Causes and control of welding cracks in electron-beam-welded superalloy GH4169 joints

Welding joint of GH4169 alloy with a good formation was obtained. No macroscopic defects occurred in the joint. The weld had mainly a dendritic structure; the base metal was a solid solution of Ni, Cr, and Fe, and the strengthening-phase particles such as Ni3Nb were dispersively distributed along the grain boundary. The average tensile strength of the joint reached 743.7 MPa, and the Vickers hardness of the weld exceeded HV 300. Because of the segregation of the low-melting compound Ni3Nb at the grain boundary of the fusion zone, liquid cracks tended to occur as a result of welding stress. The formation of liquid cracks was inhibited by adding an alloying element, Mn, to the welding bath, because Mn diffused to the fusion zone and the high-melting phase Mn2Nb formed, and thus the overall properties of the joint were improved.

Detection and processing of molten-pool image of electron-beam deep-penetration welding based on visual sensing

A visual sensing system was developed. The system is suitable for titanium-alloy electron-beam welding, and senses and detects molten-pool dynamic processes. A suite of processing programs for colored molten-pool images in titanium-alloy electron-beam welding was developed using Matlab software; molten-pool edge images are completely obtained using the program. The Matlab software was used to write a program which could extract the molten-pool width. The functional relationship between the molten-pool width and penetration under the experimental conditions was obtained by a curve-fitting method, and provided the theoretical basis for further penetration control.

The Application of Electron-Beam Welding in Pellet Mold Preparation

This paper provides insight into the application of electron-beam welding in pellet mold preparation,highlighting the importance of the combination of electron-beam welding and pellet mold preparation in the fields of microstructure joining and micro-and nanostructure preparation.Precise material joining and microstructure fabrication can be achieved by the precise control of electron-beam welding and the shape adjustment of pellet molds.These applications hold significant potential in the modern industrial field,providing robust support for the development of new materials and the growth of the petrochemical industry.This paper asserts that in the future,the ongoing development of electron-beam welding and pelletizing template technology will unlock new possibilities in the field of petrochemicals,fostering progress in science and technology.

Electron-Beam Welding Joint Strength of Dissimilar Materials

This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the joint strength of electron beam welding of dissimilar materials.The effect of welding parameters and material properties on the joint strength was analyzed,and an argument for the optimal parameter combination is presented.Electron-beam welding technology offers several advantages,including high energy density and the ability to create fine weld seams.However,it also presents certain challenges,such as the complexity of welding parameters and the potential generation of brittle phases.The analysis conducted in this paper holds significant importance in enhancing the quality and efficiency of dissimilar material welding processes.

Welding of nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel: Microstructure and mechanical properties

High nitrogen stainless steel(HNS) is a nickel free austenitic stainless steel that is used as a structural component in defence applications for manufacturing battle tanks as a replacement of the existing armour grade steel owing to its low cost, excellent mechanical properties and better corrosion resistance.Conventional fusion welding causes problems like nitrogen desorption, solidification cracking in weld zone, liquation cracking in heat affected zone, nitrogen induced porosity and poor mechanical properties.The above problems can be overcome by proper selection and procedure of joining process. In the present work, an attempt has been made to correlate the microstructural changes with mechanical properties of fusion and solid state welds of high nitrogen steel. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW), electron beam welding(EBW) and friction stir welding(FSW) processes were used in the present work. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction were used to characterize microstructural changes. Hardness, tensile and bend tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welds. The results of the present investigation established that fully austenitic dendritic structure was found in welds of SMAW. Reverted austenite pools in the martensite matrix in weld zone and unmixed zones near the fusion boundary were observed in GTA welds. Discontinuous ferrite network in austenite matrix was observed in electron beam welds.Fine recrystallized austenite grain structure was observed in the nugget zone of friction stir welds.Improved mechanical properties are obtained in friction stir welds when compared to fusion welds. This is attributed to the refined microstructure consisting of equiaxed and homogenous austenite grains.

A study of process-induced grain structures during steady state and non-steady state electron-beam welding of a titanium alloy

A detailed microstructural characterisation of the emerging weld-line grain structure,for bead-upon-plate welds in Ti-6Al-4V(Ti64)of differing plate thickness,was performed.The microstructure studied was formed during both steady state and non-steady state sections within the weld path,with the non-steady state portion being taken from the end of the plate as the weld bead and heat source overhang the edge of the plate.This allows for the effects of welding process conditions on the microstructural evolution to be determined.The weld pool geometry and 3D tomography of the weld-induced defects have been investigated.Detailed characterisation of microstructure and texture for different welding parameters and for steady and non-steady states have been used to identify physical parameters for the microstructure predictions that are difficult to obtain otherwise.The different states significantly affect the weld crown shape and formation,weld toe,weld bead depth and width.However,the heat affected zone(HAZ)re-mains unchanged.Regarding the microstructural evolution,both the steady and non-steady states have similar microstructure and texture.No defects were observed in the steady state section of welds,but sub-surface spherical pores have been observed in the non-steady state section of a weld.Finite element modelling to simulate the thermal-metallurgical-mechanical fields within the steady and non-steady state sections of the welds was considered,and the cooling rates predicted within steady state and non-steady sections were interrogated to improve the theoretical understanding of the microstructure and defect formation differences in these Ti64 EB weld regions.

