Electron-deficient Cu site catalyzed acetylene hydrochlorination

Rational design of catalytic sites to activate the C≡C bond is of paramount importance to advance acetylene hydrochlorination. Herein, Cu sites with electron-rich and electron-deficient states were constructed by controlling the impregnation solutions. The π electrons flowing from acetylene to Cu site are facilitated over the electron-deficient Cu sites, achieving high activation of C≡C bond. The contradiction between the increased activation of acetylene required for enhanced catalytic activity and the resistance of Cu site to reduction by acetylene required for maintaining catalytic stability can be balanced by establishing strong interactions of Cu site with pyrrolic-N species. The catalytic activity displays a volcano shape scaling relationship as a function of Cu particle size. Tribasic copper chloride is concomitantly generated with the construction of electron-deficient Cu sites. The H–Cl bond of HCl can be activated over the tribasic copper chloride, accelerating the surface reaction of vinyl chloride production. This strategy of inducing electron deficiency provides new insight into the rational design of catalysts for the synthesis of vinyl chloride with a high catalytic performance.

Superior aggregation, morphology and photovoltaic performance enabled by fine tuning of fused electron-deficient units in polymer donors

Copolymerization of an electron-rich donor(D)unit with an electron-deficient acceptor(A)unit to construct efficient D-π-A-πtype donors is an effective strategy for organic solar cell applications.The electron-deficient unit fusion,endows extendedπ-conjugation plane and insures excellent photoelectronic property,has great advantages to build A moiety and gradually receives considerable attention.In this work,we adopt benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b’]dithiophene and benzopyrazine(BP),benzothiadiazole(BT)and benzoselenadiazole(BS)to cleverly construct a series of fused A units with different electrondeficient ability,and further synthesize three polymer donors PBDP-BP,PBDP-BT,and PBDP-BS,respectively.The relationships between structure and performance were systematically investigated.PBDPBT shows a moderate aggregation behavior in both solution and film,and the highest hole mobility among the three polymers.After blending with Y6,the PBDP-BT:Y6-based film has the strongest absorption,favorable compatibility,superior crystallinity,and uniform phase separation morphology compared with PBDP-BP or PBDP-BS based blend films.Thus,the device based on PBDP-BT:Y6 has the highest and balanced charge mobility,suppressive recombination,reduced energy loss and achieves an outstanding PCE of 15.14%,which is superior to PBDP-BP:Y6(8.55%)and PBDP-BS:Y6(6.85%).These results provide learnable guidelines for future fused electron-deficient unit-based donor design for photovoltaic application.

Monodentate phosphorus-coordinated palladium(Ⅱ)complexes as new catalyst for Mizoroki-Heck reaction of aryl halides with electron-deficient olefins

Four novel palladium（（Ⅱ）） complexes coordinated by phosphorus atoms from both 3,5-disubstituted-1H- 1,2,4-diazaphospholes in monodentate fashion were developed as efficient catalyst for the Mizoroki- Heck reaction of aryl halides with electron-deficient olefins. The coupling reaction of awl halide bearig different functional groups with olefin derivatives took place and the corresponding products were isolated in good to excellent yields under optimal conditions. The procedure exhibits good functional group tolerance and wide substrate scope. This Mizoroki-Heck reaction was further achieved using Pd（OAc）2 and 3,5-di-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-diazaphospholes as combined catalyst, which provide the convenient and alternative method in organic synthesis

Modeling and analysis of air combustion and steam regeneration in methanol to olefins processes

Light olefins is the incredibly important materials in chemical industry.Methanol to olefins(MTO),which provides a non-oil route for light olefins production,received considerable attention in the past decades.However,the catalyst deactivation is an inevitable feature in MTO processes,and regeneration,therefore,is one of the key steps in industrial MTO processes.Traditionally the MTO catalyst is regenerated by removing the deposited coke via air combustion,which unavoidably transforms coke into carbon dioxide and reduces the carbon utilization efficiency.Recent study shows that the coke species over MTO catalyst can be regenerated via steam,which can promote the light olefins yield as the deactivated coke species can be essentially transferred to industrially useful synthesis gas,is a promising pathway for further MTO processes development.In this work,we modelled and analyzed these two MTO regeneration methods in terms of carbon utilization efficiency and technology economics.As shown,the steam regeneration could achieve a carbon utilization efficiency of 84.31%,compared to 74.74%for air combustion regeneration.The MTO processes using steam regeneration can essentially achieve the near-zero carbon emission.In addition,light olefins production of the MTO processes using steam regeneration is 12.81%higher than that using air combustion regeneration.In this regard,steam regeneration could be considered as a potential yet promising regeneration method for further MTO processes,showing not only great environmental benefits but also competitive economic performance.

