Rapid authentication of different herbal medicines by heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The rapid and accurate authentication of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)has always been a key scientific and technical problem in the field of pharmaceutical analysis.Herein,a novel heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(H-oEESI-MS)was developed for the rapid and direct analysis of extremely complex substances without the requirement for any sample pretreatment or pre-separation steps.The overall molecular profile and fragment structure features of various herbal medicines could be completely captured within 10–15 s,with minimal sample(<0.5 mg)and solvent consumption(<20μL for one sample).Furthermore,a rapid differentiation and authentication strategy for TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS was proposed,including metabolic profile characterization,characteristic marker screening and identification,and multivariate statistical analysis model validation.In an analysis of 52 batches of seven types of Aconitum medicinal materials,20 and 21 key compounds were screened out as the characteristic markers of raw and processed Aconitum herbal medicines,respectively,and the possible structures of all the characteristic markers were comprehensively identified based on Compound Discoverer databases.Finally,multivariate statistical analysis showed that all the different types of herbal medicines were well differentiated and identified(R^(2)X>0.87,R^(2)Y>0.91,and Q^(2)>0.72),which further verified the feasibility and reliability of this comprehensive strategy for the rapid authentication of different TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS.In summary,this rapid authentication strategy realized the ultra-high-throughput,low-cost,and standardized detection of various complex TCMs for the first time,thereby demonstrating wide applicability and value for the development of quality standards for TCMs.

Analysis of Norditerpenoid Alkaloids Extracted from Aconitum sinomantanum Nakai by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry（ESI-MS） was applied simultaneously in determining norditerpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum sinomantanum Nakai （RAS） based on molecular mass information. The tandem mass spectra（ ESI-MS^n） provided the alkaloidal structural information, through which the existence of these alkaloids was further confirmed. Accordingly, six known norditerpenoid alkaloids were simultaneously determined on the basis of their ESI-MS^n spectra. Furthermore, based on the diagnostic fragmentation pathways of alkaloidal MS^n, a rapid method for direct detection and characterization of alkaloids from an ethanolic extract of RAS was described.

Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Beagle Dog Plasma and Bioequivalence Study

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry（LC- ES1-MS/MS） was used for the simultaneous determination of metformin and glimepiride in beagle dog plasma with glipizide as internal standard（IS）. After simplified protein precipitation with methanol, both the analytes and IS were chromatographed on a Zorbax CN column via gradient elution with methanol（containing 5 mmol/L ammonium ace- tate） and 5 mmol/L aqueous ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. Detection was performed by multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） scanning via ESI source operated in positive ionization mode. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, pre- cision, recovery, matrix effect and stability were validated for metformin and glimepiride in beagle dog plasma. The calibration curves were linear in a concentration range of 10-10000 ng/mL for metformin and 4-4000 ng/mL for glimepiride with both correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The recoveries obtained for the analytes and IS were all between 82.7% and 101.2%. The method exhibited excellent performance in terms of selectivity, robustness, short analytical time and simplicity of sample preparation. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a bioequivalence study of self-made bilayer tablet and commercial formulation containing 500 mg of metformin and 1 mg of glimepi- ride in beagle dogs.

Fast Screening of Chicken Egg Lysozyme in White Wine Products by Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Fast detection of trace lysozyme,one of the most important food allergens in white wine samples,was achieved by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry without sample pretreatment in this study.The multiply-charged ions of m/z1587 were chosen for the quantitative detection of lysozyme in white wine,showing linear dynamic signal responses in a range of 5―75μg/mL with a linearity coefficient of 0.999 and an acceptable relative standard deviation（RSD） of 8.0%―15.0% for directly measuring lysozyme in the complex food samples.The limit of detection for lysozyme in white wine sample was calculated to be 5 μg/mL,which was lower than the amounts that can provoke allergic reactions（oral test with 3 mg or labial test with 1 mg/mL）.A single sample analysis was completed within 1 min.The data demonstrate that extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a useful tool for fast screening lysozyme in the complex matrix,showing promising application in the rapid detection of food allergen.

