Leaching Mechanism of the Spodumene Sulphuric Acid Process

Leaching mechanism of acid roasted ore in the spodumene sulphuric acid process was investigated. Experimental results of leaching rates along with variations of leaching temperature in the acidized and neutral leaching processes were reported. Applying ion exchange mechanism in acidized roasting and absorption entrainment mechanism at high temperature, leaching mechanism was discussed. A better explanation of experimental results was given.

Role of dissolved oxygen reduction in improvement inhibition performance of ascorbic acid during copper corrosion in 0.50 mol/L sulphuric acid

The kinetics of dissolved O_2 reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions on copper surface was studied in naturally aerated and air and O_2-saturated 0.50 mol/L H_2SO_4 solutions using polarization measurements combined with the rotating disc electrode (RDE).The Koutecky-Levich plot indicated that the dissolved O_2 reduction at the copper electrode was an apparent four-electron process.A correlation between the presence of dissolved O_2 and the formation of Cu_2O,confirmed from XRD,was discussed. Ascorbic a...

Ozonation of Sulfur Dioxide in Sulphuric Acid Solution

In this study, the oxidation rates of sulfur dioxide （SO2） in sulphuric acid solution by ozone and oxygen were compared, and the oxidation mechanism of ozone on SO2 was investigated. The results showed that the oxidation-reduction potential of the acidic solution was enhanced, the transformation rate of sulfuric acid to sulphuric acid was increased and the absorption driving force was improved in the presence of ozone. By comparing the amount of sulfate ions measured in the experiments and the theoretical amount of sulfate ions calculated from the amount of ozone consumed in the reaction, it can be confirmed that oxygen free radicals from dissociation of ozone are reactive as an efficient oxidant and oxygen from ozone generator participates in the reaction with SO2. 0.602 mol of effective oxygen was introduced into the reaction by one mole of ozone in 10.15 rain at sulphuric acid concentration of 3% （by mass）, SO2 concentration of 1.33% （by volume） and oxygen flow rate of 1.5 L.min^-1 from ozone generator.

Preparation of Cs-Rb-V series sulphuric acid catalyst

Cs Rb V series low temperature sulphuric acid catalyst was prepared for the first time by using carbonized mother liquor containing alkali metal salts. The results show that the conversion of SO 2 on catalyst prepared directly with carbonized mother liquor could reach to 24.8% at 410?℃. If n (Na)/ n (V) was adjusted properly, the conversion of SO 2 could be increased to 35.6% at 410?℃. Refined carbonized mother liquor could make the catalytic activity even higher at low temperature, the conversion of SO 2 could be increased to 36.65% at 410?℃. The catalyst was examined with differential thermal analysis. It was found that both endothermic peaks and exothermic peaks of catalyst shifted forward obviously and the catalyst possessed higher activity at low temperature.

Inhibition of Aluminium Corrosion Using <i>Carica papaya</i>Leaves Extract in Sulphuric Acid

Inhibition of aluminium corrosion using C. papaya leaves extract in 1.0 M H2SO4 was investigated by using gravimetric analysis at various concentrations and temperatures: 303 K, 313 K and 323 K. Characterization was done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Results show that, inhibiting ability of the extract was due to its adsorption onto the metal surface through Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic (Gibbs energy, entropy and heats of adsorption) and kinetic parameters (activation energy and entropy of activation) were also determined. All of these agreed to physical adsorption of inhibitor onto the aluminium surface.

Electro-physical Properties of Super-thin Basalt Fiber Chemically Modified by Hydrochloric or Sulphuric Acid

The influence of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid treatment on the electro-physical properties of superthin basalt fiber (STBF) made from Armenian basalt rocks was studied. Specific electric resistance for direct and alternating currents, dielectric parameters of ε, and ε,, were measured. It is shown that specific resistance and dielectric parameters of super-thin basalt fiber change essentially after hydrochloric or sulphuric acid treatment. The temperature dependences of these parameters were studied, too, and their non–monotonic behavior was observed. The probable variation of mentioned STBF parameters is explained by different water absorption capacity of pores as a result of acid treatment.

