Terahertz coherent transition radiation based on an ultrashort electron bunching beam

The experimental result of terahertz （THz） coherent transition radiation generated from an ultrashort electron bunching beam is reported. During this experiment, the window for THz transmission from ultrahigh vacuum to free air is tested. The compact measurement system which can simultaneously test the THz wave power and frequency is built and proofed. With the help of improved Martin-Puplett interferometer and Kramers-Krong transform, the longitudinal bunch length is measured. The results show that the peak power of THz radiation wave is more than 80 kW, and its radiation frequency is from 0.1 THz to 1.5 THz.

Tunable terahertz radiation from arbitrary profile dielectric grating coated with graphene excited by an electron beam

In this paper, the enhanced terahertz radiation transformed from surface plasmon polaritons, excited by a uniformly moving electron bunch, in a structure consisting of a monolayer graphene supported on a dielectric grating with arbitrary profile is investigated. The results show that the grating profile has significant influence on the dispersion curves and radiation characteristics including radiation frequency and intensity. The dependence of dispersion and radiation characteristics on the grating shape for both the symmetric and asymmetric gratings is studied in detail. Moreover, we find that, for an asymmetric grating with certain profile, there exist two different diffraction types, and one of the two types can provide higher radiation intensity comparing to the other one. These results will definitely facilitate the practical application in developing a room-temperature, tunable, coherent and miniature terahertz radiation source.

Electron-beam radiation effects on the structure and properties of polypropylene at low dose rates

While the high-energy radiation effects on polypropylene, which are crucial for the cable industry for nuclear power plants, have been thoroughly studied, the property changes of PP at low-dose-rate electron-beam irradiation are far from elucidated. Herein, the influence of electron-beam irradiation on the structure and properties of PP was examined. The static EB irradiation conditions were 1.2 MeV at a low dose rate of 20 kGy/h to achieve absorbed doses ranging from 45, to 60, 100, and 200 kGy.The molecular structure was first evaluated by measuring the carboxyl index and the relative radical concentrations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electron spin resonance, respectively. Mechanical, differential scanning colorimetric, and rheological tests were carried out to further investigate the changes in the properties(tensile, crystalizing, and viscoelastic properties) of irradiated PP, which showed good agreement with the structural analysis results. We found that radio-oxidative degradation(chain scission) was predominant, which can be due to the low dose rate facilitating oxygen diffusion into the PP matrix during electron-beam irradiation.

Analysis of the Power System from an Electron Beam Accelerator and the Correlation with the Theoretical Dosimetry for Radiation Processing

Dynamitron DC1500/25/04 type EBA （Electron beam accelerator）, model JOB 188, was manufactured by IBA Industrial （Radiation Dynamics, Inc.） and installed at IPEN-CNEN/SP, in 1978. The technical specifications of the EBA are： energy 0.5 to 1.5 MeV; beam current： 0.3 to 25.0 mA; beam scanning： 60 to 120 cm; beam width： 25.4 mm and frequency： 100 Hz. Nowadays, this accelerator has been used for innumerable applications, such as： For sterilization of medical, pharmaceutical and biological products, treatment of industrial and domestic effluents and sludge, preservation and disinfestations of foods and agricultural products. Other important application are lignocellulosic material irradiation as a pre-treatment to produce ethanol bio-fuel, decontamination of pesticide packing, solid residues remediation, organic compounds removal from wastewater, treatment of effluent from petroleum production units, crosslinking of foams, wires and electric cables. Electron accelerator JOB 188 is, also, very important composite and nanocomposite materials and carbon fibers irradiation, irradiated grafting ion-exchange membranes for fuel cells application, natural polymers and multilayer packages irradiation and biodegradable blends production. The energy of the electron beam is calculated as a function of the current in the accelerator high-voltage divisor, taking into account the thickness and density of the material to be irradiated. This energy is calculated considering the electron through the entire material and the distance from the titanium foil window, so that the absorbed doses at the points of entrance and exit are equivalent on the material. The dose is directly proportional to the beam current and the exposure time of the material under the electron beam and inversely proportional to the scan width. The aim of this paper is to analyze the power system parameters of the EBA Dynamitron DC 1500/25/04, such as, voltage and RMS （Root-mean-square） current in the oscillator system, high voltage generator and waveform. For this purpose software developed in the Radiation Technology Center at IPEN/CNEN-SP to simulate the energy efficiency of this industrial accelerator. Finally, it is also targeted to compare theoretical dosimetry using parameters of energy and beam current with data from the accelerator power system. This knowledge and technology will be very useful and essential for the control system upgrade of EBA, mainly Dynamitron DC 1500/25/04 taking into consideration that radiation processing technology for industrial and environmental applications has been developed and used worldwide.

