Approximating the Radial Distribution Function of the Electron in a Hydrogen Atom by a Normal Distribution Suggests That Magnetic Confinement Fusion Would Be Less Energy Efficient than Inertial Confinement Fusion

Since the position of the electron in a hydrogen atom cannot be determined, the region in which it resides is said to be determined stochastically and forms an electron cloud. The probability density function of the single electron in 1s orbit is expressed as φ2, a function of distance from the nucleus. However, the probability of existence of the electron is expressed as a radial distribution function at an arbitrary distance from the nucleus, so it is estimated as the probability of the entire spherical shape of that radius. In this study, it has been found that the electron existence probability approximates the radial distribution function by assuming that the probability of existence of the electron being in the vicinity of the nucleus follows a normal distribution for arbitrary x-, y-, and z-axis directions. This implies that the probability of existence of the electron, which has been known only from the distance information, would follow a normal distribution independently in the three directions. When the electrons’ motion is extremely restricted in a certain direction by the magnetic field of both tokamak and helical fusion reactors, the probability of existence of the electron increases with proximity to the nucleus, and as a result, it is less likely to be liberated from the nucleus. Therefore, more and more energy is required to free the nucleus from the electron in order to generate plasma.

On Electron Clouds and Light

The wave equation of the electron, recently improved, allows physics to obtain all the quantum numbers and other results explaining the hydrogen spectrum. The Pauli exclusion principle then gives the description of electron clouds used in chemistry. The relativistic wave equation is associated with a Lagrangian density, thus also with an energy-momentum tensorial density. The wave of an electron cloud adds these energy-momentum densities, while photons in light are precisely those differences between such energy-momentum densities.

Ce掺杂Ni_(2)P纳米片的电子调控促进高效析氧

设计高效非贵金属析氧反应(OER)电催化剂对电化学能量转换具有非常重要的意义.本文通过水热法和煅烧法,成功制备了铈(Ce)掺杂磷化镍(Ni_(2)P)纳米片催化剂Ce-Ni_(2)P.微量Ce掺杂使催化剂表面产生丰富的磷空位,并显著调控了催化剂表面的电子结构,优化了催化活性位的化学价态.得益于Ce掺杂对催化剂表面的电子结构调控,Ce-Ni_(2)P催化剂在碱性电解液中表现出优异的OER性能和长期的稳定性.在50和100 mA/cm^(2)电流密度下,Ce-Ni_(2)P的OER过电位分别为241和281 mV,显著优于Ni_(2)P和商用RuO _(2)的过电位.

P掺杂β-FeSi_(2)材料的制备与热电输运性能

β-FeSi_(2)作为一种绿色环保、高温抗氧化的热电材料,在工业余热回收领域具有潜在的应用价值。虽然磷(P)是一种理想的β-FeSi_(2)硅(Si)位的n型掺杂元素,但是P掺杂β-FeSi_(2)易出现第二相,从而限制了其热电性能的提升。本研究采用感应熔炼法合成了一系列FeSi_(2)-xPx(x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06)样品,极大程度地避免了第二相的产生,并系统研究了P掺杂对β-FeSi_(2)热电输运性能的影响。结果表明,P在β-FeSi_(2)中的掺杂极限约为0.04,与前期的理论缺陷计算结果相符。此外,P掺杂优化了β-FeSi_(2)的热电性能,在850 K时,FeSi1.96P0.04的最高热电优值ZT约为0.12,远高于已有的研究结果(673 K,最高ZT仅为0.03)。然而,与同为n型Co和Ir掺杂的β-FeSi_(2)相比(其载流子浓度可达10^(22)cm^(-3)),P掺杂β-FeSi_(2)的载流子浓度较低,最高仅为10^(20)cm^(-3),这导致其电声散射效应较弱,从而限制了整体热电性能的提升。若能提高其载流子浓度,则热电性能有望得到进一步提升。

Blockchain-Based Trusted Electronic Records Preservation in Cloud Storage

Cloud storage represents the trend of intensive,scale and specialization of information technology,which has changed the technical architecture and implementation method of electronic records management.Moreover,it will provide a convenient way to generate more advanced and efficient management of the electronic data records.However,in cloud storage environment,it is difficult to guarantee the trustworthiness of electronic records,which results in a series of severe challenges to electronic records management.Starting from the definition and specification of electronic records,this paper firstly analyzes the requirements of the trustworthiness in cloud storage during their long-term preservation according to the information security theory and subdivides the trustworthiness into the authenticity,integrity,usability,and reliability of electronic records in cloud storage.Moreover,this paper proposes the technology framework of preservation for trusted electronic records.Also,the technology of blockchain,proofs of retrievability,the open archival information system model and erasure code are adopted to protect these four security attributes,to guarantee the credibility of the electronic record.

