Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approa...Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approach to collecting requirements from different stakeholders’responses to a specific question.We use natural language processing techniques to get the stakeholder response that represents most other stakeholders’responses.This study improves existing practices in three ways:Firstly,it reduces the human effort needed to collect the requirements;secondly,it reduces the time required to carry out this task with a large number of stakeholders;thirdly,it underlines the importance of using of data mining techniques in various software engineering steps.Our approach uses tokenization,stop word removal,and word lemmatization to create a list of frequently accruing words.It then creates a similarity matrix to calculate the score value for each response and selects the answer with the highest score.Our experiments show that using this approach significantly reduces the time and effort needed to collect requirements and does so with a sufficient degree of accuracy.展开更多
The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (la...The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.展开更多
The paper presents a new approach to managing software requirement elicitation techniques with a high level of analyses based on domain ontology techniques, where we established a mapping between user scenario, struct...The paper presents a new approach to managing software requirement elicitation techniques with a high level of analyses based on domain ontology techniques, where we established a mapping between user scenario, structured requirement, and domain ontology techniques to improve many attributes such as requirement consistency, completeness and eliminating duplicate requirements to reduce risk of overrun time and budgets. One of the main targets of requirement engineering is to develop a requirement document with high quality. So, we proposed a user interface to collect all vital information about the project directly from the regular user and requirement engineering;After that, the proposal will generate an ontology based on semantic relations and rules. Requirements Engineering tries to keep requirements throughout a project’s life cycle consistent necessities clear, and up to date. This prototype allows mapping requirement scenarios into ontology elements for semantically interrupted. The general points of our prototype are to guarantee the identification requirements and improved nature of the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) by solving incomplete and conflicting information in the requirements specification.展开更多
A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in t...A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in the open reading frame of the gene. Results from Southern blotting analysis suggests that the GmCyp1 belong to a small gene family in soybean cells. The time course of GmCyp1 mRNA accumulation upon treatment of elicitor from yeast extract did not show significant change in the time period examined. The data suggest that the GmCyp1 was not regulated much by biotic factors. A possible role of the cyclophilin in the plant-pathogen interaction was discussed.展开更多
Confucianism (especially its teaching theory) is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spi...Confucianism (especially its teaching theory) is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous "heuristic teaching theory" is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates "elicitation teaching theory" was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric an...OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric analysis, affinity chromatography for protein purification, SDS-PAGE, Western-blotting and animal experiment were used. RESULTS: HSP70-PC immunization rendered protective effect to both naive tumorl-bearing mice. All of the naive mice obtained complete resistance to Hcaf cell attack; 40% of the tumor-bearing mice survived for over 90 days, whereas the mice of control group died within 2 weeks (P展开更多
Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requ...Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requirements elicitation,which involves collecting project-related requirements from different sources.Repositories of reusable requirements are typically important sources of an increasing number of reusable software requirements.However,the process of searching such repositories to collect valuable project-related requirements is time-consuming and difficult to perform accurately.Recommender systems have been widely recognized as an effective solution to such problem.Accordingly,this study proposes an effective hybrid content-based collaborative filtering recommendation approach.The proposed approach will support project stake-holders in mitigating the risk of missing requirements during requirements elicitation by identifying related requirements from software requirement repositories.The experimental results on the RALIC dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach considerably outperforms baseline collaborative filtering-based recom-mendation methods in terms of prediction accuracy and coverage in addition to mitigating the data sparsity and cold-start item problems.展开更多
As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive ...As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive and qualitative study. This paper uses Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique( ZMET) as the study method to identify,sort and present all the typical elements in the mountain tourism context,aiming to find out the potential expectations and needs hiding in the subconscious of the mountain tourist.展开更多
