We investigate under what conditions transient simulation could be used to integrate backward in time so that the initial field could be recovered from later histories. In this paper we use realistic examples and find...We investigate under what conditions transient simulation could be used to integrate backward in time so that the initial field could be recovered from later histories. In this paper we use realistic examples and find that, in long histories, traces of the initial field would be present only in the exact analytical solutions. We conclude that the recovery of initial field is possible only if the equations could be solved analytically or only short time periods are involved. In practice, it is not possible to detect those traces by measurements or observations. If numerical procedures are used, truncation and discretization errors are always present. Fine-tuning of system parameters used or transforming time into another pseudo time frame may allow numerical integration to be carried out backward in time. But numerical instability is still a problem. Large spurious increases found by numerical procedures are most likely due to numerical inaccuracy and instability.展开更多
The analysis of the impulse voltage on the internal electric field of the cable joint plays a key role in studying the breakdown of the joint. Based on the finite element method, a three-dimensional electromagnetic fi...The analysis of the impulse voltage on the internal electric field of the cable joint plays a key role in studying the breakdown of the joint. Based on the finite element method, a three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation model of the cable joint is established in this paper. Simulation results show that the voltage at the head of the cable joint reaches about twice the impulse voltage. The increase of the conductivity of semi-conductive material also leads to the increase of electric field intensity. Then, several points and curves at different positions are selected for further analysis in this paper. Among them, the electric field distortion at the edge of the high voltage shield is the most serious and the electric field in the air gap is the least.展开更多
With the development of new energy technology, there are increasing applications of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system. However, there is little research on development of electromechanical model of l...With the development of new energy technology, there are increasing applications of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system. However, there is little research on development of electromechanical model of large scale photovoltaic power station. The computational speed will be very slow if electromagnetic transient model is used for stability study because of its complexity. Therefore, study on electromechanical transient model of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system is of great meaning. In this paper, electromagnetic transient model of photovoltaic power generation system is introduced first, and then a general electromechanical transient model is proposed. These two kinds of simulation model are set up in PSCAD. By comparing the simulation results of two models, the correctness and validity of the electromechanical transient model is verified. It provides reference model for efficient simulation and modeling of grid-connected photovoltaic power station in large-scale power systems.展开更多
We have developed an energy balance equation for the universe. The two system parameters involved in the equation could be “fine-tuned” so that the predicted temperature histories all lead to what is observed in the...We have developed an energy balance equation for the universe. The two system parameters involved in the equation could be “fine-tuned” so that the predicted temperature histories all lead to what is observed in the present cosmic microwave background. We have shown that various combinations of these two parameters are possible;in particular, the present background temperature needs not be the remnant of a very hot temperature in the far distance past. We also solved for the propagation of vortex solitons in optical fibres as contrasting examples to show how electromagnetic wave could be transmitted in a particular waveform under strictly controlled conditions. To avoid singularity, all vortexes have a black centre. We conclude that while numerical techniques can be used to account for an infinite quantity, it is unlikely that such a quantity could exist in reality.展开更多
Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated ...Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.展开更多
电力系统电磁暂态仿真中,常用异步电动机模型来代表动态负荷模型。然而,由于异步电动机数量众多和电机-电网接口方法的局限性,传统异步电动机模型很难兼顾仿真效率和数值稳定性。针对这一问题,该文提出一种用于电力系统电磁暂态仿真的...电力系统电磁暂态仿真中,常用异步电动机模型来代表动态负荷模型。然而,由于异步电动机数量众多和电机-电网接口方法的局限性,传统异步电动机模型很难兼顾仿真效率和数值稳定性。针对这一问题,该文提出一种用于电力系统电磁暂态仿真的异步电动机负荷解耦(induction motor load decoupling,IMLD)模型。该模型结合异步电动机等效电路和LC传输线时延,构造出具有天然时延的电机-电网解耦接口,从而将异步电动机与外部电网解耦,异步电动机的迭代求解过程无需与外部电网同步求解。根据负荷节点给定的潮流有功和无功功率,通过求解等效电路方程并配置IMLD模型参数,使仿真功率结果与潮流计算给定负荷节点功率相匹配。测试算例结果表明,所提IMLD模型可有效减少网络方程迭代次数,同时具备较高准确性和仿真效率,且具备良好的数值稳定性。展开更多
文摘We investigate under what conditions transient simulation could be used to integrate backward in time so that the initial field could be recovered from later histories. In this paper we use realistic examples and find that, in long histories, traces of the initial field would be present only in the exact analytical solutions. We conclude that the recovery of initial field is possible only if the equations could be solved analytically or only short time periods are involved. In practice, it is not possible to detect those traces by measurements or observations. If numerical procedures are used, truncation and discretization errors are always present. Fine-tuning of system parameters used or transforming time into another pseudo time frame may allow numerical integration to be carried out backward in time. But numerical instability is still a problem. Large spurious increases found by numerical procedures are most likely due to numerical inaccuracy and instability.