Targeted Catalytic Cracking to Olefins(TCO):Reaction Mechanism,Production Scheme,and Process Perspectives

Light olefins are important organic building blocks in the chemicals industry.The main low-carbon olefin production methods,such as catalytic cracking and steam cracking,have considerable room for improvement in their utilization of hydrocarbons.This review provides a thorough overview of recent studies on catalytic cracking,steam cracking,and the conversion of crude oil processes.To maximize the production of light olefins and reduce carbon emissions,the perceived benefits of various technologies are examined.Taking olefin generation and conversion as a link to expand upstream and downstream processes,a targeted catalytic cracking to olefins(TCO)process is proposed to meet current demands for the transformation of oil refining into chemical production.The main innovations of this process include a multiple feedstock supply,the development of medium-sized catalysts,and a diameter-transformed fluidizedbed reactor with different feeding schemes.In combination with other chemical processes,TCO is expected to play a critical role in enabling petroleum refining and chemical processes to achieve low carbon dioxide emissions.

Boosting CO_(2) hydrogenation to high-value olefins with highly stable performance over Ba and Na co-modified Fe catalyst

CO_(2)hydrogenation has been considered to be a highly promising route for the production of high-value olefins(HVOs)while also mitigating CO_(2)emissions.However,it is challenging to achieve high selectivity and maintain stable performance for HVOs(ethylene,propylene,and linear a-olefins)over a prolonged reaction time due to the difficulty in precise control of carbon coupling and rapid catalyst deactivation.Herein,we present a selective Ba and Na co-modified Fe catalyst enriched with Fe_(5)C_(2)and Fe_(3)C active sites that can boost HVO synthesis with up to 66.1%selectivity at an average CO_(2)conversion of 38%for over 500 h.Compared to traditional NaFe catalyst,the combined effect of Ba and Na additives in the NaBaFe-0.5 catalyst suppressed excess oxidation of FeCxsites by H_(2)O.The absence of Fe3O4phase in the spent NaBaFe-0.5 catalyst reflects the stabilization effect of the co-modifiers on the FeCxsites.This study provides a strategy to design Fe-based catalysts that can be scaled up for the stable synthesis of HVOs from CO_(2)hydrogenation.

Fischer-Tropsch wax catalytic cracking for the production of low olefin and high octane number gasoline: Process optimization and heat effect calculation

To produce low olefin gasoline with high octane number by Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) wax fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, operating conditions optimization were carried out in the pilot-scale riser and turbulent fluidized bed (TFB) FCC unit. The experimental results in the riser indicated that under the condition of low reaction temperature and regenerated catalyst temperature, large catalyst-to-oil weight ratio (C/O) and long reaction time, the gasoline olefin content could be reduced to 20.28 wt%, but there is large octane number loss owing to a great loss in high octane number olefin. Therefore, a novel FCC process using the TFB reactor was proposed to strengthen the aromatization reaction. The reaction performance of TFB reactor were investigated. The result demonstrated that the TFB reactor has more significant effect in reducing olefins and improving aromatics. At the expense of certain gasoline yield, the gasoline olefin content reduced to 23.70 wt%, aromatics content could increase to 26.79 wt% and the RON was up to 91.0. The comparison of reactor structure and fluidization demonstrated that the TFB reactor has higher catalyst bed density. The reaction heat and coke combustion heat was calculated indicating the feasibility of its industrial application of the TFB process.

