Analysis of Orange Peel Defect in St14 Steel Sheet by Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD)

In this paper, the orange peel defect in the surface range of the st14 steel sheet has been investigated using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. It has been found that the orange peel defect in the st14 steel sheet was resulted from the local coarse grains which were produced during hot-rolling due to the critical deformation in dual-phase zone. During deep drawing, the coarse grains with {100}<001> microtexture can slip on the {112}<111> slip system to form bulging and yields orange peel defects, while the coarse grains with {112}<110> orientation do not form the defect as the Schmid factor of {112}<111> slip system in it equals zero.

Crystallographic Characteristic of Intermetallic Compounds in Al-Si-Mg Casting Alloys Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction

The Al-Si-Mg alloy which can be strengthened by heat treatment is widely applied to the key components of aerospace and aeronautics. Iron-rich intermetallic compounds are well known to be strongly influential on mechanical properties in Al-Si-Mg alloys. But intermetallic compounds in cast Al-Si-Mg alloy intermetallics are often misidentified in previous metallurgical studies. It was described as many different compounds, such as AlFeSi, Al8Fe2Si, Al5（Fe, Mn）3Si2 and so on. For the purpose of solving this problem, the intermetallic compounds in cast Al-Si alloys containing 0.5% Mg were investigated in this study. The iron-rich compounds in Al-Si-Mg casting alloys were characterized by optical microscope（OM）, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDS）, electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD） and X-ray powder diffraction（XRD）. The electron backscatter diffraction patterns were used to assess the crystallographic characteristics of intermetallic compounds. The compound which contains Fe/Mg-rich particles with coarse morphologies was Al8FeMg3Si6 in the alloy by using EBSD. The compound belongs to hexagonal system, space group P6_2m, with the lattice parameter a=0.662 nm, c=0.792 nm. The β-phase is indexed as tetragonal Al3FeSi2, space group I4/mcm, a=0.607 nm and c=0.950 nm. The XRD data indicate that Al8FeMg3Si6 and Al3FeSi2 are present in the microstructure of Al-7Si-Mg alloy, which confirms the identification result of EBSD. The present study identified the iron-rich compound in Al-Si-Mg alloy, which provides a reliable method to identify the intermetallic compounds in short time in Al-Si-Mg alloy. Study results are helpful for identification of complex compounds in alloys.

电解铜箔截面微观组织的EBSD分析

目的通过树脂包埋结合离子截面抛光的制备方法,实现铜箔样品的截面EBSD分析,进而利用截面EBSD分析方法探究电流密度对铜箔组织性能的影响。方法通过使用热固性树脂对铜箔进行包埋,使用加热平台使胶体凝固,对得到的包埋好的铜箔试样在砂纸上进行截面打磨,放入截面离子抛光仪中进行离子切割,样品制备完成后,将样品取下。使用电子背散射(EBSD)作为电镜附件,进行晶体学取向的表征。结果结合截面微观组织的EBSD分析方法,分析了电流密度对铜箔组织性能的影响,结果表明,随着电流密度的增大,电解铜箔的晶粒尺寸呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,孪晶密度和位错密度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,抗拉强度在45 A/dm^(2)时达到最大547.05 MPa。结论该方法可以利用EBSD分析软件自动分析铜箔截面的晶粒粒度分布、孪晶密度等,并将这些微观结构特征与力学性能结果进行详细对比分析,验证了电流密度对铜箔组织和性能的显著影响。

EBSD技术及其在金属材料中的研究应用

电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)作为分析材料晶体结构、物相分布、织构以及取向差的新型研究方法,通过介绍EBSD的系统构成以及基本原理,对比其与传统分析技术之间的优缺点,结合具体实例说明EBSD在金属材料中织构、取向和晶粒尺寸等方面的应用。

Application of EBSD technique to ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials processed by severe plastic deformation:Sample preparation, parameters optimization and analysis

With the help of FESEM, high resolution electron backscatter diffraction can investigate the grains/subgrains as small as a few tens of nanometers with a good angular resolution （~0.5°）. Fast development of EBSD speed （up to 1100 patterns per second） contributes that the number of published articles related to EBSD has been increasing sharply year by year. This paper reviews the sample preparation, parameters optimization and analysis of EBSD technique, emphasizing on the investigation of ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials processed by severe plastic deformation （SPD）. Detailed and practical parameters of the electropolishing, silica polishing and ion milling have been summarized. It is shown that ion milling is a real universal and promising polishing method for EBSD preparation of almost all materials. There exists a maximum value of indexed points as a function of step size. The optimum step size depends on the magnification and the board resolution/electronic step size. Grains/subgrains and texture, and grain boundary structure are readily obtained by EBSD. Strain and stored energy may be analyzed by EBSD.