Sub-picosecond electron bunch length measurement using coherent transition radiation at SXFEL

Longitudinal electron bunch length plays a significant role in single-pass free-electron lasers(FEL), as the high-gain FEL process depends strongly on the high peak current of electron bunches. Longitudinal electron bunch length was measured by detecting the interferogram of coherent transition radiation generated by electron bunches using a THz interferometer and a Golay cell(spectral range0.02-20 THz) at Shanghai X-ray free-electron laser. The detailed process of measurement and data analysis are discussed herein. Furthermore, the electron bunch length was estimated based on the dispersive strength R_(56) of the bunch compressor and the energy spread δ of electron bunches, which were obtained via experiments. The comparison showed that the measured bunch length was consistent with the estimated bunch length.

Finite element analysis on electron beam brazing temperature and stresses of stainless steel radiator

Based on thermal-elasto-plastic finite element theory, a two-dimensional finite element model for calculating electron beam brazing temperature and residual stress fields of stainless steel radiator are presented. The distributions of temperature and residual stress are studied. The resuhs showed that temperature distribution on brazing surface is rather uniform, ranging from 1 026 ℃ to 1 090 ℃. The residual stresses are varied from initial compressive to tensile , and the variation of residual stress is very little in total zone of brazing surface.

Coherent and tunable radiation with power enhancement from surface plasmon polaritons

Surface plasmon polaritons excited by an electron beam can be transformed into coherent and tunable light radiation waves with power enhancement in the simple structure of a metal film with a dielectric medium loading. In this paper, the process of the radiation transformation of this radiation, and the dependencies of the radiation characteristics on the parameters of the structure and the electron beam are studied in detail. The radiation power enhancement is greatly influenced by the beam energy and the film thickness in the infrared to ultraviolet frequency region. Up to 122 times radiation power enhancement and 6.5% radiation frequency tuning band can be obtained by optimizing the beam energy and the parameters of the film.

Free-radical evolution and decay in cross-linked polytetrafluoroethylene irradiated by gamma-rays

Electron spin resonance techniques were employed to investigate the effects of the absorbed dose and post-irradiation conditions on the evolution and decay of free-radicals in cross-linked polytetrafluoroethylene(XPTFE),induced byγ-ray radiation.Chain-end free-radicals,chain alkyl free-radicals,and tertiary alkyl free-radicals were detected when XPTFE was irradiated under Ar atmosphere.The corresponding peroxy free-radicals were formed upon exposure of irradiated XPTFE to air;the freeradicals concentration first increased linearly with increasing absorbed dose and then gradually saturated.The free-radicals yield under air atmosphere was greater than that under Ar,and the peroxy free-radicals were preserved for a relatively long time when irradiated XPTFE was stored under air atmosphere.The chain alkyl free-radicals may be converted to chain end free-radicals byβ-scission,while chain end free-radicals are more sensitive to oxygen than chain alkyl free-radicals.When the annealing temperature was raised above the a-transition temperature of XPTFE,the decay of the free-radicals was greatly affected and accelerated by the motion of the molecules over the long range.