文摘The analysis of the impulse voltage on the internal electric field of the cable joint plays a key role in studying the breakdown of the joint. Based on the finite element method, a three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation model of the cable joint is established in this paper. Simulation results show that the voltage at the head of the cable joint reaches about twice the impulse voltage. The increase of the conductivity of semi-conductive material also leads to the increase of electric field intensity. Then, several points and curves at different positions are selected for further analysis in this paper. Among them, the electric field distortion at the edge of the high voltage shield is the most serious and the electric field in the air gap is the least.
文摘With the development of new energy technology, there are increasing applications of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system. However, there is little research on development of electromechanical model of large scale photovoltaic power station. The computational speed will be very slow if electromagnetic transient model is used for stability study because of its complexity. Therefore, study on electromechanical transient model of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system is of great meaning. In this paper, electromagnetic transient model of photovoltaic power generation system is introduced first, and then a general electromechanical transient model is proposed. These two kinds of simulation model are set up in PSCAD. By comparing the simulation results of two models, the correctness and validity of the electromechanical transient model is verified. It provides reference model for efficient simulation and modeling of grid-connected photovoltaic power station in large-scale power systems.
文摘We have developed an energy balance equation for the universe. The two system parameters involved in the equation could be “fine-tuned” so that the predicted temperature histories all lead to what is observed in the present cosmic microwave background. We have shown that various combinations of these two parameters are possible;in particular, the present background temperature needs not be the remnant of a very hot temperature in the far distance past. We also solved for the propagation of vortex solitons in optical fibres as contrasting examples to show how electromagnetic wave could be transmitted in a particular waveform under strictly controlled conditions. To avoid singularity, all vortexes have a black centre. We conclude that while numerical techniques can be used to account for an infinite quantity, it is unlikely that such a quantity could exist in reality.
基金The work described in this paper was financially supported by the Shanghai Municipality Natural Science Foundation(No.21ZR1434400).
文摘Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.
文摘电力系统电磁暂态仿真中,常用异步电动机模型来代表动态负荷模型。然而,由于异步电动机数量众多和电机-电网接口方法的局限性,传统异步电动机模型很难兼顾仿真效率和数值稳定性。针对这一问题,该文提出一种用于电力系统电磁暂态仿真的异步电动机负荷解耦(induction motor load decoupling,IMLD)模型。该模型结合异步电动机等效电路和LC传输线时延,构造出具有天然时延的电机-电网解耦接口,从而将异步电动机与外部电网解耦,异步电动机的迭代求解过程无需与外部电网同步求解。根据负荷节点给定的潮流有功和无功功率,通过求解等效电路方程并配置IMLD模型参数,使仿真功率结果与潮流计算给定负荷节点功率相匹配。测试算例结果表明,所提IMLD模型可有效减少网络方程迭代次数,同时具备较高准确性和仿真效率,且具备良好的数值稳定性。
