Testative Discussion on how to be an Eligible Interpreter--Based on the People’s Republic of China of the National People’s Congress and Committee of the People’s Political Consultative Conference from 2012 to 2014

In recent years,with the rapid development of the Chinese economy,the“two sessions”in March of every year which sponsored by the ministry of foreign affairs attract more and more journalists from all over the world.The press conference in the“two sessions”likes an important window to show China’s policies and claims to the world.Meanwhile,the premier who answers questions in the press conference,respectively,shows the world the eloquence and polite manners of China’s premier,such as Premier Wen Jiabao and Premier Li Keqiang.Their astute response,excellent,and emotional expression makes a deep impression on audiences.Moreover,as a bridge between the speaker and the listeners,the interpretation once is incorrect will cause some mistakes even conflicts.Therefore,the interpreter plays a most important role in the press conference.How to improve the interpretation level in the press conference is a significant topic.The thesis mainly introduces the content of press conference interpreting from 2012 to 2014.At present,the practical study of press conference interpretation is far from enough.The last part gives the summary of the study and points out the main findings for the further study.

Frequency of and reasons behind non-listing in adult patients referred for liver transplantation: Results from a retrospective study

BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the frequency of and the reasons behind the refusal of listing liver transplantation candidates.AIM To assess the ineligibility rate for liver transplantation and its motivations.METHODS A single-center retrospective study was conducted on adult patients which entailed a formal multidisciplinary assessment for liver transplantation eligibility.The predictors for listing were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.RESULTS In our center,314 patients underwent multidisciplinary work-up before liver transplantation enlisting over a three-year period.The most frequent reasons for transplant evaluation were decompensated cirrhosis(51.6%)and hepatocellular carcinoma(35.7%).The non-listing rate was 53.8%and the transplant rate was 34.4%for the whole cohort.Two hundred and five motivations for ineligibility were collected.The most common contraindications were psychological(9.3%),cardiovascular(6.8%),and surgical(5.9%).Inappropriate or premature referral accounted for 76(37.1%)cases.On multivariable analysis,a referral from another hospital(OR:2.113;95%CI:1.259–3.548)served as an independent predictor of non-listing.CONCLUSION A non-listing decision occurred in half of our cohort and was based on an inappropriate or premature referral in one case out of three.The referral from another hospital was taken as a strong predictor of non-listing.

Estimating the number of Chinese cancer patients eligible for and benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors

The total number of cancer patients who are eligible for and will benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)in China has not been quantified.This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the number of Chinese cancer patients with eligibility and response to ICIs based on the 2015 Chinese cancer statistics and the immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical practice guideline of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology.A total of 11 ICIs were recommended for 17 cancer types.The estimated number of eligible patients annually was 1290156(55.18%),which included 888738 males(60.05%)and 400468 females(46.67%).The estimated number of responders annually was 448972(19.20%),which included 309023 males(20.88%)and 139764 females(16.29%).Gastric cancer(n=291000,12.45%),non-small-cell lung cancer(n=289629,12.39%),and hepatocellular carcinoma(n=277100,11.85%)were the top three cancer types with the highest number of eligible patients.Non-small-cell lung cancer(n=180022,7.70%),hepatocellular carcinoma(n=75648,3.24%),and small-cell lung cancer(n=64362,2.75%)were the top three cancer types with the highest number of responders.In conclusion,ICIs provide considerable benefit in Chinese cancer patients under optimal estimation.

Antiviral Therapy Eligibility and Low Treatment Coverage among Hepatitis B Virus Infected Patients in Tanzania

Introduction: Limited access to treatment is a crucial factor contributing to the suboptimal control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, especially in sub-Saharan African countries such as Tanzania. The eligibility for antiviral therapy is typically determined based on the extent of HBV replication and liver damage. However, there is insufficient data available regarding the actual treatment needs and the overall characteristics of HBV-infected individuals in Tanzania. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill this knowledge gap and provide valuable insights to aid in the planning of treatment programs. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at Bugando Medical Centre in northwest Tanzania, examining the data of 340 patients who were diagnosed with chronic HBV infection and attending the hepatitis clinic. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, and investigation details were collected through electronic files and subsequently analyzed. The eligibility for HBV antiviral treatment was assessed using the criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Out of the 340 patients included in the study, the majorities were males 252 (74.1%) and had a median age of 36 years. Most patients came from outside of Mwanza city. Twenty-percent had significantly elevated alanine transaminase, and over one-third had high DNA levels (>2000 IU/L). The prevalences of liver cirrhosis and significant liver fibrosis were 15% and 15.3%, respectively. None of the patients were on antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. A total of 64 (18.8%) patients met the criteria for treatment eligibility. Male sex, older age, residing outside Mwanza city, and anemia (all with p Conclusion and Recommendations: The significant number of HBV-infected patients is suitable for antiviral therapy but none of them have initiated the treatment. The significance of these findings is to emphasize the need for enhancing hepatitis B services in Tanzania.

