Investigation on taste characteristics and sensory perception of soft-boiled chicken during oral processing based on electronic tongue and electronic nose

The sensory perception of food is a dynamic process,which is closely related to the release of flavor substances during oral processing.It’s not only affected by the food material,but also subjected to the individual oral environment.To explore the oral processing characteristics of soft-boiled chicken,the sensory properties,texture,particle size,viscosity,characteristic values of electronic nose and tongue of different chicken samples were investigated.The correlation analysis showed that the physical characteristics especially the cohesiveness,springiness,resilience of the sample determined oral processing behavior.The addition of chicken skin played a role in lubrication during oral processing.The particle size of the bolus was heightened at the early stage,and the fluidity was enhanced in the end,which reduced the chewing time to the swallowing point and raised the aromatic compounds signal of electronic nose.But the effect of chicken skin on chicken thigh with relatively high fat content,was opposite in electronic nose,which had a certain masking effect on the perception of umami and sweet taste.In conclusion,fat played a critical role in chicken oral processing and chicken thigh had obvious advantages in comprehensive evaluation of soft-boiled chicken,which was more popular among people.

The Joint Use of Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue for the Evaluation of the Sensorial Properties of Green and Black Tea Infusions as Related to Their Chemical Composition

The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of the brewing method on the amount of the major catechins, methylxanthines, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in green and black teas, and to correlate the chemical composition of tea infusions to their sensorial properties by the combined use of the electronic nose and tongue. For this purpose, tea infusions were prepared from 7 green teas and 6 black teas using different extraction times (3 - 5 and 10 min). The extraction of total polyphenols and catechins was increased by prolonging the infusion time from 3 - 5 to 10 min, while the caffeine amounts did not increase. The antioxidant activity of teas was well correlated with polyphenol content. Electronic tongue and electronic nose were able to discriminate green teas from black teas on the basis of their sensorial properties. Considering the taste, green teas were characterized by astringency and aftertaste-astringency and this sensation was increased by prolonging the infusion time;black teas were perceived as more bitter, sour, salty and the extraction time affected the astringent sensation. The aroma of green and black teas was discriminated by specific sensors and the increase of the extraction time produced more richly flavoured infusions. This work adds information about correlation between sensorial properties, antioxidant capacity and chemical composition of green and black teas.

Characterization and Classification of Groundwater from Wells Using an Electronic Tongue (Kairouan, Tunisia)

A sensor array comprising 9 potentiometric chemical sensors and some pattern recognition tools for the data processing has been applied in order to characterize the groundwater in the plain of Kairouan Region (Tunisia). A total of 17 groundwater samples were collected from three different villages and analyzed for their chemical components. Nine chemical parameters were determined: Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Ammonium, Cadmium, Chlorides, Nitrates, Fluoride and pH. Multi-sensor responses measured in each water sample were diagnosed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). PCA is a procedure for reducing data redundancy. CA is used to detect spatial similarity among sampling sites. This methodology is simple, rapid and the obtained results demonstrate that the electronic tongue technique based on the sensor array combined with pattern recognition method could be a useful tool for the characterization and the classification of wells water samples.

Electronic Tongue and Neural Networks, Biologically Inspired Systems Applied to Classifying Coffee Samples

In this paper, the possibility to use an electronic tongue based on a polypyrrole sensor array in classifying coffee samples has been studied. Each sensor shows a distinguished electrochemical response when exposed to the studied solutions, providing signals with a high degree of cross-selectivity. The sensor array electrochemical response is related to the interaction of the ionic and non-ionic solution compounds and to the surface of the sensors polymeric matrix. Furthermore, the electronic tongue was used to perform an analysis on coffee samples. In this case, each sensor showed a particular response to each coffee sample. Data obtained from the registered signals were used to perform a discrimination of the samples. The analysis with neural networks of the principal components (NNPC) done on the electronic tongue response to five types of commercial coffee, allows to achieve a clear differentiation of samples.