Studies on Fragmentation Pathways of N-Ethoxy(phenyl) phosphoryl Amino Acids by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The positive and negative ESI-MS/MS spectra of N-ethoxy（phenyl） phosphoryl amino acids（EPP-AA） were investigated by electrospray ionization（ESI） ion trap mass spectrometry. The fragmentation pathways of [ M ＋ Na]^＋ and [ M - H]^- ions are proposed and rationalized. The observation may have some potential applications in the interpretation of the MS/MS spectra of novel N-phosphoryl compounds. The complexity of MS/MS spectra of EPP-AA [ M ＋ Na]^＋ ions is decreased compared with that of N-dialkyloxyphosphoryl amino acid. Therefore, the new phosphonamidate method may be considered one of the superior methods that can be used in sequencing peptides and proteins extensively.

Studies on Fragmentation of Peptide by Nano-electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Multi-stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The sequence analysis of peptides was performed by nano-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry（Nano-ESI-FT-ICR-MSn） and several peptides were chosen as examples. With the aid of the collision induced dissociation（CID）, FT-ICR provides not only precise mass/charge ratio, but also structure information of the selected peptides. The fragment ions were identified according to the observed molecular weights and peptide sequence was determined successfully. So Nano-ESI-FT-ICR-MSn is a useful tool for identification of the amino acid sequence of peptides with high confidence. Besides, a pathway for the dehydration of y ions without amino acids containing carboxylic acid under sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation（SORI-CID） condition was proposed.

Real-time toxicity prediction of Aconitum stewing system using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Due to numerous obstacles such as complex matrices,real-time monitoring of complex reaction systems(e.g.,medicinal herb stewing system)has always been a challenge though great values for safe and rational use of drugs.Herein,facilitated by the potential ability on the tolerance of complex matrices of extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,a device was established to realize continuous sampling and real-time quantitative analysis of herb stewing system for the first time.A complete analytical strategy,including data acquisition,data mining,and data evaluation was proposed and implemented with overcoming the usual difficulties in real-time mass spectrometry quantification.The complex Fuzi(the lateral root of Aconitum)-meat stewing systems were real-timely monitored in150 min by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the nine key alkaloids accurately.The results showed that the strategy worked perfectly and the toxicity of the systems were evaluated and predicated accordingly.Stewing with trotters effectively accelerated the detoxification of Fuzi soup and reduced the overall toxicity to 68%,which was recommended to be used practically for treating rheumatic arthritis and enhancing immunity.The established strategy was versatile,simple,and accurate,which would have a wide application prospect in real-time analysis and evaluation of various complex reaction systems.

Study of the Transient Reactive Pd(Ⅳ) Intermediate in the Pd(OAc)2-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling Reaction System by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Pd-catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction was of great importance in the aromatic C--H activation and the for-mation of new C-O and C--C bonds. Sanford has pioneered practical, directed C-H activation reactions em-ploying Pd（OAc）2 as catalyst since 2004. However, until now, the speculated reactive Pd（Ⅳ） transient intermedi-ates in these reactions have not been isolated or directly detected from reaction solution. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry （ESI-MS/MS） was used to intercept and characterize the reactive Pd（Ⅳ） transient inter-mediates in the solutions of Pd（OAc）2-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions. In this study, the Pd（IV） transient in-termediates were detected from the solution of Pd（OAc）2-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions by ESI-MS and the MS/MS of the intercepted Pd（IV） transient intermediate in reaction system was the same with the synthesized au-thentic Pd（Ⅳ） complex. Our ESI-MS（/MS） studies confirmed the presence of Pd（Ⅳ） reaction transient intermedi-ates. Most interestingly, the MS/MS of Pd（Ⅳ） transient intermediates showed the reductive elimination reactivity to Pd（Ⅱ） complexes with new C-O bond formation into product in gas phase, which was consistent with the proposed reactivity of the Pd（Ⅳ） transient intermediates in solution.