Reaction characteristics of maximizing light olefins and decreasing methane in C_(5) hydrocarbons catalytic pyrolysis

When converting C_(5) hydrocarbons to light olefins by catalytic pyrolysis,the generation of low value-added methane will affect the atomic utilization efficiency of C_(5) hydrocarbons.To improve the atomic utilization efficiency,different generation pathways of light olefins and methane in the catalytic pyrolysis of C_(5) hydrocarbons were analyzed,and the effects of reaction conditions and zeolite types were inves-tigated.Results showed that light olefins were mainly formed by breaking the C_(2)-C_(3) bond in the middle position,while methane was formed by breaking the C_(1)-C_(2) bond at the end.Meanwhile,it was discovered that the hydrogen transfer reaction could be reduced by about 90%by selecting MTT zeolite with 1D topology and FER zeolite with 2D topology under high weight hourly space velocity(WHSV)and high temperature operations,thus leading to the improvement of the light olefins selectivity for the catalytic pyrolysis of n-pentane and 1-pentene to 55.12% and 74.60%,respectively.Moreover,the fraction ratio of terminal C_(1)-C_(2) bond cleavage was reduced,which would reduce the selectivity of methane to 6.63%and 1.83%.Therefore,zeolite with low hydrogen transfer activity and catalytic pyrolysis process with high WHsV will be conducive to maximize light olefins and to decrease methane.

Study on the epoxidation of olefins with H_(2)O_(2)catalyzed by biquaternary ammonium phosphotungstic acid

Selective epoxidation of olefins is an important field in chemical industry.In this work,we developed a new phosphotungstic acid catalyst{[(C_8H_(17))(CH_(3))_(2)N]_(2)(CH_(2))_(3)}_(1.5){PO_(4)[WO(O_(2))_(2)]_(4)}with long carbon chain and biquaternary ammonium cation.Cyclohexene could be epoxidized to cyclohexene oxide in 96.3%conversion and 98.2%selectivity.The catalyst type,solvent type,catalyst loading,initial molar ratio,temperature,cycle performance and substrate extensibility were studied and optimized,the kinetic parameters about overall reaction and unit reaction were also calculated.Dynamic light scattering analysis was carried out to explain the different catalytic performance between catalysts with different carbon chain length.This novel catalyst and the corresponding dynamics and mechanism study could probably help the industrial application on the epoxidation of cyclohexene with H_(2)O_(2).

国内首套ORP除烯烃装置的工艺及应用研究

美国UOP公司新研制的ORP除烯烃装置首次在中国石油广东石化公司260万t/a芳烃联合装置进行了工业应用。该装置用于脱除重整上游重整生成油中的烯烃,在45~110℃工作温度､2.1 MPa操作压力､5.0质量空速条件下,可满足下游吸附分离单元对进料中溴指数低于20×10^(-6)的进料要求。通过与传统的酸性白土吸附工艺的对比,分析其工艺､操作､参数和配备设施等情况,研究表明,该ORP除烯烃装置具有低生产成本､催化剂可在线再生､大幅降低固废产生､可根据不同生产状况及时进行调整等优点。

基质Lewis酸性调控及其催化轻烃裂化反应性能

催化剂分子筛和基质的合理匹配是提高石脑油催化裂化制低碳烯烃产量的最有效路径之一,但是基质表面Lewis酸性对裂化反应的影响尚未明确。本研究通过硼和锌改性γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和锡改性KIT-6介孔氧化硅材料调变表面的Lewis酸,研究基质及其与ZSM-5分子筛配合使用时催化正庚烷和1-己烯裂化制低碳烯烃的性能。采用XRD、TEM、N2物理吸附-脱附以及NH3-TPD等方法探讨了改性γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和KIT-6的结构性质和表面酸性质。结果表明,B可以降低γ-Al_(2)O_(3)的表面Lewis酸性(酸量和酸强度),而Zn可以增强其表面酸性;此外,Sn可以提高有序介孔KIT-6表面Lewis酸性。催化裂化反应结果表明,当基质单独使用时,随基质表面Lewis酸性增强,轻烃反应活化能降低且转化率升高;当基质与ZSM-5配合使用时,基质在上分子筛在下的双床层排布方式对应的转化率最高,且随基质Lewis酸性增强,轻烃转化率升高,但Lewis酸性过强会加速氢转移反应,降低低碳烯烃的选择性。