This article considers "good" teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a "gold standard" of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and ...This article considers "good" teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a "gold standard" of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and learning. We outline this context and consider concepts of good teachers in classical Chinese traditions and more recent Western thinking as a possible dialogue within and between cultures of learning. Using cognitive and cultural linguistic perspectives, we analyze metaphorical concepts of "gold" in "the gold standard" as related to teachers. We report our applied metaphor research which analyzes Chinese students’ expectations, values and beliefs about good university language teachers;this presents a rich picture beyond developing knowledge, skills and understanding to include strong social and moral characteristics. Other aspects which recognize the complexity of "good" teachers show a student appreciation of teachers’ tireless effort, devotion and selfless sacrifice: these aspects are absent in many discussions of good teachers. The participant-centered picture from elicited metaphor analysis is part of students’ "cultures of learning," but this should be developed culturally for the gold standard through further teacher development and student engagement. In line with interaction in cultures of learning, we indicate some classroom ways to extend students’ thinking through scaffolding teacher-student interaction based on textbook activities.展开更多
In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes...In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes. In this paper, we propose an approach to elicit probability effectively by using the concept of interval probability (IP). During the elicitation process, a group of experts assign intervals to probabilities instead of assigning exact values. Then the intervals are combined and converted into the point valued probabilities. The detailed steps of the elicitation process are given and illustrated by constructing the influence diagram for employee recruitment decision for a China’s IT Company. The proposed approach provides a convenient and comfortable way for experts to assess probabilities. It is useful in influence diagrams modeling as well as in other subjective probability elicitation situations.展开更多
A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions (a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution), adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-par...A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions (a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution), adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-parameters of the prior distributions are obtained by Bayesian empirical methods with non-informative meta-priors. The performances of the Bayes estimator and the classical generalized lest squares estimator are compared using two measurements of the horizontal monitoring network of a concrete gravity dam: the Penha Garcia dam (Portugal). In order to test the robustness of the two estimators, a gross error is added to one of the measured horizontal directions: the Bayes estimator proves to be significantly more robust than the classic maximum likelihood estimator.展开更多
Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the useful...Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the usefulness and pitfall of elicitation and introspection. It finds out that both elicitation and introspection have their own advantages and disadvantages.展开更多
Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and...Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.展开更多
It is well established that living cells and tissues respond to mechanical forces such as flow-related shear stresses in blood or interstitial space and complex tractional stresses at cell-matrix contacts and cell-cel...It is well established that living cells and tissues respond to mechanical forces such as flow-related shear stresses in blood or interstitial space and complex tractional stresses at cell-matrix contacts and cell-cell contacts.However,how different modes of forces impact mechanical and biological responses is elusive.Here we describe a strategy of using the three-dimensional magnetic twisting cytometry(3D MTC)technology to apply forces in any desired directions to the same living cell.We reveal that for a fixed stress amplitude and frequency,a live cell exhibits mechanical anisotropy and responds to a local shear stress differently from responding to a local complex stress by stretching chromatin and upregulating gene transcription to different levels,extending our previous finding on force-induced direct gene activation.This finding highlights the importance of force modes in impacting cellular mechanical and biological responses in living cells and tissues and may have implications in tissue patterning and embryonic development.展开更多
Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE pr...Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE processes exist to make sure the requirements are coherent, compact and complete in all respects. In this way different aspects of RE are dissected and detailed upon. A comparison of RE in Agile and RE in Waterfall is expatiated and on the basis of the literature survey the overall Agile RE process is accumulated. Agile being a technique produces high quality software in relatively less time as compared to the conventional waterfall methodology. The paramount objective of this study is to take lessons from RE that Agile method may consider, if quality being the cardinal concern. The study is patterned on the survey of the previous research reported in the coexisting literature and the practices which are being pursued in the area.展开更多
