Electrostatic Actuating Bendable Flat Electrode for Micro Electrochemical Machining

In micro-electrochemical machining(μECM), material dissolution takes place at very close vicinity of tool electrode due to localization of electric field. Controlling the gap between tool electrode and workpiece is the key to μECM. Therefore, a new method is proposed to solve a variety of problems in small gap control. In the present context, experiments were carried out with an indigenously developed setup to fabricate cylindrical arrays. During the machining process, the flat electrode bends due to electrostatic force in pulse on-time, which self-adaptively narrows the gap between the electrode and the workpiece. The workpiece material will be removed once the gap meets the processing condition. Therefore, this method has advantages of reducing dependence on high precision machine tools and of avoiding complex servo control. The flat electrode quickly restores to its original condition when it is in pulse off-time, making the gap much larger than that in traditional electrochemical machining(ECM). The large gap benefits debris removing, which improves the machining accuracy. The influence of different experimental parameters on accuracy and efficiency during the machining process has been investigated. It is observed that with the increase in applied voltage or concentration of electrolyte, the material removal rate and the process gap both increase. The detailed analysis of the experimental results is described in this paper.

Size effect on the static behavior of electrostatically actuated microbeams

We present a new analytical model for electrostatically actuated microbeams to explore the size effect by using the modified couple stress theory and the minimum total potential energy principle. A material length scale parameter is introduced to represent the size-dependent characteristics of microbeams. This model also accounts for the nonlinearities associated with the mid-plane stretching force and the electrostatical force. Numerical analysis for microbeams with clamped-clamped and cantilevered conditions has been performed. It is found that the intensity of size effect is closely associated with the thickness of the microbeam,and smaller beam thickness displays stronger size effect and hence yields smaller deffection and larger pull-in voltage. When the beam thickness is comparable to the material length scale parameter,the size effect is significant and the present theoretical model including the material length scale parameter is adequate for predicting the static behavior of microbeam-based MEMS.

Analytical modeling of static behavior of electrostatically actuatednano/micromirrors considering van der Waals forces

In this paper, the effect of van der Waals （vdW） force on the pull-in behavior of electrostatically actuated nano/micromirrors is investigated. First, the minimum po- tential energy principle is utilized to find the equation gov- erning the static behavior of nano/micromirror under electro- static and vdW forces. Then, the stability of static equilib- rium points is analyzed using the energy method. It is found that when there exist two equilibrium points, the smaller one is stable and the larger one is unstable. The effects of dif- ferent design parameters on the mirror＇s pull-in angle and pull-in voltage are studied and it is found that vdW force can considerably reduce the stability limit of the mirror. At the end, the nonlinear equilibrium equation is solved numer- ically and analytically using homotopy perturbation method （HPM）. It is observed that a sixth order perturbation approx- imation can precisely model the mirror＇s behavior. The re- suits of this paper can be used for stable operation design and safe fabrication of torsional nano/micro actuators.

Analysis for Pull-In Voltage of a Multilayered Micro-Bridge Driven by Electrostatic Force

A trial solution for bending deflection of a multilayered micro-bridge subject to a voltage induced load is presented. The relation between the applied voltage and the displacements of the micro-bridge in the pull-in state is analyzed by energy method. Furthermore, two analytical expressions about normalized displacement and pull-in voltage are carried out. It’s proved that the value of normalized displacement is not influenced by residual stress if axial and shear deformation is ignored. Finally, the theoretical results are compared with that of FEM, and they show good agreement.

Macro Model Study for Nonlinear Spring of Tense Torsion Bar in Gap-Closing Type Electrostatic Micromirror

Nonlinear spring characteristics of the tense torsion bar in the gap-closing type electrostatic micromirror are examined. The macro model is introduced for the experimental study. The tension applied in the torsion bar is well controlled using the electromagnetic attraction. This controllability is suited for clearing the nonlinear nature. The tension is confirmed to have the effect to widen the controllable angle range of the mirror suppressing the pull-in. The pull-in angle is observed to increases to about 74% of the mechanical limit angle at the tension of 0,96 N. This is significantly larger than 44% of the case with the linear spring. The larger resonant frequency is maintained. The hardening of the spring can keep the balance with the electrostatic force over the limit of the linear spring. The observed features are explained reasonably with the combination of twisting and bending displacements of the torsion bar.

