CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A LONG－PERIOD ORDERED PHASE IN Fe－C MARTENSITE AND COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ITS ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

Different structure models of a long-period ordered phase in Fe-C martenstie formed during aging have been checked by computer simulation of electron diffraction(ED) patterns based on these models.The results showed that the simulated ED pattern of γ'-FexC(Ⅱ) model proposed by the present authors is in good agreement with experimentally observed ED pattern.It was also confirmed that the incommensurate superperiod stems from the coexistence of several γ'-Fe_xC(H) phases with different superperiods.The Fe(144)C(24)(Fe6C) model proposed by Uwakweh et al.generated ED patterns remarkably different from the experimental ones.

Phase Identification Using Series of Selected Area Diffraction Patterns and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry within TEM

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a very powerful technique for materials characteriza-tion, providing information relating to morphology, composition, and crystal structure. Selected area diffraction patterns (SADPs) are crystallographic data that can be obtained using a TEM in-strument. Conventional identification through SADP/TEM is tricky and tedious, thereby increasing the difficulty of phase identification. To establish a procedure for phase identification of known and unknown phases, in this study we examined two samples: one, a known phase, was Si with alignment;the other, unknown, was the TixOy phase at the 96.4Au-3Ni-0.6Ti interlayer/ yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) interface of a steel/96.4Au-3Ni-0.6Ti interlayer/YSZ joint. The procedures for phase identification of the known and unknown phases are described herein using a series of SADPs and energy dispersive spectrometry within TEM that would be useful for general researchers.

Method for Signals Detection in Single Crystal Diffraction Patterns through a Diffraction Pattern Indexing Software

The correct use of information in science and technology is very important for its progress. Nowadays, the equipment used for the scientific and technological development provides results that are later interpreted by the researchers, in most of the above mentioned equipment the results are images full of information which has to be analyzed. A powerful stage with multiple benefits in this field is the image pre-processing by means of intelligent systems, which are capable to do image analysis throwing very useful results that enhance the scientific and technological information. There are currently more than 500 functions in the computational vision specialized open source library OpenCV, which associated with the C＋＋ programming language. These functions are used for application development in many areas of computer vision such as products inspection, medical images, safety, user＇s interfaces, camera calibration, stereoscopic vision and robotics. In this development and research work, by using the available functions and modifying the exposed methods, we present a proposal for signal detection in images originated in the transmission electron microscope （known as diffraction patterns）, which are attached to the detailed analysis of crystalline structures used in the study of the materials science, the results show a profit of at least 18% in the detection of signs by means of the method proposed in this work.

First commissioning results of the coherent scattering and imaging endstation at the Shanghai soft X-ray free-electron laser facility

The Shanghai soft X-ray free-electron laser(SXFEL)user facility project started in 2016 and is expected to be open to users by 2022.It aims to deliver ultra-intense coherent femtosecond X-ray pulses to five endstations covering a range of 100–620 eV for ultrafast X-ray science.Two undulator lines are designed and constructed,based on different lasing modes:self-amplified spontaneous emission and echo-enabled harmonic generation.The coherent scattering and imaging(CSI)endstation is the first of five endstations to be commissioned online.It focuses on high-resolution single-shot imaging and the study of ultrafast dynamic processes using coherent forward scattering techniques.Both the single-shot holograms and coherent diffraction patterns were recorded and reconstructed for nanoscale imaging,indicating the excellent coherence and high peak power of the SXFEL and the possibility of‘‘diffraction before destruction’’experiments at the CSI endstation.In this study,we report the first commissioning results of the CSI endstation.

上海软X射线自由电子激光单脉冲成像定时的设计与实现

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(SXFEL)是我国首台X射线自由电子激光用户装置,目前建有2条波荡器线、2条光束线以及5个实验站.装置可提供2—15 nm波长(80—620 eV)的X射线脉冲,用于高时空分辨的前沿科学研究.利用XFEL高亮度、短脉冲和全相干的特性实现单脉冲相干衍射成像,可以有效地减轻辐射损伤,提高图像的空间分辨率.SXFEL设计重复频率为50 Hz,实现单脉冲成像的关键在于通过定时系统能够精确地控制X射线脉冲到达样品点的时间,以确保只有一个脉冲被选中用于成像.同时,还需要与成像系统的触发进行同步,以确保成像系统在正确的时间采集X射线脉冲与样品作用后的图像.本文介绍了SXFEL单脉冲成像定时的设计与实现.通过单脉冲成像的结果表明该定时方案能满足在50 Hz的SXFEL开展单脉冲成像的需求.