微通道反应器内α-烯烃连续磺化工艺的实验研究

α-烯烃磺酸钠(AOS)是具有良好生物降解性、润湿性、低刺激性的阴离子表面活性剂。利用微通道反应器,分别以1-十四烯(AO)和混合烯烃为原料,SO_(3)为磺化剂,考察了磺化温度、SO_(3)/AO摩尔比、磺化剂质量分数、停留时间等工艺条件对活性物AOS含量的影响规律。结果表明:1-十四烯磺化最佳工艺条件为磺化温度40℃、SO_(3)/AO摩尔比为1.2、SO_(3)质量分数为10%;混合烯烃磺化最佳工艺条件为磺化温度50℃、SO_(3)/AO摩尔比为1.1、SO_(3)质量分数为10%。增大流速有利于强化传质过程、提高产物中活性物AOS含量;延长停留时间会加剧副反应发生、降低产物中活性物含量。微通道反应器内α-烯烃磺化是以传质为主的强放热反应,热量移除及时,反应过程易于控制,可有效提高产品质量,大大增强生产工艺的本质安全性,对于开发煤基α-烯烃下游产品具有实际意义。

改性生物炭作为聚α-烯烃添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

将在不同温度下热解的棉花秆粉末进行球磨处理与碱化改性后得到纳米生物炭材料,并采用拉曼光谱、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其进行表征。将纳米生物炭粉末加入聚α-烯烃-6(PAO6)中制备纳米生物炭润滑油,通过粒度分析和自然沉降观测表征其分散稳定性,并考察其润湿性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明:改性处理能提高生物炭含氧官能团的数量从而提升纳米润滑油的润湿性;加入700℃处理的生物炭制成的质量分数0.2%的纳米润滑油性能最佳,与PAO6相比,摩擦因数下降21.2%,磨损量下降43.0%。基于生物炭纳米润滑油理化特性,结合磨损表面XPS分析与形貌分析,将NBC能够改善PAO6摩擦学特性归因于:NBC作为一种薄片状的类二维材料,其中还包括部分极小的颗粒状物质,使其同时发挥层间材料的剪切效应与颗粒材料的填补修复效应;此外,纳米生物炭的添加也可以通过提升润湿性改善局部细缝的摩擦特性,并促进含Fe_(3)O_(4)摩擦膜的形成。

C_(4)烯烃转化制丙烯工艺及催化剂研究

目的开发C_(4)烯烃催化裂解制丙烯工艺和催化剂制备工艺技术,完成小试和工业侧线试验。方法采用固定床评价装置考查了催化剂配方、改性及工业条件对催化剂活性、选择性、稳定性能的影响。结果以ZSM-5分子筛为活性组分的催化剂在C_(4)烯烃转化制丙烯反应中具有较好的活性、选择性、稳定性和再生性,磷的引入未改变催化剂的晶型结构,但降低了催化剂酸性位点数量,并调节了催化剂的n(B酸)/n(L酸),随着磷负载量增加到5%(w),分子筛中磷与铝的相互作用逐渐增强,磷可以和骨架铝和非骨架铝相互作用。结论C_(4)烯烃的转化率达到80%以上,丙烯的选择性达到35%~45%,催化剂的单程寿命达到一个月以上,且经再生后,再生恢复率达95%。

快速合成Cu-SAPO-34分子筛及其甲醇制烯烃催化性能

通过引入含铜分子筛晶种作为铜源、10 h快速合成出Cu-SAPO-34分子筛,并与传统的水热合成法和铜胺络合物引入铜源的方式进行对比,同时利用XRD、SEM、IR、TPD和微反等手段表征样品的结构和甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能。结果表明:与常规合成方法相比,快速合成法可在10 h制备出结晶度在86.24%,固体收率达到94.65%的Cu-SAPO-34分子筛,其乙烯+丙烯选择之和达到81.26%;与添加铜胺络合物相比,加入含铜分子筛晶种的方式引入铜元素,更合适于快速合成法,避免了铜无法与分子筛骨架结合的问题;通过调整含铜分子筛晶种的性质及加入量,可以快速合成晶粒直径在470 nm的纳米Cu-SAPO-34分子筛,固体收率达到96.72%,乙烯+丙烯选择之和达到86.24%。

铑基非均相催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的应用研究进展

烯烃氢甲酰化反应是工业中合成醛的重要过程,铑基均相催化剂难以回收的缺点会大大增加烯烃氢甲酰化反应的成本。负载固相多相催化剂因其简便的分离循环操作而广受关注,但存在反应活性较差、金属流失量较大和催化剂制备成本较高等问题,开发催化性能和回收性能好的非均相铑基催化剂具有广阔的前景。以无机固体载体固定化催化剂、HRh(CO)(PPh_(3))_(3)封装型多相催化剂、多孔有机配体(POL)材料负载催化剂和单原子金属间纳米催化剂这4类催化剂为主线,综述了用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应中多相负载型铑基催化剂的研究进展。在多相负载型铑基催化剂中,膦配体组成及制备条件、载体种类及性质和铑与其他金属协同作用等均能对其催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化性能产生影响,对上述4类催化剂的优、缺点和发展前景进行了简要分析。在今后的研究中,建议设计给电子能力强、空间位阻大的膦配体,发掘高比表面积、多级孔道结构的无机/有机载体,深入探究金属纳米粒子间的相互作用,进一步提高铑基催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化中的催化性能和回收性能。