TA15钛合金电子束焊接接头不同区域的疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

对TA15电子束焊接接头的熔凝区和热影响区的显微组织、硬度、疲劳裂纹扩展速率、以及疲劳断口形貌进行了研究。结果表明:熔凝区的显微组织主要为粗针状α′马氏体组织,热影响区组织为α′马氏体组织+条片状的α相和β相,由接近熔凝区组织向母材组织过渡。母材的硬度较低,熔凝区平均硬度最高,热影响区的硬度介于两者之间。疲劳裂纹扩展速率高低与其显微组织密切相关,含塑性较好的片状α相较多的热影响区比熔凝区有较高的裂纹扩展抗力。

TC4合金电子束焊接接头微观组织研究

对不同工艺参数电子束流焊接TC4钛合金焊缝显微组织进行分析,结果表明：电子束流工艺参数的改变对焊缝的相组成没有影响,却使得焊缝形状及其显微组织分布发生了改变,产生了焊缝显微组织梯度。焊缝夹角越大,焊缝上中下各部位马氏体针尺寸梯度越大。焊缝中显微硬度比母材硬度高HV30-50,热影响区中显微硬度呈梯度分布。

变形温度对异种钛合金电子束焊件显微组织与力学性能的影响

研究等温和近等温锻造变形温度对电子束焊接的异种合金(Ti2AlNb金属间化合物与TC11两相钛合金)焊接界面的显微组织与接头拉伸性能的影响。采用OM、SEM对焊缝区组织及拉伸度样断口进行观察,并对接头的拉伸性能进行研究。结果表明:电子束焊接的Ti2AlNb/TC11异种合金焊接界面的显微组织和接头的拉伸性能对变形温度敏感,在950℃变形后,位于焊缝一侧的Ti2AlNb合金中O相的含量大大增加,而位于焊缝另一侧的TC11合金为等轴α相和条状α相的混合组织,但焊缝上仍可见到断续相连的晶界α/α2相;在1010℃变形后,TC11合金具有魏氏体组织特征,这时焊缝上的晶界α/α2相完全断开;经950℃变形的试样在室温拉伸时,在Ti2AlNb合金中发生脆性断裂,这与O相不易协调变形有关,经500℃高温拉伸时,合金表现出较高的强度和较好的塑性,这是由于焊接界面的α/α2相颗粒较小,断裂位置转移到TC11钛合金上所致;经1010℃变形的试样表现出一定的强度,但是塑性严重下降,这与TC11钛合金的魏氏组织特征有关;因此,异种合金进行等温变形时,须严格控制变形温度。

Ti-60钛合金电子束焊接接头高温下的失效与变形行为

在600℃拉伸条件下,Ti-60钛合金电子束焊接接头的熔合区和热影响区抗变形能力强于母材区(BM),试样断裂于母材区.在600℃持久条件下,当加载应力(?)550 MPa时,接头变形以扩散控制的位错攀移为主,变形能力取决于显微组织中的板条边界密度,板条越细,边界密度越高,变形能力越大,断裂位置在接头熔合区;当加载应力接近或>550 MPa(母材区屈服强度附近)时,接头的变形以位错滑移为主,断裂位置在母材区.在600℃高周疲劳条件下,疲劳裂纹易萌生于接头母材区,裂纹形核位置在试样的表面或次表面.TEM观察表明,接头母材区的变形以贯穿板条集束的位错滑移为主;而接头熔合区中的位错则局限在单个马氏体板条内部,位错运动特征为攀移及少量滑移.

Ti合金电子束焊接三维温度场计算

提出了一种可考虑电子束焊接锁孔效应的三维温度场计算方法．在大量计算的基础上，讨论了Ｔｉ合金各计算参数的选取对电子束焊接温度场的影响，给出计算参数的选取原则和方法．计算结果表明，电子束焊接三维温度场解析计算方法不仅可准确预测焊缝的形状，并且还可对整个三维温度场计算分析，具有重要的工程应用价值．

150kV/30kW逆变式电子束焊接高压电源设计

针对150 k V/30 k W电子束焊接高压电源高电压、大功率输出的要求,低压电路采用IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)逆变隔离直流电源与逆变全桥串联的主电路拓扑,高压电路由3组升压变压器与10倍压整流电路的串联结构并联组成;设计了高压采样电路、束流采样电路,以及双闭环控制电路.基于上述技术,实现了150 k V/30 k W高电压大功率输出.实验结果表明高压加速电源的输出线性度和束流输出线性度较好,同时高压稳定度和束流稳定度均在0.5%左右,能够满足电子束焊接的要求.

