Estimation of mass elevation effect and its annual variation based on MODIS and NECP data in the Tibetan Plateau

The lofty and extensive Tibetan Plateau has significant mass elevation effect(MEE). In recent years, a great effort has been made to quantify MEE, with the recognition of intra-mountain basal elevation(MBE) as the main determinant of MEE. In this study, we improved the method of estimating MEE with MODIS and NECP data, by refining temperature laps rate, and dividing MBE plots, and then analyzed the spatio-temporal variation of MEE in the Plateau. The main conclusions include: 1) the highest average annual MEE of the plateau is as high as 11.5488°C in the southwest of the plateau, where exists a high-MEE core and MEE takes on a trend of decreasing from the core to the surrounding areas; 2) in the interior of the plateau, the maximum monthly MEE is 14.1108°C in the highest MBE plot(4934 m) in August; while the minimum monthly MEE appeared primarily in January and February; 3) in the peripheral areas of the plateau, annual mean MEE is relatively low, mostly between 3.0068°C–5.1972°C, where monthly MEE is high in January and December and low in June and July, completely different from the MEE time-series variation in the internal parts of the plateau.

Simulating Error-Opening of Pressure Relief Valves of a Station on a Continuous Undulating Oil Pipeline with Large Elevation Difference

For oil pipeline in mountain areas,high hydrostatic pressure in the pipeline may cause error-opening of pressure relief valves,and oil is discharged from the pipeline to the pressure relief tanks,bringing spilling-over risk of the pressure relief tanks.Therefore,simulating the error-opening situations of the pressure relief valves and investigating the oil discharge process are necessary for checking the possibility of the spilling-over accident and then proposing measures to improve the pressure relief system.This research focuses on a continuous undulating oil pipeline with large elevation difference and a station along this pipeline,which is named B station in this paper,is studied.By OLGA software,simulation model of the pressure relief system of B station is established,and the accuracy of the model is verified by reconstructing a real accident and making a comparison with the actual accident data.The maximum discharge rate reached 8284 m3/h when the pressure relief valve was opened by mistake in the inlet and outlet of the station.The accumulated filling time of the two pressure relief tanks is 200 s,which is in good agreement with the accident data.On this basis,for error-opening of the pressure relief valves at the inlet and outlet of B station,simulation is performed to investigate variations of the discharge velocity,discharge flow rate,accumulated discharge volume and ventilation volume of the vent valve.The discharge velocity is found to be over the maximum velocity allowed for safety consideration.According to the accumulated discharge volume,it is inferred that spilling over of the pressure relief tanks will be caused once error-opening of the pressure relief valve occurs.Also it is judged that the existing breathing valve can not satisfy the ventilation requirement in case of failure of the pressure relief valves.From these simulation results,it is proposed that increasing the number of vent valves,replacing the manual valves with electrically operated valves,and employing security control interlock protection program are improvement measures to guarantee safe,efficient and reliable operation of the pressure relief system at B station.

Assessment of Vegetation Productivity in the Northern Part of Nigeria

Climate change is one of the greatest threats facing the global community and has been mainly induced by increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from fossil fuel energy use and change in vegetation cover. This study used modelling techniques to determine how changes in climate could affect vegetation productivity in the northern part of Nigeria. Climatic parameters (Rainfall, Minimum and Maximum Temperatures) as well as coarse Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for the growing seasons of 1981-2009 were utilised. Because of the relationship between climatic parameters and vegetation, Spatial method of data interpolation was tested. Results from the prediction elevation values ranged from -3e-9 to 2e-9. It was observed from prediction variance map that the values were higher in the upper portion of the study area which comprised Gusau (GS), Jos (JS), Katsina (KT), Minna (MN) and Zaria (ZR) and lower in the middle and lower parts of the study area which comprised mainly Funtua, Kano, Maiduguri and Sokoto. Further studies are encouraged with high resolution imageries and more meteorological data to cover the montane and forest zone of the country to determine the level of climatic impacts particularly on vegetation productivity in general.