Selective linear etching of monolayer black phosphorus using electron beams

Point and line defects are of vital importance to the physical and chemical properties of certain two-dimensional(2D)materials.Although electron beams have been demonstrated to be capable of creating single-and multi-atom defects in 2D materials,the products are often random and difficult to predict without theoretical inputs.In this study,the thermal motion of atoms and electron incident angle were additionally considered to study the vacancy evolution in a black phosphorus(BP)monolayer by using an improved first-principles molecular dynamics method.The P atoms in monolayer BP tend to be struck away one by one under an electron beam within the displacement threshold energy range of 8.55-8.79 eV,which ultimately induces the formation of a zigzag-like chain vacancy.The chain vacancy is a thermodynamically metastable state and is difficult to obtain by conventional synthesis methods because the vacancy formation energy of 0.79 eV/edge atom is higher than the typical energy in monolayer BP.Covalent-like quasi-bonds and a charge density wave are formed along the chain vacancy,exhibiting rich electronic properties.This work proposes a theoretical protocol for simulating a complete elastic collision process of electron beams with 2D layers and will facilitate the establishment of detailed theoretical guidelines for experiments on 2D material etching using focused high-energy electron beams.

Dual-Mode Terahertz Extended Interaction Oscillator Driven by a Pseudospark-Sourced Sheet Electron Beam

A terahertz dual-mode extended interaction oscillator (EIO) driven by a pseudospark-sourced sheet electron beam (SEB) was presented.The major advantages of the newly developed circuit include 1) high-density SEB interacting with the TM_(11) and TM_(31) modes,respectively,and 2) high output power of over 1 kW at the subterahertz frequency range.Two different types of 2π modes and their output characteristics were studied,and the circuit was optimized to ensure efficient outputs of two standing-wave modes.The three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation predicts the maximum output power of 1.3 kW with the 3-dB bandwidth of ~0.5 GHz at 303 GHz when operating at the TM_(11)mode,and 3.18 kW with the 3-dB bandwidth of ~0.85 GHz at 364 GHz when operating at the TM_(31)mode.

Vacuum joints of dispersion-strengthened copper and its applications in synchrotron radiation front end

Masks are critical elements of synchrotron radiation front end that are exposed to high temperature and stress.The absorber material is typically comprised of dispersion-strengthened copper,which can retain high performance at elevated temperature.Joining processes under vacuum,including brazing and electron beam welding,are novel approaches for prolonging the absorber and for reducing power densities.The mechanical properties of brazed joints and electron beam welded joints of dispersion-strengthened copper workpieces are evaluated by tensile testing at 20,100,and 200 C.The testing results indicate that the tensile strength and elongation of both vacuum joints decrease with increasing temperature.Compared to brazed joints,electron beam welded joints have higher tensile strength,better ductility,and more stable performance.A novel welded mask with a total length of 600 mm is presented and shown to be practical for use in the highest heat load front end in the Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility phase-Ⅱ beamline project.

Charged particle propagation through nanostructures and associated radiation

In this report, using computer simulations, we investigate the channeling of high-energy charged parti- cles in nanotube ropes and fullerites and estimate the capability of bent nanocrystals to deflect a particle beam. We also discuss electromagnetic radiation arising both from the non-uniform motion of the particles in the electrostatic potential of aligned atoms and from the transient polarization of the medium caused by the particles.

Thermally Conductive Study of Polyethylene/Al2O3 Composite Networks Cross-linked by Electron Beam Irradiation