Sulphuric Acid Bake-Leach Process for the Treatment of Mixed Copper-Cobalt Oxide Ores

A sulphuric acid bake–leach method for the treatment of mixed copper-cobalt oxide minerals was investigated as an alternative to the reductive leaching method. Sulphuric acid bake-leach process of the mixed copper-cobalt oxide ore was carried out by mixing the sample with sulphuric acid followed by baking of the mixture in a muffle furnace. Baking tests were conducted at different conditions such as temperature, time, and varying amounts of acid. The reacted samples were then subjected to water leaching at room temperature to determine the leachability of copper and cobalt from the baked material. The dissolutions of copper and cobalt were dependent on acid concentration with cobalt showing more sensitivity to the amount of acid. Both copper and cobalt were extracted from the baked material within short leaching times and without the addition of reducing agents. The outcome of this work has shown that the sulphuric acid bake-leach process is a possible alternative to the reductive leaching method for copper-cobalt oxide ores.

Producing micro-droplet of dilute sulphuric acid on pure iron surface and observing its corrosion behaviour by atomic force microscopy

A simple method was presented to produce a micro-droplet of sulphuric acid on a pre-selected micro-zone on a pure iron surface with the tip of an AFM cantilever. The three-dimensional shape of the droplet was imaged with the AC non-contact mode of the AFM, and the liquid/solid interface was observed in situ during corrosion using the contact mode. The substrate surface beneath the droplet was lowered by approximately 19 nm after 3.6 ks of adhesion. This method has important implications for experimental studies of micro-zone corrosion or lubrication.

Leaching of chalcopyrite with hydrogen peroxide in hydrochloric acid solution

The aim of this work was to investigate the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate in hydrochloric acid with hydrogen peroxide as a strong oxidizing agent. The effects of the leaching variables on metal extraction, such as stirring speed, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature and HCl and H2O2 concentrations, were studied. The maximum final copper extraction of 33% was attained with 3.0 mol/L H2O2 in 0.5 mol/L HCl at room temperature after 180 min of the reaction. The results showed that the copper extraction was increased in the first 60 min of reaction, after which it essentially ceased due to the fast catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Further, solid-to-liquid ratio affected the copper extraction significantly and the highest copper extraction was obtained in the most dilute suspension（i.e., S/L ratio of 1：100）. The dissolution process was described by the first order kinetics equation. The apparent activation energy of 19.6 k J/mol suggested that the dissolution process was under diffusion control. The reaction orders for HCl and H2O2 were established to be 0.30 and 0.53, respectively. The results of the XRD and SEM/EDS analysis of the leaching residue indicated the generation of the elemental sulphur on mineral surfaces which tended to inhibit the leaching rate.

Leaching of gallium from corundum flue dust using mixed acid solution

In order to extract gallium from a high-silica-content flue dust generated in corundum production,a mixed acid solution of H2SO4 and HF was used for leaching,and test parameters of the leaching process were optimized.Experimental results show that the leaching rate of gallium was only 38%when H2SO4 was used as leaching agent.Composition analysis results of micro areas in this corundum flue dust indicate that the content of gallium in silica-enriched phases was high;this portion of gallium was insoluble in H2SO4 solution.The leaching rate of gallium increased significantly with addition of HF due to corrosion of silica.Effects of reaction time,temperature,and concentrations of HF and H2SO4 on leaching rates of gallium were investigated.The leaching rate of gallium reached 91%when this corundum flue dust was leached in a mixed acid solution of H2SO4 and HF for 4 h,at a temperature of 80°C,with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5:1(mL/g).The optimal concentrations of H2SO4 and HF in the mixed acid solution were 1.5 and 6.4 mol/L,respectively.