Magnitude and Forming Factors of Mass Elevation Effect on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Mass elevation effect(MEE) refers to the thermal effect of huge mountains or plateaus, which causes the tendency for temperature-related montane landscape limits to occur at higher elevations in the inner massifs than on their outer margins. MEE has been widely identified in all large mountains, but how it could be measured and what its main forming-factors are still remain open. This paper, supposing that the local mountain base elevation(MBE) is the main factor of MEE, takes the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) as the study area, defines MEE as the temperature difference(ΔT) between the inner and outer parts of mountain massifs, identifies the main forming factors, and analyzes their contributions to MEE. A total of 73 mountain bases were identified, ranging from 708 m to 5081 m and increasing from the edges to the central parts of the plateau. Climate data(1981–2010) from 134 meteorological stations were used to acquire ΔT by comparing near-surface air temperature on the main plateau with the free-air temperature at the same altitude and similar latitude outside of the plateau. The ΔT for the warmest month is averagely 6.15℃, over 12℃ at Lhatse and Baxoi. A multivariate linear regression model was developed to simulate MEE based on three variables(latitude, annual mean precipitation and MBE), which are all significantly correlated to ΔT. The model could explain 67.3% of MEE variation, and the contribution rates of three independent variables to MEE are 35.29%, 22.69% and 42.02%, respectively. This confirms that MBE is the main factor of MEE. The intensive MEE of the QTP pushes the 10℃ isotherm of the warmest month mean temperature 1300–2000 m higher in the main plateau than in the outer regions, leading the occurrence of the highest timberline(4900 m) and the highest snowline(6200 m) of the Northern Hemisphere in the southeast and southwest of the plateau, respectively.

Estimating extreme temperature differences in steel box girder using long-term measurement data

The extreme temperature differences in flat steel box girder of a cable-stayed bridge were studied.Firstly,by using the long-term measurement data collected by the structural health monitoring system installed on the Runyang Cable-stayed Bridge,the daily variations as well as seasonal ones of measured temperature differences in the box girder cross-section area were summarized.The probability distribution models of temperature differences were further established and the extreme temperature differences were estimated with a return period of 100 years.Finally,the temperature difference models in cross-section area were proposed for bridge thermal design.The results show that horizontal temperature differences in top plate and vertical temperature differences between top plate and bottom plate are considerable.All the positive and negative temperature differences can be described by the weighted sum of two Weibull distributions.The maximum positive and negative horizontal temperature differences in top plate are 10.30°C and13.80°C,respectively.And the maximum positive and negative vertical temperature differences between top plate and bottom plate are 17.30°C and 3.70°C,respectively.For bridge thermal design,there are two vertical temperature difference models between top plate and bottom plate,and six horizontal temperature difference models in top plate.

接受再灌注治疗的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者死亡率性别差异的荟萃分析

目的 探讨接受再灌注治疗的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者死亡率的性别差异。方法 全面检索PubMed、EMBASE、万方数据库、中国知网和谷歌学术等数据库自建库至2023年8月1日的文献中,对接受溶栓治疗或直接经皮冠状动脉介入术(PPCI)的STEMI患者短期或长期死亡率的性别差异进行对比的相关研究。观察性研究和随机对照研究均纳入本研究。使用Rev Man 5软件进行统计学分析。使用危险度(RR)和95%CI表示性别差异对STEMI患者死亡率的影响。使用漏斗图评估研究偏倚。结果 共纳入36项研究,其中33项观察性研究和3项随机对照研究,共108 132例STEMI患者,其中男性82 848例,女性25 284例。与男性患者相比,女性患者住院期间(RR=1.73,95%CI:1.52~1.98,P<0.001,I~2=69%)、1个月(RR=1.89,95%CI:1.74~2.06,P<0.001,I~2=46%)、1年(RR=1.56,95%CI:1.40~1.74,P<0.001,I~2=0%)和2年(RR=1.78,95%CI:1.51~2.10,P<0.001,I~2=43%)死亡率显著增加。在调整后的分析中,女性STEMI患者住院期间(RR=1.60,95%CI:1.27~2.02,P<0.001,I~2=69%)、1个月(RR=1.40,95%CI:1.04~1.88,P<0.001,I~2=65%)和2年(RR=1.25,95%CI:1.10~1.42,P<0.001,I~2=48%)死亡率仍明显高于男性患者。结论 对于接受再灌注治疗的STEMI患者,女性的短期和长期死亡率均高于男性。

混凝土连续组合小箱梁桥温度效应有限元分析

以亚沟枢纽互通G匝道桥作为依托工程,采用有限元数值分析方法对混凝土小箱梁桥在各国规范规定的温度梯度模式下进行仿真模拟,研究混凝土小箱梁桥在不同温度梯度模式作用下顶板、腹板和底板温度效应的分布规律,得出各国规范对于桥梁温度梯度模式方面规定的差异性。研究结果表明:在不同的温度梯度模式下,混凝土小箱梁桥的顶板、腹板和底板产生的正截面法向温度效应差异较大;沿梁长方向,边跨各截面产生的温度应力波动幅度较大,而中跨各截面产生的温度应力趋于相同;各国规范规定的竖向温度梯度荷载对混凝土小箱梁桥作用后产生的温度效应曲线之间存在规律性。可对类似混凝土连续组合小箱梁桥温度效应的计算提供参考。