The surface-modifled Al2O3 particles were introduced into polyethylene(PE)to enhance the thermal conductivity,and PE/Al2O3 cross-linked networks with improved thermal and mechanical properties were prepared through electron beam(EB)irradiation technology.The incorporation of reactive irradiation sensitizer was useful in fabricating a high degree of cross-linking(DC)PE networks under a low irradiation dose.In the PE sample containing 2%sensitizer,DC ca.67.1%could be obtained under 60 kGy(1 kGy=1000 J/kg).EB-irradiation greatly improved thetensile stress of PE-based samples,and the tensile stresses of the samples with 0.2—5%TMPTA(trimethylolpr pane triacrvlate)under 60 kGy were 24.61—27.77 MPa.All the EB-irradiated samples had higher Vicat softening temperatures than the samples without irradiation.After treatment at 120 kGy,the Vicat softening temperatures of PE-Al2O3-44/TMPTA-2 increased from 127℃to 130.4℃.SEM images revealed that PE-Al2O3-5O samples with increased amount of Al2O3 particles showed a conduction"pathway,"and thennal conductivity reached 0.67 W/(m·K).Thus,high-performance pipes were extruded,which could satisfy the static hydraulic blasting test and exhibit improved thennal conduction capability.

多种水等效材料的医用电子束修正因子研究

针对水等效材料在医用电子束剂量测量中修正因子的测量和使用问题,通过扫描医用电子束在水中和水等效材料中的百分深度剂量(percentage depth dose,PDD)曲线,计算获得深度缩放因子c_(pl)、注量缩放因子h_(pl)及总修正因子k_(pl)的实验值。结果表明,通过c_(pl)和h_(pl)组合或仅使用k_(pl)均可将水等效材料测量结果转换为水吸收剂量。比较PDD曲线表明,在10~20 MeV电子能量下3种水等效材料通过c_(pl)-h_(pl)修正后的R_(50),较水中测量最大偏差分别为0.19%、0.28%、0.22%;经k_(pl)修正得到的R_(50),较水中测量最大偏差分别为0.23%、0.29%、0.18%。结论:研究提供了多种材料c_(pl)-h_(pl)、k_(pl)的实验值,可方便用户快速完成电子束水吸收剂量的测量,相比于c_(pl)-h_(pl),使用k_(pl)更加简单高效。

Radiation construction and excellent performances of Ag NPs/TiO_(2)/PEG/PVP multifunctional aerogel:Adsorption-photocatalytic degradation,photosensitive antibacterial and cytotoxicity

A cutting-edge method known as photocatalytic antibacterial technology can effectively eliminate drug-resistant bacterial strains and boast a wide-ranging antimicrobial capability.In the study,a novel Ag NPs/TiO_(2)/PEG/PVP(ATPP)aerogel photocatalyst was synthesized by an electron beam in-situ radiation method using polyethylene glycol(PEG),polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),AgNO_(3),and TiO_(2)as raw materials.ATPP was characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and solid ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-Vis DRS).The results demonstrated that silver ions were reduced to silver nanoparticles by electron beam radiation method.At the same time,the doping of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)enhanced visible-light adsorption.The degradation rate of methylene blue(MB)on 5%(in mass)ATPP could reach 81%under visible light for 180 min.Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)were used as model bacteria to explore the antimi-crobial properties of ATPP by zone of the inhibition method,plate counting method and live/dead bacterial staining.Cyclic antibacterial experiments showed that the antibacterial effect of ATPP was sustainable.Meanwhile,MTT assay and Hoechst33342/PI double staining were used to prove that the composite had good biocompatibility.The aerogel photocatalytic material has the potential to decrease microbial presence in both medical and environmental settings,making it a valuable tool for such applications.