Automatic Monitoring Electronic Tongue with MEAs for Environmental Analysis

An automatic monitoring electronic tongue based on differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) was developed for heavy metals analysis.Simultaneous detections of trace Zn(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ),Fe(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅲ) in water samples were performed with three electrochemical sensors.The sensor chip combined a silicon-based Hg-coated Au microelectrode array (MEA) as the working electrode on one side with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Pt counter electrode on the other side.With a computer controlled multipotentiostat,pumps and valves,the electronic tongue realized in-situ real-time detection of the six metals mentioned above at parts-per-billion level without manual operation.

Voltammetric Identification of Motor Oils Using Electronic Tongue on Carbon-Paste Electrode Basis

Viscous organic liquids are common products which are used in human life. The motor oils used to lubricate the moving parts of internal combustion engines present an important group of these substances. Timeous monitoring of motor oil quality allows providing durability of engine. For this purpose the problem of designing of express sensor devices for identification of motor oils and other viscous organic liquids using inexpensive voltammetric methods of analysis is solved. In this paper, the results of motor oils identification using electronic tongue on the carbon-paste electrode basis with motor oils as a binder have been presented. The possibility of univocal identification of individual samples of motor oils has been shown.

Rationally designed graphene channels for real-time sodium ion detection for electronic tongue

Monitoring taste-inducing ions and molecules continuously in liquids or solutions is of great considerable matter for the realization of the electronic tongue(E-tongue).Particularly from the five major tastes,the highly selective,sensitive detection of Na^(+)in real-time is prioritized.Prioritization is due to the saltiness of food is the key ingredient in most meals.Nevertheless,existing Na^(+)detecting devices have relatively low performances of selectivity,sensitivity,and lack of on–off functions.Additionally,conventional devices significantly deteriorate in capac-ity due to repetitive usage or lifetime shortage by degradation of the sensing mate-rial.Herein,a graphene-based channel was rationally designed by the facile decoration of Calix[4]arene and Nafion to address this issue.They act as a receptor and a molecular sieve,respectively,to enhance selectivity and sensitivity and elon-gate the life expectancy of the device.This device was merged with a microfluidic channel to control the injection and withdrawal of solutions to fulfill dynamic on–off functions.The fabricated device has highly selective,sensitive Na^(+)detection properties compared to other 10 molecule/ionic species.Dynamic on–off functions of the device were available,also possesses a long lifespan of at least 220 days.Additionally,it can precisely discriminate real beverages containing Na^(+),which can be observed by principal component analysis plot.These features offer the possibility of ascending to a platform for E-tongues in near future.

食品智能感知技术的发展与前沿探索

智能感知技术是一种利用传感器模拟人类感觉器官捕捉样品各种感官属性信息,再结合智能识别算法信号处理,实现食品等样品品质拟人化综合评价的前沿仿生技术。智能感知技术作为传统感官评价技术的现代化延伸和补充,具有检测速度快,样品无需前处理,操作简便,实时在线分析等技术特性,是深度感知食品感官品质的强有力的工具。本文综述食品领域中几种主要的智能感知技术,如模拟味觉的电子舌技术,模拟嗅觉的电子鼻技术,模拟触觉的质构分析仪和仿生视觉系统的电子眼等。另外,文章还归纳总结了智能感知技术在食品品质评价方面的应用研究进展,展望智能感知技术在静态感官、动态感官和情绪感知表征等方面的技术发展可能性。随着生物学、材料学、计算机科学等交叉学科的快速发展,智能感知技术有望从样品整体感官特性的区分、识别应用,提升至食品嗜好和情绪的检测表征,为食品产业的发展提供新的动力。

