Submission Deadline： 15 October 2010The electric industry is being transformed from a centralized network to one that is less centralized and allows more consumer interaction in the form of a smart grid. A smart grid...Submission Deadline： 15 October 2010The electric industry is being transformed from a centralized network to one that is less centralized and allows more consumer interaction in the form of a smart grid. A smart grid is a power transmission and distribution network that can incorporate millions of sensors all connected through an advanced, two-way communications and data acquisition system to provide real-time monitoring, diagnosis and control. Smart grid enables more efficient, reliable and secure energy service, facilitate grid-integration of renewable systems and energy storage, and better routing of power and demand management. The move to a smarter grid promises to change the industry＇s entire business model and its relationship with all stakeholders, involving and affecting power companies, regulators, energy service providers, technology and automation vendors, and all consumers of electric power.展开更多
Ga doped ZnO （OZO）/Cu grid/GZO transparent conductive electrode （TCE） structures were fabricated at room temperature （RT） by using electron beam evaporation （EBE） for the Cu grids and RF magnetron sputtering f...Ga doped ZnO （OZO）/Cu grid/GZO transparent conductive electrode （TCE） structures were fabricated at room temperature （RT） by using electron beam evaporation （EBE） for the Cu grids and RF magnetron sputtering for the GZO layers. In this work, we investigated the electrical and optical characteristics of GZO/Cu grid/GZO multilayer electrode for thin film solar cells by using evaporated Cu grid and sputtered GZO thin films to enhance the optical transparency without significantly affecting their conductivity. The optical transmittance and sheet resistance of GZO/Cu grid/GZO multilayer are higher than those of GZO/Cu film/GZO multilayer independent of Cu grid separation distance and increase with increasing Cu grid separation distances. The calculation of both transmittance and sheet resistance of GZO/Cu grid] GZO multilayer was based on Cu filling factor correlated with the geometry of Cu grid. The calculated values for the transmittance and sheet resistance of the GZO/Cu grid/GZO multilayer were similar to the experimentally observed ones. The highest figure of merit ФTc is 5.18× 10^-3Ω^-1 for the GZO/Cu grid] GZO multilayer with Cu grid separation distance of 1 mm was obtained, in this case, the transmittance and resistivity were 82.72% and 2.17 × 10 ^-4Ωcm, respectively. The transmittance and resistivity are accentahle for nractical thin film snlar cell annlicatinn~展开更多
文摘Submission Deadline： 15 October 2010The electric industry is being transformed from a centralized network to one that is less centralized and allows more consumer interaction in the form of a smart grid. A smart grid is a power transmission and distribution network that can incorporate millions of sensors all connected through an advanced, two-way communications and data acquisition system to provide real-time monitoring, diagnosis and control. Smart grid enables more efficient, reliable and secure energy service, facilitate grid-integration of renewable systems and energy storage, and better routing of power and demand management. The move to a smarter grid promises to change the industry＇s entire business model and its relationship with all stakeholders, involving and affecting power companies, regulators, energy service providers, technology and automation vendors, and all consumers of electric power.
基金support of the key project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.91333203 and 51172204the Program for Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.IRT13037the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology of China under Grant No.2010R50020
文摘Ga doped ZnO （OZO）/Cu grid/GZO transparent conductive electrode （TCE） structures were fabricated at room temperature （RT） by using electron beam evaporation （EBE） for the Cu grids and RF magnetron sputtering for the GZO layers. In this work, we investigated the electrical and optical characteristics of GZO/Cu grid/GZO multilayer electrode for thin film solar cells by using evaporated Cu grid and sputtered GZO thin films to enhance the optical transparency without significantly affecting their conductivity. The optical transmittance and sheet resistance of GZO/Cu grid/GZO multilayer are higher than those of GZO/Cu film/GZO multilayer independent of Cu grid separation distance and increase with increasing Cu grid separation distances. The calculation of both transmittance and sheet resistance of GZO/Cu grid] GZO multilayer was based on Cu filling factor correlated with the geometry of Cu grid. The calculated values for the transmittance and sheet resistance of the GZO/Cu grid/GZO multilayer were similar to the experimentally observed ones. The highest figure of merit ФTc is 5.18× 10^-3Ω^-1 for the GZO/Cu grid] GZO multilayer with Cu grid separation distance of 1 mm was obtained, in this case, the transmittance and resistivity were 82.72% and 2.17 × 10 ^-4Ωcm, respectively. The transmittance and resistivity are accentahle for nractical thin film snlar cell annlicatinn~