多氨基协效的偕胺肟基吸附材料制备及其铀吸附性能

海水中的有机物易于与铀酰离子络合成稳定的化合物,从而影响铀吸附材料的吸附性能。本研究使用聚丙烯/聚乙烯无纺布(PP/PESNW)为基材,通过辐射诱导接枝聚合(RIGP)在基材表面引入甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体后,分别与三亚乙基四胺(TETA)、四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)以及五乙烯基六胺(PEHA)进行开环反应引入氨基,与丙烯腈进行加成反应后,再进行胺肟化反应制备出具有多氨基协效官能团的偕胺肟基(AO)吸附材料P-TETA-AO、P-TEPA-AO、P-PEHA-AO。对制得的材料进行了结构表征、吸附性能探究以及吸附机理分析。实验结果表明:成功在基材表面修饰了3种不同链长功能高分子链,制备出目标偕胺肟基吸附材料;3种材料P-TETA-AO、P-TEPA-AO、P-PEHA-AO的铀吸附行为均符合准二级动力学模型以及Langmuir等温吸附模型;24 h内3种材料对铀的吸附容量分别为66.1 mg/g、63.22 mg/g、65.62 mg/g,在pH为5~9范围内表现出良好的吸附性能;5次吸附-解吸实验中材料的铀吸附率仅下降6%,解吸率维持在95%以上,具有良好的可再生性;模拟海水吸附实验中3种材料的铀去除率分别为72.94%、79.97%、87.78%,并且材料吸附性能随着接枝链的增长而上升;XPS结果表明,3种吸附材料在吸附铀的过程中,氨基与偕胺肟基均参与了与铀酰离子的配位,具有协效作用。

基于轨道控制的FEL圆偏振辐射的产生与空间分离

研究了在自由电子激光设施中产生高偏振度圆偏振辐射的技术方案。该方案将工作在反向渐变模式的平面波荡器和常规椭圆极化波荡器以前后连接的方式进行排布,并通过波荡器之间的矫正磁铁对电子束进行轨道控制。在平面波荡器部分利用偏转磁铁使电子束偏向传输,所产生线偏振辐射也将偏轴传播,脉冲能量为0.357μJ。在进入椭圆极化波荡器之前校正电子束的轨道和前进方向,使得带有微群聚结构的电子束沿轴线正向传输,其产生的圆偏振辐射能量为92.39μJ。圆偏振辐射将沿轴向传输,在一定距离后可实现其与线偏振辐射在空间上的分离。通过数值模拟分析了电子束偏转对辐射光性质所产生的影响。

Quantitative determination of the electron beam radiation dose for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation to decontaminate frozen food packaging

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) from cold-chain foods to frontline workers poses a serious public health threat during the current global pandemic. There is an urgent need to design concise approaches for effective virus inactivation under different physicochemical conditions to reduce the risk of contagion through viral contaminated surfaces of cold-chain foods. By employing a time course of electron beam exposure to a high titer of SARS-CoV-2 at cold-chain temperatures, a radiation dose of 2 kGy was demonstrated to reduce the viral titer from 10^(4.5)to 0 median tissue culture infectious dose(TCID_(50))/mL. Next,using human coronavirus OC43(HCoV-OC43) as a suitable SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, 3 kGy of high-energy electron radiation was defined as the inactivation dose for a titer reduction of more than 4 log units on tested packaging materials. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription PCR(RT-qPCR) was used to test three viral genes,namely, E, N, and ORF1ab. There was a strong correlation between TCID50and RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2detection. However, RT-qPCR could not differentiate between the infectivity of the radiation-inactivated and nonirradiated control viruses. As the defined radiation dose for effective viral inactivation fell far below the upper safe dose limit for food processing, our results provide a basis for designing radiation-based approaches for the decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 in frozen food products. We further demonstrate that cell-based virus assays are essential to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation efficiency for the decontaminating strategies.

Effects of high-energy-pulse-electron beam radiation on biomacromolecules

To study the molecular mechanism of high mutation frequency induced by high-energy-pulse-electron (HEPE) beam radiation, the effects of HEPE radiation on yeast cells, plasma membrane, plasmid DNA, and protein activity were investigated by means of cell counting, gel electrophoresis, AO/EB double fluorescent staining, etc. The results showed that the viability of yeast cells declined statistically with increase of absorbed doses. The half lethal dose (LD50) was 134 Gy. HEPE beam radiation had little influence on the function of plasma membrane and protein, while it could induce much DNA damage of single strand breaks (SSB) and double strand breaks (DSB) that were required for gene mutation. The G-value for DSB formation of HEPE beam radiation in aqueous solution was 5.7 times higher than that caused by 60Co gamma rays. HEPE can be a new effective method for induced mutation breeding and deserves further research in the future.