电子舌和气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析炖煮时间对松茸鸡汤风味的影响

以雅江鲜松茸为试验材料,采用电子舌和气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术,使用主成分、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析,结合相对气味活度值分析炖煮时间对松茸鸡汤风味的影响。结果表明:鲜松茸对鸡汤滋味贡献很大,电子舌鲜味强度值从2.1提高到8.0。采用GC-IMS方法共检出45种化合物,加入松茸后醛类含量从47.88%下降到21.13%,由ROAV值(128.08)确认3-甲基-1-丁醇是松茸鸡汤的关键化合物。其中,伞花烃、3-辛醇、正辛醇是松茸鸡汤的特征化合物,使松茸鸡汤呈现独特的汽油味、苔藓清香、坚果香味、蘑菇气味和金属气味。炖煮5 min后,鸡汤中松茸特征风味最明显,达到最佳食用效果。研究结果为雅江松茸鸡汤风味特征研究提供参考。

基于电子鼻和电子舌技术对杏种质资源品质性状的遗传多样性分析

【目的】探究杏香气、滋味等果实品质性状的遗传变异,筛选优异种质。【方法】利用电子鼻、电子舌以及高效液相色谱等技术对119份杏种质资源的果实品质进行评价。【结果】电子鼻的W5S、W1S、W1W和W2W等4个传感器对杏香气响应敏感;电子舌测定显示酸味和甜味是杏的主要滋味。相关性分析发现电子舌甜味值与可溶性固形物含量、糖组分含量呈显著正相关,与酸组分含量呈显著负相关。主成分分析显示前3个主成分分别代表杏的香气性状、果实滋味性状和酸组分含量性状。结合聚类分析与主成分分析,认为草滩梅杏等种质在多个果实品质特性方面表现优异。【结论】杏果实品质性状存在丰富的遗传变异;电子鼻和电子舌可以作为一种快速评价方法鉴定杏香气和滋味。

基于智能感官分析技术对茯苓皮五味辨识及产地鉴别的研究

目的基于智能感官分析技术对不同产地茯苓皮气味、滋味进行量化表征,认知茯苓皮五味药性,鉴别茯苓皮产区。方法采用电子鼻、电子舌分析6个省份18个产地茯苓皮样品的气味、滋味特征,以传感器响应值为指标,采集气味、滋味信息值并制作雷达信息图,进行主成分分析、R型系统聚类分析。结果电子鼻、电子舌传感器对茯苓皮气味、滋味特征具有较好的响应,茯苓皮具有芳香气味,甜味、苦味、鲜味、涩味等滋味。电子鼻、电子舌主成分分析总贡献率分别达到97.64%、98.74%,能够较完整地反映不同产地样品信息,结合聚类分析,可有效区分不同产区茯苓皮样品。结论智能感官分析技术能够表征茯苓皮丰富的气味、滋味属性,且不同产区存在差异性,为茯苓皮五味药性研究、产地区分提供可参照的技术方法。

基于多元统计分析不同品牌牛肉汤的水溶性滋味物质差异对比

为了探明牛肉汤中主要滋味物质及不同品牌牛肉汤之间的滋味差异,选取七个品牌的牛肉汤作为研究对象,采用液相色谱、氨基酸分析仪和电子舌等测定样品中的滋味物质。结果表明:七个品牌的牛肉汤共鉴定出17种游离氨基酸和5种呈味核苷酸,主要滋味为酸味、苦味、咸味、鲜味、Kokumi和后味。不同的加工工艺导致牛肉汤中固形物、盐和水溶性蛋白含量都有着显著的影响,进而影响牛肉汤的滋味。偏最小二乘分析(PLS-DA)表明肌苷(Inosine,I)、谷氨酸(Glutamic acid,Glu)、丝氨酸(Serine,Ser)、次黄嘌呤(Hypoxanthine,HX)和苯丙氨酸(Phenylalanine,Phe)是这七种牛肉汤中主要滋味差异物质,偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)确定了影响牛肉汤口感的17种滋味物质。该研究为进一步改善牛肉汤品质和滋味定向调控提供了基础。

