunctional characters have attracted extensive scientific and technological interest,but they remain a huge challenge.Here,we reported an electrostatic assembly approach for fabricating 2D/1D/0D construction of Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx/carbon nanotubes/Co nanoparticles(Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx/CNTs/Co)nanocomposites with an excellent electromagnetic wave absorption,EMI shielding efficiency,flexibility,hydrophobicity,and photother-mal conversion performance.As expected,a strong reflection loss of-85.8 dB and an ultrathin thickness of 1.4 mm were achieved.Mean-while,the high EMI shielding efficiency reached 110.1 dB.The excel-lent electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding performances were originated from the charge carriers,electric/magnetic dipole polariza-tion,interfacial polarization,natural resonance,and multiple internal reflections.Moreover,a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane rendered the hydrophilic hierarchical Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx/CNTs/Co hydrophobic,which can prevent the degradation/oxidation of the MXene in high humidity condition.Interestingly,the Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx/CNTs/Co film exhibited a remark-able photothermal conversion performance with high thermal cycle stability and tenability.Thus,the multifunctional Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx/CNTs/Co nanocomposites possessing a unique blend of outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption and EMI shielding,light-driven heating perfor-mance,and flexible water-resistant features were highly promising for the next-generation intelligent electromagnetic attenuation system.

基于噪声源阻抗提取的EMI滤波器高效设计方法

针对传统EMI滤波器设计方法存在单次设计不准确、多次设计调试周期长的问题,提出一种基于噪声源阻抗提取的EMI滤波器高效设计新方法。首先通过插入无源二端口网络准确、迅速地获得噪声源阻抗幅值和相位;其次依据阻抗失配原则进行EMI滤波器拓扑选择;然后综合考虑噪声源阻抗、LISN端等效负载阻抗以及EMI滤波器高频分布参数对滤波器插入损耗的影响,令滤波器的理论插入损耗等于传导EMI测试频段范围内所需的插入损耗,得到滤波器各元件准确参数,实现了EMI滤波器精确设计。最后,通过一台LED驱动电源进行实验,结果表明一次设计即可满足预期效果,验证了所提方法的准确性和高效性。

Polypyrrole-Coated Zein/Epoxy Ultrafine Fiber Mats for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

To reduce the environmental pollution and meet the needs for wearable electronic devices, new requirements for electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials include flexibility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Herein, we reported a polypyrrole-coated zein/epoxy(PPy/ZE) ultrafine fiber mat which was inherently biodegradable and skin-friendly. In addition, it could maintain its ultrafine fibrous structure after coating, which could provide the mat with mechanical compliance, high porosity, and a large specific area for high EMI shielding. With the assistance of the epoxide cross-linking, the breaking stresses of the PPy/ZE fiber mats could achieve 3.3 MPa and 1.4 MPa and the strains were 40.1% and 83.0% in dry and wet states, respectively, which met the needs of various wearable electronic devices. Along with the extension in the PPy treatment duration, more PPy was loaded on the fiber surfaces, which formed more integrated and conductive paths to generate increasing conductivities up to 401.76 S·m^(-1). Moreover, the EMI shielding performance was raised to 26.84 dB. The biobased mats provide a green and efficient choice for EMI shielding materials, which may be a promising strategy to address EMI problems in multiple fields.

3D Printed Integrated Gradient-Conductive MXene/CNT/Polyimide Aerogel Frames for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding with Ultra-Low Reflection

Construction of advanced electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials with miniaturized,programmable structure and low reflection are promising but challenging.Herein,an integrated transition-metal carbides/carbon nanotube/polyimide(gradient-conductive MXene/CNT/PI,GCMCP)aerogel frame with hierarchical porous structure and gradient-conductivity has been constructed to achieve EMI shielding with ultra-low reflection.The gradient-conductive structures are obtained by continuous 3D printing of MXene/CNT/poly(amic acid)inks with different CNT contents,where the slightly conductive top layer serves as EM absorption layer and the highly conductive bottom layer as reflection layer.In addition,the hierarchical porous structure could extend the EM dissipation path and dissipate EM by multiple reflections.Consequently,the GCMCP aerogel frames exhibit an excellent average EMI shielding efficiency(68.2 dB)and low reflection(R=0.23).Furthermore,the GCMCP aerogel frames with miniaturized and programmable structures can be used as EMI shielding gaskets and effectively block wireless power transmission,which shows a prosperous application prospect in defense industry and aerospace.

Highly Ordered Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Aramid Nanofiber Conductive Foams Modulated by Kevlar Polyanion for Piezoresistive Sensing and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Highly ordered and uniformly porous structure of conductive foams is a vital issue for various functional purposes such as piezoresistive sensing and electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding. With the aids of Kevlar polyanionic chains, thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU) foams reinforced by aramid nanofibers(ANF) with adjustable pore-size distribution were successfully obtained via a nonsolvent-induced phase separation. In this regard, the most outstanding result is the in situ formation of ANF in TPU foams after protonation of Kevlar polyanion during the NIPS process. Furthermore, in situ growth of copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs) on TPU/ANF foams was performed according to the electroless deposition by using the tiny amount of pre-blended Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene as reducing agents. Particularly, the existence of Cu NPs layers significantly promoted the storage modulus in 2,932% increments, and the well-designed TPU/ANF/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene(PAM-Cu) composite foams showed distinguished compressive cycle stability. Taking virtues of the highly ordered and elastic porous architectures, the PAM-Cu foams were utilized as piezoresistive sensor exhibiting board compressive interval of 0–344.5 kPa(50% strain) with good sensitivity at 0.46 kPa^(-1). Meanwhile,the PAM-Cu foams displayed remarkable EMI shielding effectiveness at 79.09 dB in X band. This work provides an ideal strategy to fabricate highly ordered TPU foams with outstanding elastic recovery and excellent EMI shielding performance, which can be used as a promising candidate in integration of satisfactory piezoresistive sensor and EMI shielding applications for human–machine interfaces.

基于混沌扩频无损吸收的共模EMI抑制方法

针对高频开关电源电磁干扰过大的问题,提出一种无损吸收与混沌扩频结合的共模传导电磁干扰(electromagnetic interference,EMI)抑制方法。无损吸收电路把吸收电容的能量回馈电源或者传送给负载,提高变换电路的效率,并且其吸收电容的取值可以比常规的吸收电容更大,可以更好地抑制d u/d t;混沌扩频技术可以使EMI频谱均匀化,减小噪声峰值,是进一步抑制共模EMI的重要和有效的手段。采用Boost功率因数校正(power factor correction,PFC)变换器作为分析对象,研究混沌扩频无损吸收的共模EMI抑制效果,首先建立无损吸收PFC变换器的共模EMI等效模型,然后基于该模型推导了混沌扩频调制下的功率谱密度函数,并进行仿真分析,最后搭建了实验样机,进行相关的EMI测试。实验结果表明:混沌扩频无损吸收能有效降低PFC变换器的共模EMI。