透射电镜表征晶体结构的程序设计原理

表征晶体结构是透射电镜(TEM)的常规分析工作.文章介绍了在透射电子衍射方法下任意单晶体结构与衍射花样之间的关系.为了简化仪器操作和透射电子衍射数据分析,根据前述晶体结构与衍射花样的关系运用Python计算机语言设计智能化采集单晶透射电子衍射数据的操作系统和衍射数据分析程序.介绍了分析程序的主要功能,软件根据输入实际的TEM衍射花样计算出晶体结构、晶胞参数及衍射晶面指数.另外,软件还可以计算出任意晶体在某一取向下的衍射花样特征,例如计算了立方、四方、正交、六方和菱方晶系单晶在基本晶带轴下衍射花样特征.结果为材料研究者表征单晶结构提供了参考或有用的工具.

肾脏相位衬度两种成像技术的比较及分析

目的:分别采用衍射增强成像(DEI)和同轴成像(IOXI)技术进行小鼠肾脏组织的相位衬度成像研究,旨在评估两种成像方法的特性和效果。方法:分别在北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)4W1A及上海光源(SSRF)BL13W1上进行实验(分别实施DEI和IOXI)。经福尔马林溶液固定的不同月龄(10、18、24月龄)小鼠的肾脏标本置于成像台进行成像,以图像衬度及分辨率等指标评估电荷耦合器件(CCD)获得的图像,具体评估指标包括显示的图像形态结构、衬度、分辨率等参数。结果:DEI技术获得的图像主要是显示血管结构。而IOXI技术获得的图像包含更多的细节,除了血管结构外,还能清晰显示包括肾小球在内的小鼠肾脏的微细结构,尤其在高分辨成像下,通过比较不同月龄的小鼠肾脏,初步获得小鼠老化的过程:首先从皮质肾小球的分布、走行及数量发生变化,到后期乃至终末期累及髓质,直小管及血管结构紊乱、皱缩以及肾脏呈硬化萎缩改变。结论:DEI和IOXI技术均能较好显示小鼠的肾脏血管结构,但IOXI技术更能显示包括肾小球在内的细微结构,这对未来研究肾脏病变乃至其余实质脏器的研究具有更加重要的价值。

基于数字衍射的单幅眼底图像增强

彩色眼底图像是分析与监控眼底疾病的重要工具。由于照明不均匀的问题,眼底图像视觉质量不足,图像对比度有待提高。为此,基于数字衍射提出了一种兼顾颜色保真与亮度增强的单幅眼底图像光强校正算法。将彩色RGB眼底图像转换到LCH色彩空间进行基于L通道的光强校正,以解决眼底图像亮度的平衡问题。对C通道进行相同操作使得处理后的彩色眼底图像颜色保真性较好。在Messidor眼底图像数据集的1200组眼底图像上进行分析,并与Gamma校正、Retinex等眼底图像光强校正方法进行对比。本算法不仅具有更好的图像增强效果,改善了彩色眼底图像的颜色失真及对比度低的问题,还可进一步结合自适应直方图均衡化(CLAHE)以提升图像对比度。实验结果表明,在图像多尺度对比度和图像噪声评价指标方面优于传统算法3%~4%。经算法增强后眼底图像亮度分布更加均匀、对比度提升,为后期眼底图像病理位点的识别、血管与病灶分割和分类提供了一种性能更好的预处理方法。

Effect of Poly-Alkylene-Glycol Quenchant on the Distortion, Hardness, and Microstructure of 65Mn Steel

Currently,the 65Mn steel is quenched mainly by oil media.Even though the lower cooling rate of oil compared to water reduces the hardness of steel post quenching,the deforming and cracking of parts are often minimized.On the other hand,the oil media also has the disadvantage of being ammable,creating smoke that adversely affects the media.The poly alkylene glycol(PAG)polymer quenchant is commonly used for quenching a variety of steels based on its advantages such as non-ammability and exible cooling rate subjected to varying concentration and stirring speed.This article examines the effect of PAG polymer quenching solution(with concentrations of 10%and 20%)on deformation,hardness,and microstructure of C-ring samples made of 65Mn steel.Furthermore,the performance of PAG polymer quenchant is also compared with those of two common quenching solutions:Water and oil.When cooling in water,the C-ring samples had the largest deformation and 2 times higher than the results obtained when a 10%PAG solution was used.In particular,similar levels of deformation on the C-ring samples were observed in both cases of 20%PAG solution and oil as the primary quenching media.Furthermore,the hardness level measured between the sampled parts quenched in the 20%PAG solution appeared to be more uniform than that obtained from the oil-quenched sample.The study of the microscopic structure of steel by optical microscopy combined with X-ray diffraction showed that the water hardened sample exhibited cracks and comprised of two phases,martensite and retained austenite.According to the results of Electron Back Scattering Diffraction(EBSD)analysis and backscattering electronic image(BSE),the content of austenite residue in the sample when the sample was cooled in PAG 10 and 20%solution was 3.21%and 4.73%,respectively and smaller than the measurements obtained from oil quenching solution.Thus,the 65Mn steel is cooled in 20%PAG solution for high hardness and more evenly distributed than when it is quenched in oil while still ensuring a small level of deformation.Therefore,the PAG 20%solution can completely replace oil as the main media used to quench the 65Mn steel.