Tumor cells escape host immune surveillance bydown-regulation of MHC and/or co-stimulatorymolecules.Anti-tumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells.A deficiency in either MHC or co-stimulatory molecules ...Tumor cells escape host immune surveillance bydown-regulation of MHC and/or co-stimulatorymolecules.Anti-tumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells.A deficiency in either MHC or co-stimulatory molecules on tumor cells is associated with a failure to induce anti-tumor immunity.展开更多
Objecive: To explore the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) and its inhibitor paclobutrazol(PBZ)on chemical composition and their pharmacological effects on Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, and to clarify...Objecive: To explore the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) and its inhibitor paclobutrazol(PBZ)on chemical composition and their pharmacological effects on Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, and to clarify action mode of andrographolide.Methods: The chemical composition was extracted by sequential extraction with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. Andrographolide and its derivatives were evaluated by HPLC. Moreover, the metabolic profiling was analyzed by GC-MS. Inhibitory effect of crude extracts was tested against Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Mode of action was tested against mutant yeast by spotting assay. Andrographolide were tested for their mode of action against eukaryotes. Rsults: Among different solvents, dichloromethane gave the highest yield of crude(3.58% DW), with the highest andrographolide content(8.3 mg/g DW). The effect of plant hormone(10 mg/L GA_3 or PBZ) on phytochemical variations and bioactivity of Andrographis paniculata was demonstrated. It was found that PBZ promoted sesquiterpene compounds about 3.5 times over than GA_3 treatment. But inhibitory effect of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was highest in GA_3 treated plants; andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide contents were significantly higher than those of water or PBZ. It was found that there were 11 strains involving in ergosterol biosynthesis, V-ATPase activity and homeostasis, and superoxide detoxification process. In this regard, andrographolide might cause the damage on the lipid bilayer of yeast cell and plasma membrane by interfering ergosterol biosynthesis.Conclusions: It is found that GA_3 promotes andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide content while PBZ promotes sesquiterpene content. Andrographolide might cause the damage on the lipid bilayer of yeast cell and plasma membrane by interfering ergosterol biosynthesis. It might also affect mitochondria electron transport chain, leading to the occurrence of ROS, which can further harm cell organelles. However, the library screening is the first step to investigate mode of action of andrographolide.展开更多
Evaluating a climate model's fidelity(ability to simulate observed climate) is a critical step in establishing confidence in the model's suitability for future climate projections, and in tuning climate model para...Evaluating a climate model's fidelity(ability to simulate observed climate) is a critical step in establishing confidence in the model's suitability for future climate projections, and in tuning climate model parameters. Model developers use their judgement in determining which trade-offs between different aspects of model fidelity are acceptable. However, little is known about the degree of consensus in these evaluations, and whether experts use the same criteria when different scientific objectives are defined. Here, we report on results from a broad community survey studying expert assessments of the relative importance of different output variables when evaluating a global atmospheric model's mean climate. We find that experts adjust their ratings of variable importance in response to the scientific objective, for instance, scientists rate surface wind stress as significantly more important for Southern Ocean climate than for the water cycle in the Asian watershed. There is greater consensus on the importance of certain variables(e.g., shortwave cloud forcing) than others(e.g., aerosol optical depth). We find few differences in expert consensus between respondents with greater or less climate modeling experience,and no statistically significant differences between the responses of climate model developers and users. The concise variable lists and community ratings reported here provide baseline descriptive data on current expert understanding of certain aspects of model evaluation, and can serve as a starting point for further investigation, as well as developing more sophisticated evaluation and scoring criteria with respect to specific scientific objectives.展开更多
In this study, exogenous pre-harvest treatment of tomato plants with MeJA (Methyl Jasmonate) and chitosan was used to elicit lycopene biosynthesis and stimulate plant growth. Lycopene is a bright red carotene and ca...In this study, exogenous pre-harvest treatment of tomato plants with MeJA (Methyl Jasmonate) and chitosan was used to elicit lycopene biosynthesis and stimulate plant growth. Lycopene is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes, carrots and other red fruits and vegetables. It is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from damage and blocks cancerous cell growth. Many studies suggest eating lycopene-rich foods may be directly linked to reducing risk of several cancers, heart disease and stroke, hence there is a need to enhance its levels in tomatoes. Tomato seeds were soaked in MeJA and chitosan solutions of varying concentrations and then planted. The resulting plants were irrigated with the solutions used to soak the seeds, accordingly. The heights of the plants were recorded on a tri-weekly basis and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used to analyze the effects of the MeJA and chitosan solutions on lycopene yields in the tomato fruits. Analysis of chromatograms obtained from tomato samples in the MeJA and chitosan-treated groups showed enhanced levels of lycopene. Plant growth was not significantly affected by treatment ofMeJA. Chitosan, however, noticeably increased plant growth over 7 weeks.展开更多