中国李种质资源不同味觉品质精准评价

【目的】对中国李种质资源进行精准鉴定评价,揭示中国李种质资源的味觉品质遗传的客观规律。【方法】针对不同类型(包括品种来源地、果肉颜色、感官味觉)的50份中国李种质资源,采用电子舌对九种味觉(包括鲜味、咸味、酸味、苦味、涩味、甜味、苦味回味、涩味回味和丰富性)进行了分组比较研究。【结果】不同生态来源地的李品种在味觉特点上存在一定的差异,但整体上仍难以区分细致。与之不同的是,果肉颜色与味觉之间存在一定的关系,不同颜色的果肉在味觉特点上呈现出不同的分布模式。酸描述在鲜味味觉中表现出较高的中位数,甜描述在甜味味觉中表现出较高的中位数。酸甜和甜酸的描述之间相关系数较大。【结论】中国李的味觉特点可以分为酸涩型、咸酸型和鲜甜型,同时筛选出一系列优异味觉表现突出、劣势味觉表现较差的特异种质材料,这些试材及背后的遗传基因将成为我国李育种活动中的“种业芯片”。

池塘养殖“六月黄”中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺的滋味特征

为揭示“六月黄”中华绒螯蟹食用部分(几乎全部为肝胰腺)的滋味品质特征,利用味觉分析系统,研究昆山市养殖池塘产雌、雄“六月黄”中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺的滋味特征。结果表明,新鲜蒸制的“六月黄”中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺的基本味味觉指标中,鲜味非常突出,其次是苦味和涩味。而其回味味觉指标中苦味回味最高,其次是涩味回味和鲜味回味。“六月黄”雌、雄蟹个体间,苦、涩味和苦味回味等味觉强度指标均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。相关线性判别分析的初始验证判别和交互验证回判的正确率均可达到100%。池塘养殖“六月黄”中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺滋味具有显著性别差异性,雄蟹的滋味特征显示出较雌蟹更为美味的趋势。

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS与电子舌分析不同产地多花酒黄精滋味特征

目的:分析不同产地多花酒黄精的滋味特征,为产地判别、分析方法改进提供依据。方法:以11个产地的多花酒黄精细粉为研究样品,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析多花酒黄精化学成分,采用电子舌智能感官评定技术分析多花酒黄精滋味雷达图,采用主成分(PCA)、Loadings方法分析电子舌信号响应结果,构建产地判别模型。结果:UPLC-Q-TOF-MS法结果共鉴别出68个化学成分,其中28个差异性成分可用于10个产地的区分。电子舌结果表明,主成分判别分析能较好地区分不同产地多花酒黄精,多花酒黄精在滋味上的差异主要体现在苦味、甜味、咸味、鲜味等。结论:不同产地多花酒黄精的滋味特征存在差异,可作为产地判别依据。电子舌技术可为多花酒黄精分析及质量标准提供简单、快速的新方法。

基于电子鼻/电子舌结合顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析烤包子关键风味物质

目的基于电子鼻/电子舌结合顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析烤包子关键风味物质。方法采用HS-SPME-GC-MS联合电子舌、电子鼻技术,并结合相对气味活度值对烤包子中的挥发性物质以及关键香气成分进行分析。结果电子鼻能有效区分不同烤包子挥发性物质;电子舌分析发现不同烤包子滋味接近。GC-MS共鉴定出152种挥发性成分,其中27种共有化合物,主要为醛类和硫醚类。相对气味活度值结合共有挥发性物质表明,(E)-2-壬烯醛、壬醛、丙烯基丙基二硫醚为烤包子关键性挥发性物质,庚醛、4-异丙基苯甲醛、3-甲硫基丙醛、4-异丙基-1,3-环己二烯-1-甲醛、2-戊基呋喃、二丙基二硫醚对烤包子风味具有关键辅助作用。烤包子的香气主要为脂肪香、焦香、葱蒜香、青香及果香。结论本研究结果为烤包子的生产提供了基础性数据,电子鼻结合HS-SPME-GC-MS对风味物质研究更全面、可靠,研究为烤包子挥发性风味特征提供了理论支持,为后续烤包子指纹图谱的建立提供了方法指导。