Microwave assisted atmospheric acid leaching of nickel from laterite ore

The recovery of nickel from laterite ore with sulphuric acid under the effect of microwave irradiation was studied.The experimental results indicated that the extraction rate of nickel was influenced by reaction time,sulphuric acid concentration,and temperature,especially by microwave power.The results obtained from the experiments of orthogonal arrays showed that the optimum conditions of sulphuric acid concentration,reaction time,microwave power,and temperature were 25 vol.%,1.5 h,600 W,and 90°C,respectively.Under the optimal conditions,the nickel recovery could reach approximately 90.8%,which was higher than that obtained by conventional water bath heating.Kinetic experiments showed that the leaching of nickel in a sulphuric acid medium was controlled by chemical reaction occurring on the surface of laterite ore.The apparent activation energy was 38.9 kJ/mol.Microwave heating technology is efficient,clean,and easy to control and facilitate continuous processing of materials.

Comparative Study of the Kinetics of Dissolution of Laterite in some Acidic Media

Studies on the kinetics of dissolution of a Nigerian lateritic soil in acids media including hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acids have been undertaken. The elemental and mineralogical characterization, loss of mass on ignition, moisture content and pH of the material suspension in water were determined. The effects of acid concentration, process temperature, stirring rate and particle size on the dissolution rate were investigated. Experimental results indicated that laterite dissolution was greatly influenced by hydrogen ion concentration and the leaching data fitted a diffusion model. The linear dependence of the rate constant k on 1/ro 2 supported the proposed kinetic model. Values of 60.23 kJmol-1, 64.31 kJmol-1 and 67.53 kJmol-1 were obtained for the activation energies of laterite dissolution in hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acids respectively;and the order of reaction was approximately one with respect to each of the three acids.

Dissolution kinetics of kaolin mineral in acidic media for predicting optimal condition for alum production

The dissolution kinetics and mechanisms of reaction of Batagbon Kaolin in sulphuric and fluosilicic acids were studied. Leaching temperature, acid concentration, particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio, and stirring speed were selected as process parameters. It is observed that the dissolution rate increases with decreasing particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio, and increases with stirring speed, acid concentration, and leaching temperature. The experimental results indicate that the dissolution rate is of mixed control via hydrogen ion [H＋] action, with reaction order of 0.813 and the reaction kinetics can be expressed as gmt=[1-（1-x）l/3＋y/6[（l-x）l/3＋ 1-2（1-x）2/3]. The activation energy of the process is determined to be 21.6 k J/mol. The level of the product quality is also evaluated.

含锗银精矿浓硫酸熟化—氧压酸浸行为研究

针对银精矿极具回收价值及现有处理工艺不足,以湿法炼锌过程产出的含锗银精矿为研究对象,提出了浓硫酸熟化—氧压酸浸的工艺路线,重点研究了工艺过程原理、含锗银精矿熟化—氧压酸浸过程中Zn、Cu、Ge的浸出行为及浸出渣中物相演变规律。结果表明:浓硫酸熟化预处理可氧化分解含锗银精矿中低价金属硫化物及精矿表面残留的有机药剂;在高温氧化性条件和Fe^(3+)/Fe^(2+)变价离子对的助浸作用下,物相组成由含锗银精矿中的铁闪锌矿、闪锌矿、雌黄铁矿、氯化亚铜为主演变为浸出渣中单质硫、硫酸铅、铁矾(MeFe_(3)(SO_(4))_(2)(OH)_(6),Me:1/2Pb、Na、K)为主。最佳氧压酸浸条件为:反应温度150℃、初始酸度150 g/L、反应时间180 min、氧分压0.6 MPa、液固比7 mL/g,Zn、Cu、Ge的浸出率分别为95.34%、98.47%和84.35%,铅、银分别富集至3.19%和7074 g/t,实现了Zn、Cu、Ge的深度浸出和铅、银的高效富集。