正高程差下边坡爆破对X70钢管振速的影响

为了探究正高程差边坡爆炸施工对邻近埋地管道振速的影响,基于商用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA采用数值模拟方法研究了炸药量相同(30 kg),正高程差不同(2.1、2.6、3.1、3.6、4.1、4.6和5.1 m)时,边坡爆破振动对既有X70管道振速的影响,并与平面地形结果作对比分析。研究表明:相较于平面地形,在水平距离不变的条件下,管道Y方向上会出现振速放大现象,且随着高程增大,振速加快衰减。管道振速放大系数随着高程差的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当高程差为3.1 m时,管道迎爆面测点的振速放大系数最大,为1.998;当高程差为3.6 m时,管道背爆面测点的放大系数最大,为1.622。爆炸地震波在不同的介质界面发生折射和反射所形成的叠加效应以及在坡脚发生绕射,是产生高程放大效应的主要原因。

深中通道中山大桥主桥超宽大节段钢箱梁吊装匹配技术

深中通道中山大桥主桥为主跨580 m的双塔双索面钢箱梁斜拉桥,主梁采用流线型扁平钢箱梁,梁宽46 m(含风嘴),主梁共划分69个节段,标准段长18 m、最大吊重约429 t,采用桥面吊机双悬臂吊装。由于钢箱梁节段自重大、宽度较大、横桥向竖向刚度较小等,在桥面吊机悬臂吊装过程中,会出现钢箱梁匹配面高差过大(最大约63 mm)的问题。为解决该问题,实现梁段精确匹配安装,提出3种钢箱梁吊装匹配方案:“门架+拉索”方案、“牛腿反力架”方案、“一字梁锁定+C形焊缝+部分张拉斜拉索”方案。经有限元仿真分析综合比选,最终选择“一字梁锁定+C形焊缝+部分张拉斜拉索”方案。该方案以箱梁竖腹板为定位点,提前焊接一字梁,采用法兰连接后锁定待拼梁段,部分焊接拼接面内箱梁形成C形焊缝;通过提前挂索并张拉部分斜拉索,减小匹配面已拼梁段横桥向竖向变形,达到箱梁匹配要求。施工中采取了匹配高差调节、局部应力控制、拼接缝宽控制等关键技术,最终将该桥钢箱梁匹配面高差减小至9.8 mm以内,钢箱梁局部应力可控,斜拉索初张过程中钢箱梁应力增量小于10 MPa,且各箱梁节段拼接缝宽可控制在1 cm以内。

下穿既有高架桥预制箱梁吊装施工技术研究

随着城市交通建设的快速发展,新建线路与既有线路的交叉不可避免。在下穿和跨越既有线路时箱梁吊装成为一个重要的关键节点,合理布置箱梁吊装可以确保项目安全、高效进行。研究以北京市某改造项目为例,分析了该工程的技术难点,对新建立交匝道下穿昌平线箱梁吊装工程进行分析与总结,研究结果可为类似项目提供工程经验。

应急抢修钢桁梁动力响应销孔间隙影响分析

以某128 m跨新型应急抢修钢桁梁为对象,利用ANSYS与UM联合开展车桥耦合分析,选取销孔间隙和钢销直径为关键参数,探究支点存在高差时销孔间隙对钢桁梁结构及车辆响应的影响规律。研究表明:钢桁梁存在支点主桁高差或对角高差,在钢销直径恒定时,钢桁梁和车辆响应均随间隙增大而增大;在销孔间隙恒定时,钢桁梁和车辆响应均随直径增大而降低。相较于主桁高差,当存在对角高差时,销孔间隙对钢桁梁动力响应显著,而对车辆响应影响较小。此外,相较于钢桁梁竖向动力响应,销孔间隙对于横向水平动力响应的影响更为显著,设计与工程应用中应重点关注。

基于轨道结构高差特征值的CRTSⅡ型板离缝定量检测方法

高速铁路无砟轨道的离缝病害对行车安全至关重要,对此提出一种基于轨道板-支承层相对高差特征值的离缝定量检测方法。通过集成线结构光等传感器构建离缝检测原型系统设备,用于采集轨道轮廓线;将轨道轮廓线按轨道结构分成三段并基于RANSAC算法分别进行拟合,拟合直线相交两点间的距离以此作为轨道结构高差特征值;以轨枕位置为里程定位基准,对比同一区段内轨道结构高差特征值的多次检测结果,通过变化量精确计算离缝病害的长度和高度值。在此基础上进行线路试验,结果表明:检测系统多次重复测量结果的标准偏差系数稳定在2%以内;在95%的置信度下,重复测量偏差小于0.25 mm;将检测结果与铁路部门当期的病害库进行对比,离缝高度和长度检测结果的平均绝对误差分别为0.24 mm和0.34 m,均方对数误差值分别为0.011和0.017。