肉类预制菜调味酱的风味特征分析

为探究肉类预制菜调味酱的风味特征,以4种预制菜调味酱为样本,用气相离子迁移谱分析其挥发性气味差异并用理化方法测蛋白质和脂肪含量,应用电子舌味觉系统分析其味觉特征指标,发现“咸味、鲜味、丰富性(鲜味回味)”是有效味觉指标。四个样品的蛋白质含量和感官评分无显著关系,脂肪含量与风味有一定关系。GC-IMS分析表明样品的气味差异较明显,共测出挥发性化合物49种,样品4中香气化合物有26种,样品1中的挥发性化合物最少。电子鼻和电子舌多个传感器对样品具有明显应答,样品4与其他样品的气味差异最大。样品1和2的咸味值大且接近,2号样品的鲜味和丰富性要明显高于1号,样品3和4的咸味、鲜味和丰富性指标均不同,3号样品的这三个指标均要高于4号样品。

仿生技术在中药质量控制领域的应用研究进展

中药的气味与质量存在紧密的联系,《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版中绝大多数药材和饮片性状项下都有对其气、味的描述。然而,在实际的中药质量控制过程中有关气、味的鉴别较为主观、个体差异较大,缺乏客观的量化判断标准。作为近年来发展起来的新技术,电子鼻、电子舌等仿生技术可一定程度代替人的感官,将气、味信息转化为量化指标,完成对药材气、味的评价,更具现代科学性和客观性。对此类技术在中药质量控制领域,如鉴别、炮制规律、毒性中药质量控制及中药物质基础等方面的应用进展进行综述,以期为中药研究和中药质量控制提供新的思路。

现代工艺六堡茶渥堆过程中茶汤色泽及主要滋味品质成分动态变化

通过对现代工艺六堡茶渥堆过程样品进行感官审评及电子舌、色差、主要生化成分测定,研究六堡茶渥堆过程中色泽及滋味成分的变化规律,并探讨了滋味属性的变化与滋味成分之间的相关性及滋味活度值(taste active value,TAV)。结果表明,现代工艺渥堆过程中,六堡茶酸味、苦味上升,涩味、鲜味及咸味下降,色差L值波动变化,a、b值逐渐升高,汤色由黄转变为橙红,游离氨基酸、黄酮、茶多酚、茶叶碱、儿茶素总量、氨基酸组分总量显著下降(P<0.05),可可碱、咖啡碱、没食子酸显著上升(P<0.05),水浸出物含量呈波动变化。游离氨基酸、黄酮、酯型儿茶素、DL-儿茶素(DL-catechin, DL-C)及部分氨基酸组分与酸味和苦味显著负相关,与涩味、鲜味及咸味显著正相关,咖啡碱与没食子酸则相反;茶多酚与涩味显著正相关。咖啡碱、可可碱、没食子酸、DL-C及酯型儿茶素对渥堆过程中六堡茶的滋味具显著贡献(TAV> 1),其中酯型儿茶素与没食子酸是六堡茶渥堆过程滋味品质形成的重要化合物,氨基酸组分对六堡茶滋味无显著贡献。

基于电子鼻、电子舌技术的荣昌猪肉及其制品贮藏过程新鲜度检测研究

目的探究电子鼻、电子舌对贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品新鲜度变化的检测效果。方法测定贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品菌落总数(total viable count,TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)及感官特性的变化,并以此划分其新鲜度等级。同时,采用电子鼻、电子舌分别对贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品进行检测,运用线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)、传感器贡献率分析(Loading)、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)识别荣昌猪肉及其制品的新鲜度。结果电子鼻能够检测到荣昌猪肉及其制品在贮藏期间的气味变化,并能够对其新鲜度进行区分,而传感器W1W对应的硫化物类的变化是电子鼻检测其新鲜度的主要依据。电子舌能够很好地区分贮藏期间荣昌猪肉及其制品的滋味变化,并能够区分其新鲜度。结论利用电子鼻、电子舌技术能够识别不同新鲜度的荣昌猪肉及其制品,为进一步研究荣昌猪肉及其制品新鲜度快速检测提供方法参考和理论依据。