Novel Rearrangement of Small Peptides in Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful method for sequencing peptides. A novel fragmentation pattern with the loss of a neutral fragment of 45 Da was observed with the dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides and pentapeptides containing phenylalanine or histidine residues. A novel rearrangement reaction with the extrusion of a formamide piece was studied and the rearrangement mechanism was proposed and confirmed by deuterium labeling experiments with ESI-MSn and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These findings are poten-tially helpful in identifying the specific sequence pattern in the peptide sequencing.

Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(LC/ESI-MS/MS) method for quantitative estimation of moxifloxacin in human plasma

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of moxifloxacin(MOXI) in human plasma. After a simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, the post treatment samples were analysed on a C18 column interfaced with a Triple Quadropole Tandem Mass Spectrometer. Positive electrospray ionization was employed as the ionization source. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid–acetonitrile(60:40, v/v). Ciprofloxacin(CIPRO) was used as an internal standard. The analyte and internal standard(CIPRO) were monitored in the multiple reaction monitoring mode(MRM). The mass transition ion-pair has been followed as m/z 402→358.2 for MOXI and 332→288.1 for CIPRO. The method was linear in the concentration range of 25–5000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 25 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision(relative standard deviation) and accuracy(relative error) values were within 12.4%. Each plasma sample was analyzed within 3 min.

Crystal Structure and Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation Behavior of Eprosartan

The crystal structure determination and mass spectrometric fragmentation analysis of the medicinal ingredient eprosartan （4-[2-butyl-5-（2-carboxy-3-thiophen-2-yl-propenyl）-imidazol-l-ylmethyl]-benzoic acid） are presented. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the colorless transparent crystal of eprosartan is of monoclinic system, space group P2/c with a = 16.1861（15）, b = 10.9813（12）, c = 28.610（3） A, β = 118.452（2）°, Z = 4, V= 4471.1（8） A3, Dc = 1.288 g/cm3,μ（MoKα） = 0.178 mm^-1 and F（000） = 1831. The independent part of the unit cell contains two eprosartan molecules and one unordered H2O molecule in the crystal structure which is fixed by inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The product ions in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry （ESI-MSn） displays the protonated eprosartan dissociated in three competitive pathways and the fragmentation mechanism is proposed and supported by the FTICRMSn results.

一例三(5-氯苯并噻唑-2-甲基)胺Fe(Ⅱ)配合物的串联合成过程及电催化性质研究

三(芳基甲基)胺由于强配位性,在氧气活化的单/双金属非血红素金属蛋白类似物的合成中起着重要作用,且能够作为加速配体催化Click反应,因而受到广泛关注。本研究以苯并[d]噻唑-2-基甲胺(S1)和5-氯苯并[d]噻唑-2-基)甲醇(L1)为原料,在FeCl_(3)·6H_(2)O的催化下,串联合成得到了一例新颖的三(5-氯苯并噻唑甲基)胺Fe(Ⅱ)配合物1。用X-射线单晶衍射仪、X-射线粉末衍射仪、电喷雾离子化质谱确证了结构,通过晶体学和电喷雾离子质谱相结合,研究了反应过程,检测到了一系列关键中间体片段([i-Cl]^(+)、[ii+H]^(+)、[iii-Cl]^(+)),结合反应过程跟踪提出了可能的反应机理,包括N-烷基化,氧化水解等步骤,实现了3个共价键的连续构筑。对配合物1进行了OER(析氧反应)测试及稳定性性能研究,其中过电势为391 mV,Tafel斜率为95.9 mV·dec^(-1),在电极密度10 mA/cm^(2)下进行了10 h的恒电流电解,在该时间范围内稳定性良好。通过对配合物1的电催化性能研究则为后续该配体的应用领域提供一种新的方向。