基于变刚度悬臂梁的MEMS静电驱动器的动态响应优化

传统的微机电系统(MEMS)静电驱动器存在驱动电压高和超调振荡的问题,可动极板稳定在平衡位置前会发生持续的振荡,难以满足可变电容、光开关等应用领域的综合要求。针对上述问题,采用变刚度悬臂梁的设计,利用刚度随行程增大的特性抑制了极板吸合及释放过程的振荡现象,在缩短调节时间的同时,有效降低了器件的驱动电压。仿真和实验结果表明,当器件悬臂梁的刚度随位移由5N/m增大到35N/m时,在相同电压下,动态响应的调节时间减少了55.5%,在相同行程下,动态响应的调节时间减少了21%,对应的驱动电压减少了23%。

Dynamics of Droplets of Biological Fluids on Smooth Superhydrophobic Surfaces under Electrostatic Actuation

This study describes the dynamic behaviour of droplets of biological liquids on hydrophobic surfaces under electrostatic actuation, to devise sample handling in lab-on-chip diagnostic tools. Bovine Serum Albumin （BSA） is taken as a representative biomolecule, since it is often used in adsorption studies. Green Fluorescence Protein （GFP） is also considered, given its natural fluorescence. Several effects such as sample concentration and pH are discussed. The results show negligible effects of proteins concentration in electrowetting, although increased concentrations endorse passive adsorption mechanisms, which alter the local wettability of the substrates precluding droplet motion. Bioinspired surfaces promote the largest spreading diameter, which is beneficial for droplet motion. However, surface roughness promotes energy dissipation limiting the receding droplet motion. Hence, the most effective approach is altering the surface chemistry. The coating is applied to a surface with a mean roughness smaller than 20 nm and does not alter significantly the topography, thus leading to the so-called smooth superhydrophobic surface. This coating also reduces passive proteins adsorption, as confirmed by Confocal Microscopy （CM）, which is beneficial for droplet motion. Evaluating absorption spectra of protein solutions evidences an increase in protein concentration ascribed to droplet evaporation as confirmed by theoretical analysis and time resolved infrared visualization.

ON THE STABILITY OF A FUNCTIONALLY GRADED RECTANGULAR MICRO-PLATE SUBJECTED TO HYDROSTATIC AND NONLINEAR ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURES

This article studies the stability of a functionally graded clamped-clamped micro- plate subjected to hydrostatic and electrostatic pressures. Equilibrium positions of the micro-plate are determined and shown in the state control space. To study the stability of the equilibrium positions, the motion trajectories are given for different initial conditions in the phase plane. Effects of the electrostatic and hydrostatic pressure changes on the deflection and stability of the micro-plate for some sample value of k are studied and values of the applied voltage and hydrostatic pressure leading system to unstable conditions by undergoing a saddle node and homoclinic bifurcations are determined.

基于静电驱动的平行平板型微反射镜的研制

设计了一种基于静电驱动的平行平板型微反射镜,主要由镜面、下电极、支柱和玻璃基板构成。通过有限元模拟分析得到的仿真结果表明,带孔结构的微镜模型模拟位移量是传统双横梁支撑结构微镜模型的1.5倍,确定了制备的微镜装置结构。在制备过程中只采用了溅射、光刻、机械切割及反应离子刻蚀等工艺,简化了工艺流程,降低了制备成本。使用反应离子刻蚀(RIE)去除牺牲层,为了克服光刻胶OFPR800灰化速度慢、灰化时间过长会损伤器件的问题,提出添加氟类气体的解决方法。实验结果表明,使用O_(2)和SF_(6)混合气体作为刻蚀气体刻蚀牺牲层后,射频(RF)溅射成的铝膜平均表面粗糙度为5.33 nm,均方根粗糙度为7.44 nm,在250~850 nm的波长范围内能够得到70%以上的反射率,并且无光刻胶的残留,刻蚀效果最理想,因此采用了O_(2)/SF_(6)RIE工艺去除牺牲层。针对仿真中出现镜面层厚度变化影响驱动位移的现象,制备了镜面层厚度分别为0.5和0.8μm两种微镜样品进行了测试。实验结果表明:0.5μm厚的样品不能承受自重而凹陷,0.8μm厚的样品镜面驱动位移接近0.1μm,符合设计要求。