Python在结构化学可视化教学中的应用探索

介绍使用Python语言和科学计算库绘制结构化学中常见的氢原子s和p轨道波函数和电子云的图形的探索。在此过程中编写了多个脚本,通过数据处理和不同的生成算法实现波函数、电子云的可视化教学,旨在引导学生深入学习和理解波函数和电子云物理意义,提升学生自主思考和主动学习的能力。

小尺寸纳米颗粒的SEM高分辨成像模式探究——以Ni_(2)P为例

相比透射电子显微镜(TEM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)具有批量进样、成本低、三维成像的优势,但小尺寸纳米颗粒在进行SEM成像时存在容易积碳、分辨率不足、形貌结构信息弱等技术难题。文章以超小空心(34.4 nm)、实心(13.3 nm)Ni_(2)P纳米颗粒为例,重点探究了如何通过调控工作模式、工作距离、加速电压、束流等参数获得分辨率高、形貌结构清晰的SEM图像。研究表明,高分辨模式下T2和超高分辨模式下T3探头所成二次电子(SE)像的分辨率明显优于标准模式下ETD探头的,且SE像表面形貌信息多、立体感较好。其中由于T3探头位置最高且仅收集高位二次电子信号,这部分二次电子信号进入透镜的角度准直且能量较低。因此超高分辨模式-T3探头所成SE像分辨率和信噪比最高、形貌衬度良好,但几乎观察不到颗粒内部结构。而高分辨和超高分辨模式下T1(背散射信号)探头所成BSE像成分衬度好,虽景深较小但最有利于观察空心结构。同时探究发现工作距离太小,所得SE像分辨率好但景深差,工作距离太大,SE像分辨率稍弱但景深较好。结合图像质量测量结果,对于文中的Ni_(2)P纳米颗粒,选择适中的工作距离(~8 mm)可获得质量较高的SE像。提升加速电压可有效提高图像分辨率(空心Ni_(2)P在30 kV下可达2.3 nm)。信噪比会随束流的增大而增强,其过大会导致颗粒边缘模糊,选择适中的束流(~0.2 nA)成像效果较好。以上研究结果对小尺寸及中空结构纳米颗粒的SEM成像选择具有一定的借鉴作用。

Research on Electronic Document Management System Based on Cloud Computing

With the development of information technology,cloud computing technology has brought many conveniences to all aspects of work and life.With the continuous promotion,popularization and vigorous development of e-government and e-commerce,the number of documents in electronic form is getting larger and larger.Electronic document is an indispensable main tool and real record of e-government and business activities.How to scientifically and effectively manage electronic documents?This is an important issue faced by governments and enterprises in improving management efficiency,protecting state secrets or business secrets,and reducing management costs.This paper discusses the application of cloud computing technology in the construction of electronic file management system,proposes an architecture of electronic file management system based on cloud computing,and makes a more detailed discussion on key technologies and implementation.The electronic file management system is built on the cloud architecture to enable users to upload,download,share,set security roles,audit,and retrieve files based on multiple modes.An electronic file management system based on cloud computing can make full use of cloud storage,cloud security,and cloud computing technologies to achieve unified,reliable,and secure management of electronic files.

Code-Based Preservation Mechanism of Electronic Record in Electronic Record Center of Cloud Storage

With the rapid development of E-commerce and E-government,there are so many electronic records have been produced.The increasing number of electronic records brings about storage difficulties,the traditional electronic records center is difficult to cope with the current fast growth requirements of electronic records storage and management.Therefore,it is imperative to use cloud storage technology to build electronic record centers.However,electronic records also have weaknesses in the cloud storage environment,and one of them is that once electronic record owners or managers lose physical control of them,the electronic records are more likely to be tampered with and destroyed.So,the paper builds a reliable electronic records preservation system based on coding theory.It can effectively guarantee the reliability of record storage when the electronic record is damaged,and the original electronic record can be restored by redundant coding,thus ensuring the reliable storage of electronic records.