Ti17合金电子束焊接接头组织和性能

通过室温拉伸试验、室温缺口拉伸试验、显微硬度试验以及金相分析对Ti17合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织和性能进行了研究.试验结果表明:用电子束焊接Ti17合金可获得性能良好的焊接接头,其接头的抗拉强度不低于母材,焊缝的缺口敏感系数均小于1.焊缝区和热影响区的硬度均高于母材,焊缝区组织与母材组织基本相同,都是α相上分布着沿晶界及晶内析出的细针状β相,焊缝区的晶粒度要比母材的晶粒度粗大.

基于电子束能量分布控制的异种金属的焊接

在通用真空电子束焊机的基础上配置两对电子束偏转线圈、工控机、多功能数据采集卡、功率放大器以及虚拟仪器软件,构建一个电子束能量分布控制系统。利用该系统可对电子束扫描加热区域的能量密度分配进行离线编辑、计算和预测,并将电子束焊接过程中的三维能量分布实时显示在工控机屏幕上。对铌钛异种合金采用不对称热输入的扫描加热方式进行焊接,获得了铌、钛熔化量相当,焊缝形状对称的焊接接头。

变形温度对Ti2AlNb/Ti60双合金焊接接头组织性能的影响

研究了近等温锻造温度对Ti2AlNb/Ti60双合金焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:经不同温度近等温变形及相同热处理后,Ti2AlNb/Ti60双合金试样焊缝组织得到明显细化,强度和塑性得到提高,均高于基体Ti60合金;随着变形温度的升高,Ti60合金热影响区显微组织中初生等轴α相逐渐减少,β转组织增多,片状α相变短变粗。因此,合金的室温拉伸强度逐渐升高,塑性逐渐下降;变形温度为1010℃的试样,其焊缝熔合区显微组织较为均匀,塑性相B2含量较多,焊件室温及600℃高温拉伸均表现出较好的强度与塑性匹配。

5A06铝合金电子束焊接中镁元素的烧损行为

研究了5A06铝合金电子束焊接后熔池内镁元素的分布及其对焊缝硬度的影响,并分析了焊接参数对镁元素烧损行为的影响。结果表明:在同一熔池中随着深度的增加,镁元素含量增加,即烧损程度减小,同时显微硬度增大;随着加速电压和束流的增加,熔池熔深增加,镁元素烧损程度降低;随着焊接速度增加,镁元素烧损程度降低,熔深却减小。为减小镁元素烧损,在电子束焊接时可适当增加焊接的加速电压与束流,加快焊接速度。

组织不均匀性对TA15电子束焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

采用一种水平切取疲劳试样的方法,研究厚板TA15合金电子束焊接接头的焊缝(WS)和热影响区(HAZ)的显微组织、硬度、疲劳裂纹扩展速率以及疲劳断口形貌。结果表明:在距焊缝顶端同样高度时,热影响区的组织不均匀性最大;从焊缝顶端到底部,焊缝的α′马氏体组织细化,但焊缝的组织不均匀性增大;受较高的组织不均匀性的影响,热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比焊缝的高,疲劳断口形貌反映了这种宏观上的差别。

新型高温合金IC10的焊接研究进展

IC10合金是一种在航空领域很有应用前景的新型铸造高温合金。本文介绍了该合金的真空钎焊、TLP扩散焊的研究进展情况,重点分析了我国目前在研的IC10合金导向叶片产生明显电子束焊接裂纹敏感性的原因,并指出了改善电子束焊接工艺参数、填丝合金化和焊后热处理等解决方案。

Ti_2AlNb合金电子束焊接接头的残余应力与再热裂纹

利用数值分析和试验测量方法研究了不同板厚和不同形状Ti_2AlNb合金电子束焊接接头的焊接应力,分析了再热裂纹的产生特点和焊后热处理过程中的组织演变,讨论了再热裂纹产生的原因。结果表明,电子束焊缝中心部位承受3向拉应力,纵向残余拉伸应力最大,超过1100MPa;横向拉伸应力较小;板较薄时厚度方向残余拉伸应力也较小,但当焊接厚板时焊缝中心厚度方向的残余拉伸应力也很大,深窄焊缝中可达1000MPa。同样板厚条件下,环形焊缝与直线焊缝相比,周向拉伸应力略小于纵向应力,但径向拉伸应力远大于横向应力,尤其是环的直径较小时。再热裂纹的产生与再热过程中晶界析出物及较高的拉伸应力有关,在加热速度低于一定值,加热到700℃左右时,裂纹沿晶界析出层与基体之间的界面产生与扩展。

联轴节电子束焊焊缝超声相控阵检测技术

针对联轴节电子束焊缝比较特殊、射线和普通超声波检测存在一定困难的特点,采用超声波相控阵检测技术来进行检测。分析联轴节电子束焊缝的结构,结合超声波相控阵检测技术的特点,确认相控阵检测技术可用于该类型焊缝的检测。制订相控阵检测工艺,设计制作了灵敏度测试试块,并进行试验。结果表明,采用超声波相控阵检测技术可同时进行A型、B型、C型超声波检测扫描,具备检测灵敏度高、检测结果直观等特点,可有效实现联轴节电子束焊焊缝缺陷的检测。