HR3C奥氏体耐热钢晶界蠕变损伤的电子背散射衍射分析

对不同条件下的HR3C奥氏体耐热钢蠕变试样进行性能测试和微观结构观察,研究奥氏体耐热不锈钢蠕变沿晶破坏行为和损伤特征。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析结果表明,不同蠕变速度下材料的晶粒尺寸基本不变,未产生择优取向,但高蠕变速度条件下部分孪晶界演变成一般晶界,而低蠕变速度下原始孪晶结构基本保持不变。EBSD分析结果清楚地反映了微观蠕变应变的不均匀性。沿晶微裂纹和蠕变空洞的产生和扩展是最显著的损伤特征,这些损伤现象与不同蠕变速度下的蠕变机制及晶界性质密切相关。

Electron backscatter diffraction investigation of duplex-phase microstructure in a forged Zr-2.5Nb alloy

Microstructural features of a duplex-phase Zr-2.5Nb alloy were investigated in detail using electron channeling contrast （ECC） imaging and electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） technique in an emission gun scanning electron microscope （FEGSEM）. The excellent resolution provided by the FEGSEM promises the combined utilization of both techniques to be quite adequate for characterizing the duplex-phase microstructures. Results show that the microstructure of the Zr-2.5Nb alloy is composed of bulk a grains （majority） in equiaxed or plate shape and thin 13 films （minority） surrounding the bulk grains, with their average grain size and thickness measured to be 1.4 prn and 72 nm, respectively. Analyses on a-grain boundaries reveal a number of low angle boundaries, most of which belong to deformation-induced dislocation boundaries. Measurements on relative propor- tions of various Burgers boundaries suggest very weak （if any） variant selection during 13 ~ a cooling, which should be re- lated to deformation-induced higher nucleation rate of a phases. Compared to earlier attempts, more satisfactory indexing of fine β phases （down to nanoscale） is attained by the FEGSEM-based EBSD. Examples are presented to clearly reveal well-obeyed Burgers orientation relationships between adjacent α and β phases. Finally, it is deduced that continuing applica- tion of the FEGSEM-based EBSD to duplex-phase Zr alloys could help clarify controversies like the deformation priority of the two phases.

An Algorithm to Analyze Electron Backscatter Diffraction Data for Grain Reconstruction:from Methodology to Application

An algorithm for grain reconstruction based on electron backscatter diffraction data was proposed in this paper. This algorithm can well record the original data arrangement when an external file for the reconstructed grain（s） was exported for further post-processing. Assisted by an in-house MATLAB program, grain reconstruction, lattice rotations, orientation spreads, and slip system analysis can be performed. The validity of this algorithm has been successfully tested by polycrystalline Ni before and after channel die compression.

Crystallographic analysis of lath martensite in a 13Cr-5Ni steel by electron backscattering diffraction

Morphology observation and crystallographic analysis of lath martensite in 13Cr-5Ni steel were investigated by electron backscattering diffraction （EBSD） in a scanning electron microscope. The pole figures of the microstructure measured by EBSD showed that the martensite in this steel held the Kurdjumov-Sachs （K-S） orientation relationship, and the boundary misorientations after the austenite-martensite transformation were also analyzed. However, not all the 24 possible variants in the K-S relationship were observed in a single prior austenite grain. Sub-blocks with special combinations were observed, which can be explained by the minimization of the total shape strain between the adjacent variants introduced during the martensite transformation and relatively low carbon content in the 13Cr-5Ni steel.