基于可重构PRS的一维电子波束转向Fabry-Perot天线设计

设计了一种具有一维电子波束转向的新型Fabry-Perot(F-P)谐振腔天线。该天线由同轴探针馈电的方形微带贴片天线作为辐射源,并采用加载PIN二极管的可重构部分反射表面(Partially Reflective Surface,PRS)实现波束转向。所设计的可重构PRS由6×6个花瓣型单元组成,并均分为相等的两部分Part 1和Part 2,分别由两个控制信号独立控制,因此可以有选择地调节每部分PIN二极管的开关状态。所设计的天线具有三种不同的辐射模式。测量结果表明,天线主波束能够在+9°、0°、-9°三种离散状态下自由切换。所有状态下重叠的阻抗带宽(|S_(11)|<-10 dB)为5.5%(5.43~5.74 GHz),最大增益达到14.2 dBi。

First principles calculation of electronic structure, chemical bonding and elastic properties of ultra-incompressible Re_2P

The electronic structures, chemical bonding and elastic properties of the Co2P-type structure phase ultra-incompressible Re2P （orthorhombic phase） were investigated by density-functional theory （DFT） within generalized gradient approximation （GGA）. The calculated energy band structures show that the orthorhombic structure phase Re2P is metallic material. The density of state （DOS） and the partial density of state （PDOS） calculations show that the DOS near the Fermi level is mainly from the Re-5d state. Population analysis suggests that the chemical bonding in Re2P has predominantly covalent character with mixed covalent-ionic character. Basic physical properties, such as lattice constant, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic constants Cij, were calculated. The elastic modulus and Poisson ratio were also predicted. The results show that the Co2P-type structure phase Re2P is mechanically stable and behaves in a brittle manner.

利用Cloud P2P构建健康医疗大数据平台

分析健康医疗行业集成研究现状和健康医疗大数据平台建设存在的难点,采用Cloud P2P网络构建健康医疗大数据平台,提出包含资源层、感知/接入层、传输层、服务层和应用层5个层次的平台框架。

P-GaN栅结构GaN基HEMT器件研究进展

增强型氮化镓(GaN)基高电子迁移率晶体管(high electron mobility transistor,HEMT)是高频高功率器件与开关器件领域的研究热点,P-GaN栅技术因具备制备工艺简单、可控且工艺重复性好等优势而成为目前最常用且唯一实现商用的GaN基增强型器件制备方法。首先,概述了当前制约P-GaN栅结构GaN基HEMT器件发展的首要问题,从器件结构与器件制备工艺这2个角度,综述了其性能优化举措方面的最新研究进展。然后,通过对研究进展的分析,总结了当前研究工作面临的挑战以及解决方法。最后,对未来的发展前景、发展方向进行了展望。

Promoting photocarriers separation in S-scheme system with Ni_(2)P electron bridge:The case study of BiOBr/Ni_(2)P/g-C_(3)N_(4)

Constructing step-scheme(S-scheme)heterojunctions can considerably facilitate separation and transfer of photocarriers,as well as promote strong redox ability.The interface resistance of heterojunctions immediately affects photocarrier separation and determines the photocatalytic activity.Herein,we constructed a novel Bi OBr/Ni_(2)P/g-C_(3)N_(4) heterojunction using Ni_(2)P as a novel electron bridge to reduce the interfacial resistance of photocarriers between Bi OBr and g-C3N4.The as-prepared 10% BiOBr/Ni2P/g-C_(3)N_(4) sample exhibited outstanding visible-light photocatalytic performance for methyl orange and rhodamine B removal,with degradation efficiencies of 91.4% and 98.9%,respectively.The excellent photocatalytic activity of Bi OBr/Ni_(2)P/g-C_(3)N_(4) was mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of the Ni2P cocatalyst and S-scheme heterojunction,which not only reduced the interface resistance but also retained the strong redox potential of the photocarriers.In addition,the formation of the S-scheme system was supported by active oxygen species investigation,current-voltage curves,and density functional theory calculations.This work provides a guideline for the design of highly efficient S-scheme photocatalysts with transition metal phosphates as electron bridges to improve photocarriers separation.

Theoretical Study on the Structures and Electronic Spectra of the Derivatives of C_(60)-P-2,4,6-Triphenyl Borazinc

The structures and electronic spectra of the derivatives of C60-P-2,4,6-triphenyl borazinc have been studied by using AM 1 method. The calculated results indicate that this kind of compounds has a lower energy difference between HOMO and LUMO. It is found that the electron cloud on unoccupied frontier orbital mainly comes from the contribution of C60, while that on occupied frontier orbital mainly concentrates on the side chain. A long-lived charge-separated state may occur in the objective compounds.