文摘Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approach to collecting requirements from different stakeholders’responses to a specific question.We use natural language processing techniques to get the stakeholder response that represents most other stakeholders’responses.This study improves existing practices in three ways:Firstly,it reduces the human effort needed to collect the requirements;secondly,it reduces the time required to carry out this task with a large number of stakeholders;thirdly,it underlines the importance of using of data mining techniques in various software engineering steps.Our approach uses tokenization,stop word removal,and word lemmatization to create a list of frequently accruing words.It then creates a similarity matrix to calculate the score value for each response and selects the answer with the highest score.Our experiments show that using this approach significantly reduces the time and effort needed to collect requirements and does so with a sufficient degree of accuracy.
文摘The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.
文摘The paper presents a new approach to managing software requirement elicitation techniques with a high level of analyses based on domain ontology techniques, where we established a mapping between user scenario, structured requirement, and domain ontology techniques to improve many attributes such as requirement consistency, completeness and eliminating duplicate requirements to reduce risk of overrun time and budgets. One of the main targets of requirement engineering is to develop a requirement document with high quality. So, we proposed a user interface to collect all vital information about the project directly from the regular user and requirement engineering;After that, the proposal will generate an ontology based on semantic relations and rules. Requirements Engineering tries to keep requirements throughout a project’s life cycle consistent necessities clear, and up to date. This prototype allows mapping requirement scenarios into ontology elements for semantically interrupted. The general points of our prototype are to guarantee the identification requirements and improved nature of the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) by solving incomplete and conflicting information in the requirements specification.
文摘A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in the open reading frame of the gene. Results from Southern blotting analysis suggests that the GmCyp1 belong to a small gene family in soybean cells. The time course of GmCyp1 mRNA accumulation upon treatment of elicitor from yeast extract did not show significant change in the time period examined. The data suggest that the GmCyp1 was not regulated much by biotic factors. A possible role of the cyclophilin in the plant-pathogen interaction was discussed.
文摘Confucianism (especially its teaching theory) is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous "heuristic teaching theory" is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates "elicitation teaching theory" was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.
文摘OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric analysis, affinity chromatography for protein purification, SDS-PAGE, Western-blotting and animal experiment were used. RESULTS: HSP70-PC immunization rendered protective effect to both naive tumorl-bearing mice. All of the naive mice obtained complete resistance to Hcaf cell attack; 40% of the tumor-bearing mice survived for over 90 days, whereas the mice of control group died within 2 weeks (P
文摘Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requirements elicitation,which involves collecting project-related requirements from different sources.Repositories of reusable requirements are typically important sources of an increasing number of reusable software requirements.However,the process of searching such repositories to collect valuable project-related requirements is time-consuming and difficult to perform accurately.Recommender systems have been widely recognized as an effective solution to such problem.Accordingly,this study proposes an effective hybrid content-based collaborative filtering recommendation approach.The proposed approach will support project stake-holders in mitigating the risk of missing requirements during requirements elicitation by identifying related requirements from software requirement repositories.The experimental results on the RALIC dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach considerably outperforms baseline collaborative filtering-based recom-mendation methods in terms of prediction accuracy and coverage in addition to mitigating the data sparsity and cold-start item problems.
基金Supported by Youth Foundation of University of Science and Technology Liaoning
文摘As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive and qualitative study. This paper uses Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique( ZMET) as the study method to identify,sort and present all the typical elements in the mountain tourism context,aiming to find out the potential expectations and needs hiding in the subconscious of the mountain tourist.