红土镍矿加压浸出高压釜结垢机理

加压酸浸技术是目前在红土镍矿镍钴提取工业上应用最为广泛的湿法提取技术,具有能耗低、碳排放量少、镍钴回收率高等优点。但在红土镍矿加压酸浸时,高压釜易结垢导致其有效容积减小、釜内流体流型改变、管线堵塞。为了明晰红土镍矿加压酸浸高压釜结垢生成机理,本文通过化学分析、MLA矿物自动定量分析系统、扫描电镜等手段对高压釜结垢的矿物组成、主要矿物颗粒、元素赋存状态、嵌布特征和粒度分布等矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明:高压釜结垢主要以水合硫酸铝为骨架,包裹红土镍矿浸出渣中的赤铁矿、铬铁矿等矿相形成。镍、钴、锰、镁等金属元素通过吸附进入高压釜结垢,其中镍和钴主要是被含铁矿相吸附。

冬季室外管道快速化冻防冻装置及实践

针对冬季气温较低,尤其是极端气候中管道防冻效果不佳及管道上冻甚至冻裂的问题,在管道上安装快速化冻防冻装置。实践表明,采用管道快速化冻防冻的装置,不仅能起到防冻作用并且能快速化冻,有助于生产系统快速恢复,且大大减少了操作人员的检修劳动量,保证了人员安全,彻底消除了安全隐患。

半干法硫铁矿制酸装置

半干法制酸是让转化后的气体跨过恒浓点,用吸湿塔来减少气体中水分。吸湿塔不加水、不串酸,循环酸浓度不变,通过控制水硫比和上塔酸温来维持循环酸浓度,填料中表面冷凝与吸收并行。由气体带进塔的水为全域水,气体带水1 t可产约5 t蒸汽。吨酸产汽量0.93 t,其中中压过热蒸汽0.35 t、低压饱和蒸汽0.58 t,若全产低压蒸汽则达1.02 t。可实现零循环水和尾吸塔稀酸零排放。半干法制酸工艺腐蚀性小,接近干法制酸的极限,看似不加水的酸热回收工艺,且比酸热回收工艺更安全。吸湿塔进气中的SO3成酸率超过70%,成酸热相当于气体190℃温升,操作负荷可降至30%,或进塔气体的φ(SO2)低至3%。

Microwave promoted rapid dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles using melamine-formaldehyde resin supported sulphuric acid in dry media

A simple and convenient procedure for the synthesis of nitriles by dehydration of aldoxime using supported sulphuric acid on melamine-formaldehyde resin （MFR） under solvent-free condition has been developed. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldoximes were converted to the corresponding nitriles. The resin was recovered and reused for subsequent reactions. ~ 2011 Ramin Rezaei. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

废棉纤维纳米纤维素晶须制备及其表征

为实现废弃资源的高值化回用,以棉坯布磨毛整理过程中产生的废棉纤维为原料,通过去离子水洗涤、异丙醇处理除去废棉纤维表面的杂质,再经过氧化氢处理和硫酸水解,成功提取出纳米纤维素晶须(SCNCs)。测试结果表明,所提取的纳米纤维素晶须呈短棒状,长度为100 nm~400 nm,直径为10 nm~25 nm,晶型为Ⅰ型,结晶度达85.17%。此外,热重分析得出纳米纤维素晶须的初始分解温度为303℃,在600℃下的残留率为25.448%。

提升硫酸系统换热器换热效率的研究与实践

介绍了某500 kt/a冶炼烟气制酸系统净化工序和干吸工序的工艺流程,以及净化工序板式换热器和干吸工序阳极保护酸冷却器的运行情况。在运行过程中,因结垢堵塞造成板式换热器和阳极保护酸冷却器换热效率不断下降,影响生产运行,导致装置生产能耗增加,制酸成本上升。通过对换热器进行拆解清洗后,设备换热效果大幅提升,硫酸系统能耗降低,保证了装置的正常运行。