The effect of electronic orbital interactions on p-type doping tendency in ZnO series： First-principles calculations

The electronic structures and optical properties of B3 ZnO series of Zn4X4-yMy（X ：O, S, Se or Te; M = N, Sb, C1 or I; y = 0 or 1） are studied by first-principles calculations using a pseudopotential plane-wave method. The results show that Zn d-X p orbital interactions play an important role in the p-type doping tendency in zinc-based Ⅱ-Ⅵ semiconductors. In ZnX, with increasing atomic number of X, Zn d-X p orbital interactions decrease and Zn s-X p orbital interactions increase. Additionally, substituting group-V elements for X will reduce the Zn d-X p orbital interactions while substituting group-VII elements for X will increase the Zn d-X p orbital interactions. The results also show that group-V-doped ZnX and group-Ⅷ-doped ZnX exhibit different optical behaviours due to their different orbital interaction effects.

Effects of N-doping concentration on the electronic structure and optical properties of N-doped β-Ga_2O_3

The electronic structures and the optical properties of N-doped β-Ga2O3 with different N-doping concentrations are studied using the first-principles method.We find that the N substituting O（1） atom is the most stable structure for the smallest formation energy.After N-doping,the charge density distribution significantly changes,and the acceptor impurity level is introduced above the valence band and intersects with the Fermi level.The impurity absorption edges appear to shift toward longer wavelengths with an increase in N-doping concentration.The complex refractive index shows metallic characteristics in the N-doped β-Ga2O3.

Study on the P2P Cloud Storage Architecture Based on Semantic Hypergraph

Cloud storage has the characteristics of distributed and virtual, and it makes the ownership rights and management rights of users data separated. The master-slave architecture of cloud storage has a problem of single point failure. In this paper, we provide a cloud storage architecture model based on Semantic equivalence. According to semantic matching degree, this architecture divides the nodes into node cluster by creating semantic tree and maintains system routing through semantic hypergraph. Through simulation experiments show that dividing network into semantic can enhance scalability and flexibility of the system, and it can improve the efficiency of network organization and the security of cloud storage system, at the same time, it can also reduce the cloud data storage and the delay of reading time.

A New Thioamide Derivative for Separation and Preconcentration of Multi Elements in Aquatic Environment by Cloud Point Extraction

2-(pyridine-2-yl)-N-p-chlorohydrazinecarbothioamide (HCPTS) was synthesized, characterized and successfully applied for the preconcentration of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Pb(II), Fe(II), and Hg(II) in water, blood, and urine samples prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption determination (GFAAS);Hg was determined by cold vapor technique. Under the optimum experimental conditions (i.e. pH = 8, 10–4 M of HCPTS, 0.05% w/v of Triton X-114), calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.02 to 200 ng?mL–1 for Co(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II);0.03 to 200 ng?mL–1 for Cu(II);0.07 to 200 ng?mL–1 for Fe(II) and Zn(II) and 0.02 to 150 ng?mL–1 for Hg(II). The enrichment factors were 43, 51, 41, 46, 54, 40, 45 and 52 for Cu(II), Ni(II),Zn (II), Cd(II), Co(II), Pb(II), Fe(II), and Hg(II), respectively. The limit of detection were found to be 0.019, 0.094, 0.0514, 0.052, 0.0165, 0.047, 0.068 and 0.041 ng?mL–1 for Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Pb(II), Fe(II), and Hg(II), respectively. The developed method was applied to the determination of these metal ions in water, blood and urine samples with satisfactory results.

Tuning Structural,Electronic,and Magnetic Properties of Black-AsP Monolayer by Adatom Adsorptions:A First Principles Study

Black Arsenic-phosphorus(AsP)monolayer is a novel two-dimensional nanomaterial with the characteristics of modest direct bandgap and superhigh carrier mobility.However,little is known about how the surface adsorption affects the property of AsP monolayer.Motivated by this,we researched systematically the geometry,adsorption energy,magnetic moment and electronic structure of 11 different adatoms adsorbed on AsP monolayer using firstprinciples calculations.The adatoms used in this study include light nonmetallic(C,N,O)adatoms,period-3 metal(Na,Mg,Al)adatoms,and transition-metal(Ti,V,Cr,Mn,and Fe)adatoms.The adatoms cause an abundant variety of structural,magnetic and electronic properties.This study shows that AsP binds strongly with all adatoms under study and the adsorption energies in all systems are much stronger than that on graphene,Si C,BN,or MoS2.The semiconductor property of AsP is affected by the introduction of adsorbed atoms,which can induce mid-gap states or cause n-type doping.Moreover,the adatom adsorptions cause various spintronic characteristics:N-,Ti-,and Fe-adsorbed AsP become bipolar semiconductors,while the Mn-decorated AsP becomes a bipolar spin-gapless semiconductor.Our results suggest that atomic adsorption on AsP monolayers has potential application in the field of nanoelectronics and spintronics.