文摘This article considers "good" teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a "gold standard" of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and learning. We outline this context and consider concepts of good teachers in classical Chinese traditions and more recent Western thinking as a possible dialogue within and between cultures of learning. Using cognitive and cultural linguistic perspectives, we analyze metaphorical concepts of "gold" in "the gold standard" as related to teachers. We report our applied metaphor research which analyzes Chinese students’ expectations, values and beliefs about good university language teachers;this presents a rich picture beyond developing knowledge, skills and understanding to include strong social and moral characteristics. Other aspects which recognize the complexity of "good" teachers show a student appreciation of teachers’ tireless effort, devotion and selfless sacrifice: these aspects are absent in many discussions of good teachers. The participant-centered picture from elicited metaphor analysis is part of students’ "cultures of learning," but this should be developed culturally for the gold standard through further teacher development and student engagement. In line with interaction in cultures of learning, we indicate some classroom ways to extend students’ thinking through scaffolding teacher-student interaction based on textbook activities.
文摘In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes. In this paper, we propose an approach to elicit probability effectively by using the concept of interval probability (IP). During the elicitation process, a group of experts assign intervals to probabilities instead of assigning exact values. Then the intervals are combined and converted into the point valued probabilities. The detailed steps of the elicitation process are given and illustrated by constructing the influence diagram for employee recruitment decision for a China’s IT Company. The proposed approach provides a convenient and comfortable way for experts to assess probabilities. It is useful in influence diagrams modeling as well as in other subjective probability elicitation situations.
文摘A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions (a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution), adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-parameters of the prior distributions are obtained by Bayesian empirical methods with non-informative meta-priors. The performances of the Bayes estimator and the classical generalized lest squares estimator are compared using two measurements of the horizontal monitoring network of a concrete gravity dam: the Penha Garcia dam (Portugal). In order to test the robustness of the two estimators, a gross error is added to one of the measured horizontal directions: the Bayes estimator proves to be significantly more robust than the classic maximum likelihood estimator.
文摘Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the usefulness and pitfall of elicitation and introspection. It finds out that both elicitation and introspection have their own advantages and disadvantages.
基金funding this work through research group no.RG-1441-490.
文摘Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.
基金supported by funds Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China and from US National Institutes of Health
文摘It is well established that living cells and tissues respond to mechanical forces such as flow-related shear stresses in blood or interstitial space and complex tractional stresses at cell-matrix contacts and cell-cell contacts.However,how different modes of forces impact mechanical and biological responses is elusive.Here we describe a strategy of using the three-dimensional magnetic twisting cytometry(3D MTC)technology to apply forces in any desired directions to the same living cell.We reveal that for a fixed stress amplitude and frequency,a live cell exhibits mechanical anisotropy and responds to a local shear stress differently from responding to a local complex stress by stretching chromatin and upregulating gene transcription to different levels,extending our previous finding on force-induced direct gene activation.This finding highlights the importance of force modes in impacting cellular mechanical and biological responses in living cells and tissues and may have implications in tissue patterning and embryonic development.
文摘Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE processes exist to make sure the requirements are coherent, compact and complete in all respects. In this way different aspects of RE are dissected and detailed upon. A comparison of RE in Agile and RE in Waterfall is expatiated and on the basis of the literature survey the overall Agile RE process is accumulated. Agile being a technique produces high quality software in relatively less time as compared to the conventional waterfall methodology. The paramount objective of this study is to take lessons from RE that Agile method may consider, if quality being the cardinal concern. The study is patterned on the survey of the previous research reported in the coexisting literature and the practices which are being pursued in the area.
文摘Tumor cells escape host immune surveillance bydown-regulation of MHC and/or co-stimulatorymolecules.Anti-tumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells.A deficiency in either MHC or co-stimulatory molecules on tumor cells is associated with a failure to induce anti-tumor immunity.