Image Analysis in Microbiology: A Review

This review is focused on using computer image analysis as a means of objective and quantitative characterizing optical images of the macroscopic (e.g. microbial colonies) and the microscopic (e.g. single cell) objects in the microbiological research. This is the way of making many visual inspection assays more objective and less time and labor consuming. Also, it can provide new visually inaccessible information on relation between some optical parameters and various biological features of the microbial cul-tures. Of special interest is application of image analysis in fluorescence microscopy as it opens new ways of using fluorescence based methodology for single microbial cell studies. Examples of using image analysis in the studies of both the macroscopic and the microscopic microbiological objects obtained by various imaging techniques are presented and discussed.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Stacking Irregularities in Synchisite－（Ce）

Synchisite-(Ce) from the Kibina alkaline massive, Kola peninsula, Russia , has been studied using electron diffraction and lattice-images techniques. The synchisite-(Ce) with relatively ordered stacking shows a microtwin. The semirandom stacking is caused by the displacement of CO3 layers parallel to the basal planes. The irregular stacking crystals contain Ca layers adjacent to each other.The synchisite-(Ce) is considered as a polymatic mineral with short-range disorder.

Ultrafast electron microscopy in material science

Recent advances in the ultrafast transmission electron microscope （UTEM）, with combined spatial and temporal resolutions, have made it possible to directly visualize the atomic, electronic, and magnetic structural dynamics of materials. In this review, we highlight the recent progress of UTEM techniques and their applications to a variety of material systems. It is emphasized that numerous significant ultrafast dynamic issues in material science can be solved by the integration of the pump-probe approach with the well-developed conventional transmission electron microscopy （TEM） techniques. For instance, UTEM diffraction experiments can be performed to investigate photoinduced atomic-scale dynamics, including the chemical reactions, non-equilibrium phase transition/melting, and lattice phonon coupling. UTEM imaging methods are invaluable for studying, in real space, the elementary processes of structural and morphological changes, as well as magnetic-domain evolution in the Lorentz TEM mode, at a high magnification. UTEM electron energy-loss spectroscopic techniques allow the examination of the ultrafast valence states and electronic structure dynamics, while photoinduced near-field electron microscopy extends the capability of the UTEM to the regime of electromagnetic-field imaging with a high real space resolution.

Structural and Piezoelectric Properties of Sr_(0.6)Ba_(0.4)Nb_2O_6 Micro-rods Synthesized by Molten-Salt Method

Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 micro-rods are prepared by the molten-salt method with K2 SO4,KCl-K2 SO4,and KCl as fluxes.It reveals that the Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 synthesized with KCl as a flux exhibits a single phase with tetragonal tungsten bronze structure.The measurement of X-ray diffraction indicates that the Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 micro-rods synthesized at 1 300℃are anisotropic.The morphology of the powers is examined by transmission electron microscope.It reveals that the length-diameter ratio of Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 micro-rods increases with increasing annealing temperature from 900℃to 1 300℃.At 1 300℃,the rod possesses a large length-diameter ratio of 8∶1.Moreover,the analysis of the piezoelectric properties of single micro-rods using apiezo-response force microscope indicates that the domains of the material are arranged along its radial direction.

Cosine fitting radiography and computed tomography

A new method in diffraction-enhanced imaging computed tomography （DEI-CT） that follows the idea developed by Chapman et al. [Chapman D, Thomlinson W, Johnston R E, Washburn D, Pisano E, Gmur N, Zhong Z, Menk R, Arfelli F and Sayers D 1997 Phys. Med. BioL 42 2015] in 1997 is proposed in this paper. Merged with a ＂reverse projections＂ algorithm, only two sets of projection datasets at two defined orientations of the analyzer crystal are needed to reconstruct the linear absorption coefficient, the decrement of the real part of the refractive index and the linear scattering coefficient of the sample. Not only does this method reduce the delivered dose to the sample without degrading the image quality, but, compared with the existing DEI-CT approaches, it simplifies data-acquisition procedures. Experimental results confirm the reliability of this new method for DEI-CT applications.