三层多晶硅结构的挠曲式静电驱动MEMS微反射镜

将悬臂梁结构与平行平板型结构相结合,研发了一种挠曲式静电驱动微电子机械系统(MEMS)微反射镜。为了实现大扭转角度、小驱动电压的设计目标,通过仿真实验进行对比分析,确定了微反射镜的相关尺寸。采用低压化学气相沉积、光刻、反应离子刻蚀和溅射等工艺,成功制备出了一种具有三层多晶硅结构的微反射镜。在制备过程中得出氢氟酸去除牺牲层(磷硅玻璃)释放出微反射镜结构的最佳刻蚀时间为45 s。制作了开关频率为200 kHz的MOSFET高速驱动电路,电路中的栅极驱动电阻(R_(G))是影响输出的关键因素。实验结果表明,当R_(G)额定功率为300 W、电阻为47Ω时,微反射镜能够达到足够启动速度,实现高速开关的设计目标。最后,设计并搭建了微反射镜的测试系统,施加60 V的驱动电压进行测试,通过显微镜观察到微反射镜的明显动作变化以及屏幕上光斑的位移变化,表明制备的微反射镜可正常驱动。

RF MEMS器件驱动机制理论与分析

介绍了驱动机制在RF MEMS器件制作中所处的地位。以悬梁类型的RF MEMS开关为例,介绍了RF MEMS器件的各种驱动方式,给出了其原理结构图;详细分析了静电驱动、压电驱动、热驱动和磁驱动的原理。对各种驱动机制进行了比较和分析,得出应根据不同场合和不同参数要求,选择不同驱动机制的驱动器。

静电排斥驱动六边形MEMS微镜(英文)

为消除静电吸引型微镜因存在静电吸合效应而导致的短路现象,基于电场的非均匀分布可以产生静电排斥力的原理,设计了一种静电排斥型六边形微机械反射镜.微镜包含7组驱动电极,最大的一组驱动电极由镜面和其正下方的六边形下电极组成,其他6组分别位于微镜的各条边上,其中3组为梳齿结构,另外3组为U形弹簧,镜面由3组U形弹簧支撑.利用有限元软件对微镜频率响应和暂态响应特性进行了仿真,结果表明谐振频率高达7kHz,暂态响应时间小于0.0003s.利用表面硅工艺加工出了样片,并用白光干涉仪对其静态位移特性进行了测试,在50V直流电压下微镜位移量为0.7μm.由结果可知该微镜可消除静电吸合效应.故该微镜不仅可用于对反射光进行光程和相位的调制,也可用于自适应光学系统中波前畸变的校正.

一种基于静电排斥力的纵向微驱动器研究

为了消除静电塌陷对静电吸引力微驱动器冲程的限制,设计了一种基于静电排斥力的纵向微驱动器实现结构,其可动电极和固定电极在工作过程中互相远离,可以从根本上解决静电塌陷问题,且冲程不受牺牲层厚度的限制;借助Maxwell2D软件,采用数值仿真方法,研究了微驱动器结构参数对静电排斥力大小的影响.数值仿真结果表明,梳齿电极水平间距,固定/可动梳齿电极宽度和两者的比值都是影响静电排斥力大小的关键因素.

基于MEMS技术的一种新型可变形反射镜

给出基于硅微加工技术的一种新型可变形反射镜的设计和加工方法 ,并且通过工艺流片制造出有效反射面积为 30 m m× 30 mm,拥有 4 9个静电驱动单元的可变形反射镜 .测试得到的镜面变形 -电压数据显示其与模拟结果具有很好的一致性 .

低电压下静电力驱动的数字微流控芯片

设计并制作了一种基于静电力驱动的数字微流控芯片,用于构建芯片实验室。介绍了静电力驱动原理和芯片制作工艺流程,搭建了驱动检测实验平台。该芯片采用硅作衬底,氧化硅作绝缘层,TiW/Au为驱动电极阵列,氮化硅作介质层,碳氟聚合物为疏水层。由于采用开放式的结构,只需单层共平面控制电极,简化了工艺流程,优化了器件结构;而驱动电极阵列嵌入在氧化硅中,改善了减小介质层厚度时介质层对金属的台阶覆盖性,减少了电极边沿突起引起的边界击穿。另外,采用较薄的高质量介质层和疏水性能好的疏水膜层,大大降低了液滴驱动电压。实验显示,在20 V驱动电压下,该工艺可实现液滴按程序设定方式在二维平面内流畅运动,最大运动速度达96 mm/s。提出的芯片制作工艺简单,与IC工艺兼容,可应用于生化分析芯片实验室系统。