基金financially supported by Agricultural Research Development Agency(Public Organization)or"ARDA"(Grant No.CRP6005020350)
文摘Objecive: To explore the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) and its inhibitor paclobutrazol(PBZ)on chemical composition and their pharmacological effects on Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, and to clarify action mode of andrographolide.Methods: The chemical composition was extracted by sequential extraction with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. Andrographolide and its derivatives were evaluated by HPLC. Moreover, the metabolic profiling was analyzed by GC-MS. Inhibitory effect of crude extracts was tested against Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Mode of action was tested against mutant yeast by spotting assay. Andrographolide were tested for their mode of action against eukaryotes. Rsults: Among different solvents, dichloromethane gave the highest yield of crude(3.58% DW), with the highest andrographolide content(8.3 mg/g DW). The effect of plant hormone(10 mg/L GA_3 or PBZ) on phytochemical variations and bioactivity of Andrographis paniculata was demonstrated. It was found that PBZ promoted sesquiterpene compounds about 3.5 times over than GA_3 treatment. But inhibitory effect of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was highest in GA_3 treated plants; andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide contents were significantly higher than those of water or PBZ. It was found that there were 11 strains involving in ergosterol biosynthesis, V-ATPase activity and homeostasis, and superoxide detoxification process. In this regard, andrographolide might cause the damage on the lipid bilayer of yeast cell and plasma membrane by interfering ergosterol biosynthesis.Conclusions: It is found that GA_3 promotes andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide content while PBZ promotes sesquiterpene content. Andrographolide might cause the damage on the lipid bilayer of yeast cell and plasma membrane by interfering ergosterol biosynthesis. It might also affect mitochondria electron transport chain, leading to the occurrence of ROS, which can further harm cell organelles. However, the library screening is the first step to investigate mode of action of andrographolide.
文摘Evaluating a climate model's fidelity(ability to simulate observed climate) is a critical step in establishing confidence in the model's suitability for future climate projections, and in tuning climate model parameters. Model developers use their judgement in determining which trade-offs between different aspects of model fidelity are acceptable. However, little is known about the degree of consensus in these evaluations, and whether experts use the same criteria when different scientific objectives are defined. Here, we report on results from a broad community survey studying expert assessments of the relative importance of different output variables when evaluating a global atmospheric model's mean climate. We find that experts adjust their ratings of variable importance in response to the scientific objective, for instance, scientists rate surface wind stress as significantly more important for Southern Ocean climate than for the water cycle in the Asian watershed. There is greater consensus on the importance of certain variables(e.g., shortwave cloud forcing) than others(e.g., aerosol optical depth). We find few differences in expert consensus between respondents with greater or less climate modeling experience,and no statistically significant differences between the responses of climate model developers and users. The concise variable lists and community ratings reported here provide baseline descriptive data on current expert understanding of certain aspects of model evaluation, and can serve as a starting point for further investigation, as well as developing more sophisticated evaluation and scoring criteria with respect to specific scientific objectives.
文摘In this study, exogenous pre-harvest treatment of tomato plants with MeJA (Methyl Jasmonate) and chitosan was used to elicit lycopene biosynthesis and stimulate plant growth. Lycopene is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes, carrots and other red fruits and vegetables. It is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from damage and blocks cancerous cell growth. Many studies suggest eating lycopene-rich foods may be directly linked to reducing risk of several cancers, heart disease and stroke, hence there is a need to enhance its levels in tomatoes. Tomato seeds were soaked in MeJA and chitosan solutions of varying concentrations and then planted. The resulting plants were irrigated with the solutions used to soak the seeds, accordingly. The heights of the plants were recorded on a tri-weekly basis and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used to analyze the effects of the MeJA and chitosan solutions on lycopene yields in the tomato fruits. Analysis of chromatograms obtained from tomato samples in the MeJA and chitosan-treated groups showed enhanced levels of lycopene. Plant growth was not significantly affected by treatment ofMeJA. Chitosan, however, noticeably increased plant growth over 7 weeks.