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及其在材料研究中的应用

论述了电子背散射衍射(EBSD)的形成原理、花样包含的物理意义,并给出了EBSD在测定晶体取向、织构、取向关系、物相鉴定、应变分布、晶格常数及晶界性质研究等方面的应用实例。

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术在地壳构造变形研究中的应用

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术是岩组学研究的一项革命性新技术。该技术可以对传统的岩石薄片进行分析,实用性高,观测精度达到亚微米级别。配合扫描电子显微镜、阴极发光、波谱、能谱分析设备,EBSD技术可以对透明和非透明的任何对称性晶体进行取向测量,快速获取晶体显微结构、微区成分与晶体学参数,可以对晶体开展形貌观察、晶体优选方向(CPO)、取向差分析、物相鉴定、应变测量、晶界分析、变形机制、位错滑移系、晶内变形、温压条件研究。结合聚焦离子束(FIB)技术,可以获取矿物的三维结构图像。对地壳的主要矿物进行组构分析,结合野外矿物变形特征与试验岩石学研究成果,可以开展地壳构造运动学、动力学的研究。本文介绍岩组学的研究历史,以及EBSD技术在地壳常见矿物石英、钾长石、斜长石、角闪石以及假熔岩构造变形研究中的最新进展与典型实例,并对EBSD研究结果中一些潜在的不确定性因素进行了讨论。

Analysis of retained austenite in TRIP590 steel by electron backscattered diffraction method

The retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel was first measured by X-ray diffraction(XRD)method.Then,the effect of different test parameters(indexing rate,step size,field number,etc.)on the measured results of retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel by electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)method was studied.By comparing the measured results between XRD and EBSD method,the optimal test parameters for the analysis of retained austenite content using EBSD were determined.Finally,the total content of retained austenite and the retained austenite contents with different aspect ratios in TRIP590 steel were analyzed,respectively.The results showed that the test parameters have a great influence on the measured results of retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel.In order to improve the test accuracy,high indexing rates,small step sizes and more field number are necessary for the analysis of retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel by EBSD method.

针状铁素体/马氏体高强度低屈强比双相钢的EBSD研究

应用电子背散射衍射技术研究了具有针状铁素体/马氏体双相组织的高强度低合金钢的显微组织结构,且对其力学性能进行了检验.结果表明,这种钢种的平均晶粒尺寸达到了2μm级,属于细晶粒钢;双相组织中的马氏体相的体积分数为27.6%,铁素体相的体积分数为70.9%,且两相晶界取向差的半数为小角度晶界,有利于提高材料的塑性性能和形变能力,屈强比达到了0.674.讨论了晶粒尺寸、相体积分数和晶界取向差与材料力学性能的关系.

岩石显微构造分析现代技术——EBSD技术及应用

EBSD技术的发展,为岩石显微构造分析开辟了一个全新的领域。它与现代扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析等设备配合,可以同时对块状样品进行晶体结构与成分分析,从而使显微构造、微区成分与结晶学数据分析有机结合起来。EBSD技术可以精确、快速定量标定包括各种晶系晶体颗粒的晶格方位和描述晶体颗粒的边界、形态等特征,对于具有低角度边界的晶体颗粒提供精确数据,为阐述岩石变形机制提供重要约束,并为高级晶族和不透明矿物结晶学组构与变形机制研究提供了有效的手段。EBSD尤其使获取微米级甚至纳米级尺度上颗粒(亚颗粒)或相之间的定向差别(达到20 nm的空间分辨率和0.3度角度分辨率)成为可能。EBSD技术在矿物相鉴定、亚微域内的应变分析、矿物出溶作用等方面的应用,进一步证明了这一新技术在显微构造分析及相关领域的应用前景。其广泛应用必将带来岩石显微构造研究的新突破,也将成为未来岩石变形机制与岩石圈流变学研究取得飞速发展不可或缺的技术手段。

基于EBSD技术构建弹性各向异性粗晶材料超声仿真模型的研究

针对弹性各向异性粗晶材料晶粒结构和取向定量描述困难,导致超声检测仿真结果与试验符合程度较差的问题,提出基于电子背散射衍射(Electron back-scatter diffraction,EBSD)技术确定晶粒形态及晶体取向的建模思路。利用EBSD技术实测得到了尺寸为96 mm×12 mm的离心铸造奥氏体不锈钢(Centrifugally cast austenitic stainless steel,CCASS)轴-径向截面的晶体取向图谱,选择15°取向相(差)角定义EBSD图谱的晶粒结构,并对晶体取向进行归一化处理。在此基础上借助Bond变换法赋以晶粒在对应晶体取向下的刚度矩阵,对模型中晶粒的弹性特征进行量化表征,建立CCASS超声检测模型。采用时域有限差分法进行数值计算,结果表明:利用该方法能够较好地重现CCASS超声检测特有的结构噪声和主频降低等现象,为揭示超声波在弹性各向异性粗晶结构中的散射机理提供了解决思路。