用TEM分析材料在实验教学中的实践

透射电子显微镜的快速发展使人类对客观世界的认识深入到了原子尺度。目前,透射电子显微镜的分辨率已经达到了亚埃级别,是材料研究领域十分重要的测试表征手段。针对材料类本科专业实验教学的特点,以分析金纳米颗粒的微观结构为实例,从理论讲解、实验观摩到结果分析与讨论三个方面开展了透射电子显微分析的实验教学工作,使学生理解透射电子显微镜的基本原理、功能和应用。

High-contrast imaging for weakly diffracting specimens in coherent diffraction imaging

Coherent diffraction imaging （CDI） and ptychography techniques bypass the difficulty of having high- quality optics in X-ray microscopy by using a numerical reconstruction of the image that is obtained by inverting the diffracted intensity recorded by a charge-coupled device array. However, the reconstruction of the image from the intensity data obtained from a weakly diffracting specimen is known to be difficult because of the obvious reduction in signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. In this case, the specimen only slightly modifies the probe diffraction pattern~ resulting in difficulty in the identification of the detailed structure of the specimen from the reconstructed image because of the poor contrast and sharpness of the image. To address this situation, a modification in the image retrieval algorithms used in the iterative reconstruction of the image is suggested. This modification should double the presence of high spatial frequencies in the diffraction pattern to enhance the contrast and edge detection in existing imaging techniques.

等占空比周期对版图形的研究

当图形尺寸远大于衍射极限时,由电磁波的波粒二象性可认为电磁波是沿直线传播的。忽略衍射的效应,统计学要求多次测量以满足可靠度的要求。基于中心极限定理,满足概率要求,设计了梳状对版检查结构。通过试验得出,当齿数增大时,光刻机的成像亮度会增大,也有益于提高空间像的对比度。对比不同占空比周期梳状结构的光强分布,发现占空比为50%的对版图形有益于提高空间像的对比度,且实际光刻操作过程中,不会对掩模的对准操作产生影响,能够满足工艺要求。

微焦点源X射线相衬成像技术

相衬成像方法利用硬X射线对低密度弱吸收物质成像,可获得高衬度图像。用菲涅尔衍射理论分析了X射线图像的形成机理。在频域中根据光学传递函数,对物像距离、样品空间频率等对图像相位衬度的影响进行了分析。分辨率和衬度是决定图像可见度的两个依据,分辨率主要依赖于光源的空间相干性,空间相干性又决定于源点尺寸,而时间相干性(单色性)是一个不重要的影响因子。利用多色微焦点源实现了X射线相衬成像技术,获得了有价值的相衬图像,如低原子序数低密度泡沫材料的硬X射线相衬图像,与吸收衬度成像相比,其图像质量得到了很大提高,能观察到泡沫材料的细微结构,分辨率可达μm量级。

X射线相衬成像

本文介绍了近年来X射线位相衬度成像技术的发展状况,详细论述了X射线干涉相衬、衍射增强相衬,类同轴相衬和数字位相重构等几种典型的成像原理,讨论了影响成像衬度与分辨率的若干因素,并对位相成像的发展趋势作了展望。

基于频谱融合技术的光学衍射成像彩色图像加密系统

提出了一种基于光学衍射成像原理的彩色图像加密方法.首先把彩色图像分成红、绿、蓝三基色分量,并将三基色灰度图像分别作离散余弦变换,得到对应的离散余弦变换谱.保留离散余弦变换谱的主要数据,并用空间复用的方法把这三个主要数据融合于一个实值图像之中,该图像即为复合频谱.再将此复合频谱送入光学衍射成像系统中加密,得到单幅密文.解密过程为加密过程的逆过程,即首先由单幅密文恢复复合频谱,再由复合频谱分离出三基色图像的部分离散余弦变换谱,再对这些离散余弦变换谱做逆变换得到三基色图像.由于对复合频谱设置了一个特殊数据区,因此在利用相位恢复算法恢复复合频谱的过程中,这些特殊数据作为输入平面的部分振幅支撑,可以避免迭代过程的停滞问题并提高收敛速率,从而完全恢复复合频谱,进而恢复原始图像.本方法可以将一幅彩色图像加密成单幅具有噪声图样的强度密文,同时,解密恢复得到的原始彩色图像具有较高的像质.