基于硅微加工技术的新型变形反射镜

给出了一种基于硅微加工技术的新型变形反射镜的设计和加工方法。变形反射镜镜面主体是由一定厚度的硅膜构成,硅膜上表面溅射有一层Ti/Au,背面有一7×7阵列的台柱与之相连,台柱下方是对应的驱动电极。当给电极施加电压时,产生的静电力就会拉动台柱向下运动,从而使相应的镜面部分发生变形;通过控制通电电极的位置及电压,就可获得特定的镜面形状。在变形反射镜的加工工序中采用浅腐蚀形成键合台,采用深腐蚀加工出台柱。并采用<110>条补偿图形对台柱的凸角进行补偿,在0.2MPa气压下进行键合,最后成功研制出有效反射面积为30mm×30mm,拥有49个静电驱动单元的变形反射镜。

关于新型功能材料精密微驱动器的研究综述

精密微驱动器是微机电系统的核心部件,是实现微器件运动的关键。微驱动器的工作原理主要是利用物体的物性效应(物理效应、化学效应、生物效应等)实现对目的物的驱动与操作,本质就是将光、电、热等多种形式的能量转换成为机械能输出,是近几年研究的热点。文章全面综述了电热式、磁致伸缩、电磁、压电陶瓷、静电和形状记忆合金几种微位移驱动器的原理、结构、特性及应用领域。

磁驱动MEMS光开关的设计、分析和仿真

对比静电驱动与磁驱动,发现只有当驱动器的间距小于1.75μm时,静电能密度才处于优势地位,而大于此间距后,磁驱动将表现出主导地位.在此基础上,为了设计出具有较大运动范围的光开关,提出了一种新的基于MEMS技术的磁驱动形式,采用溅射、激光镀覆等方法在衬底上制备磁性薄膜,并通过外加磁场实现开关动作.对采用永磁材料和软磁材料这两种情况下光开关的静态行为进行了分析和模拟.结果显示,尽管使用不同类型的磁性材料会对开关的响应产生影响,但其最大转角都可达到80°,远远超过静电驱动光开关所能实现的程度,同时它还避免了静电驱动中常见的结构“塌陷”现象.

用于“芯片实验室”的静电机制微液滴控制芯片的研制

提出了一种结构简单、可编程控制的离散液滴控制芯片。它以硅为衬底,重掺杂多晶硅为微电极阵列,氧化硅为介质层,碳氟聚合物薄膜为疏水层。它克服了传统连续流传输、混合的局限性及层流条件的限制,通过控制施加在微电极阵列上的电压脉冲时序,成功实现了对离散液滴的快速传输和混合。在30 V驱动电压下,约0.9μL去离子水液滴传输速度可达24 mm/s;在40 V驱动电压下,约0.8μL去离子水液滴和约1.4μL的0.0001 mol/L Rhodam ine液滴在7/30 s内完成了快速混合。另外,还提出利用提高液滴速度及来回晃动混合后的液滴等几种加强混合方法。

新型推挽激励的谐振式微机械静电场传感器

为了提高传感器的信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR),降低器件的耦合干扰,基于表面微机械工艺设计制作了一种新型推挽激励方案的谐振式微型静电场传感器.该传感器敏感结构主要包括静电梳齿激励电极、屏蔽电极和感应电极3部分.工作时,在该传感器敏感结构同一侧梳齿的固定端上加入反相相等的激励信号,实现差分激励,使屏蔽电极在谐振频率处振动,从而在感应电极上感应出差分电流信号,通过相关检测方式检测出传感器该输出信号的二次谐波分量,即可获得被测静电场强度大小.该传感器的新型结构设计和激励检测方案可获得最大电场响应灵敏度,并有效抑制了同频耦合串扰和共模噪声.常压室温(约25℃)测试结果表明,在量程(-15 kV/m～15 kV/m)内,只需要5 Vpp激励电压,其中线性度(端基线性度)达到了1.03%,分辨率优于200 V/m.