无鞘流毛细管电泳-电喷雾串联质谱用于面粉中荧光增白剂的高灵敏检测

食品中残留的过量荧光增白剂(FWAs)对人体健康存在潜在威胁,因此,开发准确、高灵敏的FWAs检测方法在食品安全监测方面具有重要意义。本工作提出了利用无鞘流接口的毛细管电泳-电喷雾串联质谱(CE-ESI-MS/MS)的方法,以实现面粉样品中6种FWAs的高灵敏检测。实验采用超声辅助液相萃取法进行样品前处理,以减小复杂样品中基质效应的干扰。以氯仿-甲醇(3∶2,v/v)溶液作为萃取剂,在30℃下对样品中的FWAs进行萃取。萃取完成后,经离心、氮气吹干后用氯仿-甲醇(1∶4,v/v)复溶后检测。无鞘流CE-ESI-MS/MS方法采用正离子(ESI+)和多反应监测(MRM)模式,利用二级质谱对6种目标物同时进行定性定量分析,从而提高方法的检测通量和灵敏度。结果显示,本方法具有较宽的线性范围、良好的线性关系和较低的方法检出限(0.04~0.67 ng/g),在实际样品中3个水平下的加标回收率良好(86.2%~103.7%),日间和日内重复性(RSD)分别不大于11.5%和10.2%。上述研究表明,本方法适用于复杂基质中多种FWAs的准确、高灵敏检测,在面粉样品的质量评估和FWAs的污染监控方面具有潜在的应用价值。

电喷雾萃取电离-串联质谱法测定不同水样中全氟辛酸

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一种持久性有机污染物,长期环境暴露会对生态系统与人类健康造成极大的风险,因此,发展快速定量监测水中PFOA的方法至关重要。本研究采用电喷雾萃取电离-串联质谱(EESI-MS/MS)法检测自来水、江水、河水中的痕量PFOA。结果表明,在优化的实验条件下,PFOA在1~500 ng/L浓度范围内的线性关系良好,线性相关系数(R^(2))为0.997 6,方法检出限(LOD)为0.57 ng/L,定量限(LOQ)为1.73 ng/L,回收率为92.1%~105.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.89%~5.45%。本方法具有灵敏度高、准确性好、分析速度快等优点,在监测环境水体污染物方面具有良好的应用前景。

电喷雾萃取电离-串联质谱测定鲜竹沥中的二苯并[a,h]蒽

采用电喷雾萃取电离-串联质谱(EESI-MS/MS)技术,在优化条件下建立了鲜竹沥中二苯并[a,h]蒽(DBA)的快速检测方法。在正离子检测模式下,对离子传输管温度、喷雾电压、电喷雾溶剂流速、样品流速进行优化。以硝酸银的甲醇溶液为电喷雾溶剂,诱导DBA和Ag+形成[DBA+Ag]+、[2DBA+Ag]+等特征离子,再结合碰撞诱导解离技术,最终实现了鲜竹沥中DBA的快速定性定量检测。实验结果表明,DBA在0.1~100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,线性相关系数(r2)为0.998 0,方法检出限(LOD)为0.054μg/L,定量下限(LOQ)为0.179μg/L。该方法对鲜竹沥中DBA的加标回收率为81.5%~87.1%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~3.9%。所建方法具有无需复杂样品预处理、准确度高、可直接快速检测等优点,适用于鲜竹沥中DBA的快速筛查与直接分析,同时也为其他PAHs的检测提供了技术手段。

低共熔溶剂-超高效液相色谱-大气压化学离子化-串联质谱法测定火腿肠中9种N-亚硝胺

目的建立低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent,DES)-超高效液相色谱-大气压化学离子化-串联质谱法快速测定火腿肠中9种N-亚硝胺污染物的分析方法。方法样品经水稀释,微量DES分散萃取,50%甲醇水复溶,Agilent Infinitylab Poroshell 120 EC-C_(18)(2.1 mm×150 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱分离,大气压化学电离源电离,多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量分析。结果9种N-亚硝胺在5.0~60.0ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(r)均大于0.999。方法检出限为0.1~0.3μg/kg,定量限为0.3~1.0μg/kg,回收率为72.1%~111.6%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~8.4%。结论低共熔溶剂对N-亚硝胺的萃取效果佳,可以解决传统操作步骤烦琐的问题。本方法有机试剂用量少、绿色环保,适用于火腿肠中9种N-亚硝胺的快速、精准检测。