高架桥梁钢箱梁节段吊装施工技术分析

为探讨高架桥梁钢箱梁节段吊装施工技术的应用,结合江东大道提升改造工程实际情况,立足钢箱梁节段吊装施工的重难点,分析钢箱梁节段吊装施工技术的应用要点以及实际成效。通过分析可知,由于高架桥梁钢箱梁规模比较大,难以实现整体吊装,需要采用分节段吊装的方法,并结合工程现场实际情况,从临时支墩搭设,吊机选择,试吊,吊点和钢丝绳选择,吊装精度控制,现场焊接等方面同时入手进行有针对性的把控,可在不封闭交通的情况下,完成对既有线路的跨越,减轻对交通运行造成的影响,保证高架桥梁钢箱梁节段吊装施工任务顺利完成。

高温承压工况下熔盐泵用螺栓疲劳强度研究

高温熔盐泵介质温度是影响螺栓疲劳的关键因素,温度变化使法兰连接处的螺栓承受温差载荷而产生的交变应力导致螺栓疲劳失效。本文在螺栓受力中引入温差载荷,开展了熔盐泵螺栓在常温、温差和同温三种工况下疲劳强度的研究。研究表明:任何工况下熔盐泵的螺栓与法兰两者温差大于20℃时,循环次数就会低于10~4次;同温工况下温度大于75℃时,循环次数低于10~4次进入低周疲劳范畴;熔盐泵的螺栓温度不变-法兰升温时形成的温差对螺栓疲劳的影响要大于法兰温度不变-螺栓升温时的影响,而后者循环次数虽会增大但密封性会变差从而导致泄漏的发生;与温差工况相比同温工况才是最佳工作状态,应尽量避免熔盐温度频繁地波动而形成温差。

铁路高低塔混合梁斜拉桥约束体系设计

汉巴南铁路嘉陵江大桥主桥采用(45+55+58+335+58+49)m高低塔混合梁斜拉桥,以降低结构内力和位移响应、优化行车条件及轨道结构使用性能为目标,对大桥的约束体系进行设计。选取3种纵向约束、5种横向约束体系方案,建立有限元模型分析各方案静力及地震作用下的结构响应,得到纵向采用阻尼约束或支座位移约束的半飘浮体系时结构静力响应差异较小,采用阻尼约束时的地震响应较小,横向采用阻尼约束或挡块限位约束均能实现较好的耗能限位效果,采用阻尼约束时的减震效率不高。根据各方案地震响应结果,结合行车条件及轨道结构的性能需求,该桥纵向采用组合式约束体系,运营及设计地震作用下为带支座纵向位移约束的半飘浮体系,罕遇地震作用下为带纵向阻尼约束的半飘浮体系;横向采用固定支座+限位挡块的方案;根据约束方案确定了约束布置和相关技术参数,实现了铁路桥梁的性能目标。

城市高架混凝土现浇变宽梁桥横梁开裂处置措施及效果分析

针对某软土地基城市高架混凝土现浇变宽箱梁桥施工过程中出现的横梁开裂问题,结合裂缝分布特点,提出了相应的加固处置措施,并采用空间杆系模型与ANSYS实体有限元模型相结合的方式对其加固效果进行分析。研究结果表明:与加固前相比,加固后横梁正截面抗弯承载能力提升了9.0%,斜截面抗剪承载力提升了38.9%;加固后横梁正截面抗弯、斜截面抗剪以及裂缝断面直剪承载力均满足要求,且横梁正截面和斜截面抗裂性均满足要求,加固效果较为显著。横梁荷载试验结果表明,加固后横梁总体抗弯工作性能和开裂位置附近的抗剪工作性能良好。所提出的增大截面和增设预应力综合加固方案,可为其他工程提供参考。

三峡库区油品码头的大高程差工艺管道水击分析与防护

在三峡枢纽油品翻坝装卸码头工程项目中,针对罐区与码头面存在大高程差、沿线管道走势曲折、有多个翻越点的问题,重点考虑在该设计条件下日常码头卸船作业中可能出现开关阀水击工况,借助水击计算仿真软件AFT Impulse 9对项目实际管道进行了详细建模,设计不同关阀方案,对比分析关阀时间和关阀方案对于水击的影响,得出了能够更好地控制水击压力的具体二段式关阀方案,最终对该段工艺管道提出了合理的水击防护措施,对于同类码头项目的设计及建设具有一定的参考意义。

地铁高架结构标准简支梁设计研究

随着国内城市轨道交通的发展,越来越多的高架线投入运营。地铁高架结构以简支梁为主,结构形式主要分为整体箱梁、U形梁、小箱梁等常用类型。选择一种合适的梁型,不仅要考虑经济性和美观性,还要考虑受力是否合理。文章以长株潭西环线一期工程(长沙轨道交通3号线南延线)为依托,分析了简支梁结构形式,优化其刚度及变形,可为后续简支梁设计提供参考。

城市高架桥现浇箱梁预应力施工质量控制方法

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