铝合金微通道扁管EBSD晶粒度和织构分析

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术,研究经高温大挤压比成形的AA3003铝合金微通道扁管横纵截面的晶粒分布、晶粒度统计和择优取向。结果表明,铝合金扁管的横截面和纵截面晶粒均呈等轴状,椭圆的长短轴比均约1.7左右。横截面平均晶粒尺寸约34.4μm,纵截面的平均晶粒尺寸约41.2μm。扁管沿挤压方向未观察到挤压变形带和焊合线。此外,铝合金微通道扁管织构为弱立方织构(100)[001]混合沿着挤压方向强高斯织构(110)[001]。并且经过高温严重塑性变形铝合金的微通道扁管的组织为再结晶组织,晶粒呈椭球状,顺着挤压方向略有拉伸,并生成典型铝合金再结晶织构。

铝电解电容器用腐蚀箔的SEM与EBSD研究

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术分析国产铝光箔与进口铝光箔的表面质量、晶粒大小和织构度对阳极氧化腐蚀箔比容的影响。结果表明,由于光箔轧制与再结晶退火工艺的原因,国产铝光箔表面缺陷多,粗糙度大,晶粒小和织构度低,在相同腐蚀条件下,腐蚀箔的比容比进口铝光箔腐蚀后的比容低,且幅度超过5%。

Ti_3Al激光焊接接头组织与织构的EBSD分析

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对Ti-23Al-17Nb合金CO2激光焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的组织组成、晶粒大小及形态、晶粒取向和取向差分布进行了研究.结果表明,焊接接头中焊缝和热影响区的组织是B2相,母材由B2相和少量的α2相组成.从母材、热影响区到焊缝,晶粒尺寸依次增大,母材为细小等轴晶,母材内B2相尺寸大于α2相.焊缝B2相的(001)[5-7 0]织构的强度最强,热影响区B2相和母材B2相的主要织构均为(001)[0-1 0],母材α2相的主要织构为(1 0-1 0)[-1 2-1 10].热影响区的小角度晶界居多,焊缝晶粒的取向与母材和热影响区晶粒的取向具有一定的关联性.

EBSD技术分析大晶粒NiAl合金高温塑性变形组织演变与CSL特征晶界分布

采用EBSD分析了1075℃和初始应变速率为8.75×10^(-4)s^(-1)条件下大晶粒NiAl合金高温塑性变形过程中的组织演变与重位点阵(CSL)特征晶界分布。变形前大晶粒NiAl合金以大角度晶界为主,小角度晶界比例极低。在高温塑性变形过程中,取向差5°以下的小角度晶界不断产生。随变形量的增大,新形成的小角度晶界取向差增加、转变为取向差较大的6°—15°小角度晶界,进而转变为15°以上的大角度晶界。小角度晶界的产生速率与转变为大角度晶界的速率趋向动态平衡。小角度晶界向较大角度晶界不断转变导致晶粒显著细化。CSL特征晶界分析表明,大晶粒NiAl合金高温塑性变形过程中,CSL晶界分布发生改变,将对合金室温力学性能产生影响。

EBSD在马氏体变体间位向关系测定中的应用

利用EBSD研究了0.33wt.%C碳钢中原奥氏体同一晶粒内的板条马氏体的形态和晶体学特征。在无残留奥氏体的情况下,由于EBSD检测结果的分散性,用对称性高的低指数极图(如{001}bcc极图)并不能很好地区分K-S取向关系和N-W取向关系。本文采用非对称性的高指数{123}bcc极图,可以区分两种取向关系。结果表明,此材料的马氏体取向分布基本符合K-S关系。利用极图与矩阵运算的方法,标定原奥氏体同一晶粒内24个满足K-S关系的变体,揭示了24个马氏体变体间特定的结合规律。