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定有机肥料中四环素类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定有机肥料中四环素类抗生素的分析方法。样品经过Na_2EDTAMcllvaine-甲醇提取液提取,提取液用SAX串联HLB固相萃取小柱净化。采用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)进行分离,电喷雾正离子模式多反应监测(MRM)模式定量分析。化合物在5~100μg·L^(-1)范围中具有良好的线性,线性相关系数r>0.999,检出限为9~10μg·kg^(-1),加标回收率为59.1%~70.7%。实验结果表明,该方法效率高、灵敏度高,准确度好,能够满足有机肥料中四环素类抗生素的检测需求。

Use of Support Vector Regression Based on Mean Impact Value Model to Identify Active Compounds in a Combination of Curcuma longa L.and Glycyrrhiza extracts

A support vector regression based on the mean impact value (MIV) model was constructed to identify the bioactive compounds inhibiting proliferation of HeLa cells in a combination of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and liquorice (Glycyrrhiza) extracts. The quantitative chemical fingerprint from 50 batches of turmeric and liquorice extracts was established using high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to an ultraviolet visible detector. Qualitative results were obtained using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 46 peaks (peaks 1–15 from turmeric and 16–46 from liquorice) were selected as “common peaks” for analysis. The inhibitory effect of the combined extracts on HeLa cells was measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. It was found that 15 compounds (peaks: 8, 12, 30, 24, 46, 11, 14, 9, 3, 1, 44, 18, 7, 45 and 43) possessing high absolute MIV exhibited a significant correlation with the cytotoxicity against HeLa cells; most of these have already been confirmed with potential cytotoxicity in previous research. The important potential application of the present model can be extended to help discover active compounds from complex herbal medicine prior to traditional bioassay-guided separation. It is considered that this could be a useful tool for re-developing herbal medicine based on the use of these active compounds. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱技术快速检测饮用水中的铅

重金属铅排放造成的水资源污染长期受到高度关注,监测水中铅含量对于保障饮水安全具有重要意义。本文基于内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱(iEESI-MS)技术,发展了一种快速检测饮用水中铅含量的方法。首先,将水样滴加在聚四氟乙烯滤膜上烘干,然后用邻菲罗啉(Phen)溶液对滤膜上的铅进行在线络合萃取,质谱仪实时检测。结果表明,在Pb^(2+)浓度低至1μg/L时,仍可获得明显的质谱信号;在1~500μg/L浓度范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数(R^(2))为99.4%,加标回收率为117%。该方法具有检测速度快、灵敏度高、准确性好等优点。此外,在获得Phen-Pb络合物信号的同时,还能观察到阴离子(如NO_(2)^(-)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-))以及有机组分的质谱信号,表现出高通量的优势,有望用于水中多指标的同时检测。

复方苦参注射液生物碱类成分及血中移行成分的分析

目的利用超高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS)结合UNIFI构建靶向筛查策略分析复方苦参注射液(Compound Kushen Injection,CKI)的生物碱类成分及血中移行成分。方法首先,采用ESI-QTOF/MS的全信息串联质谱技术采集经UHPLC分离的CKI样品及其空白样品、CKI给药后的大鼠血浆样品及空白血浆样品的信息;然后,建立CKI生物碱化学成分数据库,与MS E数据一同导入UNIFI进行靶向筛查;依据母离子、碎片离子的精确质量对筛查出的化合物进行识别;最后,使用MassLynx 4.1工作站对UNIFI输出的结果进行核实。结果本实验共分离、鉴定了20种CKI生物碱,其中17种生物碱能在大鼠血浆中被检出。结论该方法能够快速分析CKI生物碱类成分及其血中移行成分,可为CKI的质量控制及药效物质研究提供参考。