Synthesis and characterization of an unusual snowflake-shaped ZSM-5 zeolite with high catalytic performance in the methanol to olefin reaction

The ZSM-5 zeolite with an unusual snowflake-shaped morphology was hydrothermally synthesized for the first time,and compared with common ellipsoidal and boat-like shaped samples.These samples were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance,temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia,and infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption.The results suggest that the BET surface area and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of these samples are similar,while the snowflake-shaped ZSM-5 zeolite possesses more of the（101） face,and distortion,dislocation,and asymmetry in the framework,resulting in a larger number of acid sites than the conventional samples.Catalysts for the methanol to olefin（MTO） reaction were prepared by loading Ca on the samples.The snowflake-shaped Ca/ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited excellent selectivity for total light olefin（72%） and propene（39%） in MTO.The catalytic performance influenced by the morphology can be mainly attributed to the snowflake-shaped ZSM-5 zeolite possessing distortion,dislocation,and asymmetry in the framework,and lower diffusion limitation than the conventional samples.

Effects of zinc on Fe-based catalysts during the synthesis of light olefins from the Fischer-Tropsch process

Fe‐based catalysts for the production of light olefins via the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis were modi‐fied by adding a Zn promoter using both microwave‐hydrothermal and impregnation methods. The physicochemical properties of the resulting catalysts were determined by scanning electron mi‐croscopy, the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method, X‐ray diffraction, H2 temperature‐programed re‐duction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the addition of a Zn promoter improves both the light olefin selectivity over the catalyst and the catalyst stability. The catalysts prepared via the impregnation method, which contain greater quantities of surface ZnO, exhibit severe carbon deposition following activity trials. In contrast, those materials synthesized using the microwave‐hydrothermal approach show improved dispersion of Zn and Fe phases and decreased carbon deposition, and so exhibit better CO conversion and stability.

烯式吡虫啉(olefin IMI)光解及其光解产物研究

烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉(imidacloprid,IMI)在环境中可代谢为生物活性提高10倍的烯式吡虫啉(olefin IMI)。研究了olefin IMI的光稳定性、光解动力学和光解代谢途径。结果表明:olefin IMI在避光条件下较为稳定,室温下放置400d后,olefin IMI含量仅减少3%;而在室内模拟日光条件下,olefin IMI易于分解,光解反应符合一级动力学方程(r>0.99),半衰期为4d。olefin IMI的光解反应存在2条主要途径:一是羟基化生成4,5-二羟基化吡虫啉,该产物进一步氧化断裂药效基团硝基亚胺基生成羰基化产物;二是直接脱去硝基基团生成胍基产物。

Polymerization Mechanism of α-Linear Olefin

The density functional theory on the level of B3LYP/6-31G was empolyed to study the chain growth mechanism in polymerization process of α-linear olefin in TiCl3/AlEt2Cl catalytic system to synthesize drag reduction agent. Full parameter optimization without symmetry restrictions for reactants, products, the possible transition states, and intermediates was calculated. Vibration frequency was analyzed for all of stagnation points on the potential energy surface at the same theoretical level. The internal reaction coordinate was calculated from the transition states to reactants and products respectively. The results showed as flloes： （i） Coordination compounds were formed on the optimum configuration of TiCl3/AlEt2Cl.（ii） The transition states were formed. The energy di？erence between transition states and the coordination compounds was 40.687 kJ/mol. （iii） Double bond opened and Ti-C（4） bond fractured, and the polymerization was completed. The calculation results also showed that the chain growth mechanism did not essentially change with the increase of carbon atom number of α-linear olefin. From the relationship between polymerization activation energy and carbon atom number of the α-linear olefin, it can be seen that the α-linear olefin monomers with 6-10 carbon atoms had low activation energy and wide range. It was optimum to synthesize drag reduction agent by polymerization.