Deceased organ donation for transplantation: Challenges and opportunities

Organ transplantation saves thousands of lives every year but the shortage of donors is a major limiting factor to increase transplantation rates. To allow more patients to be transplanted before they die on the waitlist an increase in the number of donors is necessary. Patients with devastating irreversible brain injury, if medically suitable, are potential deceased donors and strategies are needed to successfully convert them into actual donors. Multiple steps in the process of deceased organ donation can be targeted to increase the number of organs suitable for transplant. In this review, after describing this process, we discuss current challenges and potential strategies to expand the pool of deceased donors.

“USPTO关于专利主题适格性的暂行指南”之分析与展望

2014年12月16日,美国专利商标局发布"2014关于专利主题适格性的暂行指南",结合近年来美国最高法院重要的司法判例,提出了新的主题适格性判断流程,并提供了相应的实例分析。本文通过将该指南与USPTO2014年3月发布的"用于确定记载或涉及自然法则、自然现象和/或天然产品的权利要求的主题适格性的指南"进行比较,分析新指南带来的变化,并针对主题适格性问题提出专利保护策略设计的建议,对未来的实践提出展望。

Steganography in binary image by checking data-carrying eligibility of boundary pixels

We present a novel scheme for embedding secret data into a binary image without introducing noticeable artifacts. Unlike some block-based methods, the proposed scheme encodes the secret bits directly into boundary pixels by checking each pixel of the cover image in a pseudo-random order for embedding eligibility. A set of rules ensures correct identification of data-carrying pixels in blind extraction. The proposed scheme does not generate isolated dots, and can incorporate various coding methods such as matrix encoding to further improve the embedding performance. It is shown that up to one fourth of the boundary pixels may be used to carry secret data. Experimental results indicate that the method can achieve good visual quality with fairly large data capacity.

The eligibility criteria,training content,and scope of practice for prescriptive authority for midwives:a modified Delphi study

Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of practice of their prescriptive authority in certain circumstances.The results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of policies on prescriptive authority for midwives.Methods:Based on a literature search and semistructured interviews,a modified Delphi method was first used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultation on eligibility criteria and training content for prescriptive authority for midwives.This stage included nursing experts(20)and medical experts(16)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.Subsequently,consultation on the scope of practice of prescriptive authority for midwives was conducted with nursing experts(18)and medical experts(14)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.The suggestions from the experts were analyzed using statistical methods to confirm the eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority,training content,circumstances,scope of practice for prescriptive authority,and the prescription forms.Results:Among the consulted experts,70.59%(the highest acceptance rate)considered an undergraduate degree to be the minimum educational requirement for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority,85.29%(the highest acceptance rate)considered the supervisor nurse to be the minimum technical position experience necessary for midwives to be eligible for having prescriptive authority,and 50%(the highest acceptance rate)considered 5 years to be the minimum number of years of experience in the specialty for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority.The applicants should at least be practicing at Grade C hospitals,which was the consensus among 91.18%of the consulted experts.Among the consulted experts,100%,100%,97.06%,94.12%,and 94.12%agreed that the applicants should have knowledge in pharmacology,laws and ethics,nursing,diagnostics,and midwifery,respectively.The consulted experts confirmed 22 related course topics and identified 6 specific circumstances in which the midwives could partially practice prescriptive authority,including uterine atony,excessive uterine contraction,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of fetal membranes,normal labor,and neonatal asphyxia.Under these 6 circumstances,the consulted experts commonly agreed that there were 20 medication prescriptions and 13 auxiliary examination prescriptions that could be prescribed by midwives.Of these prescriptions,51.5%were independent prescriptions,30.3%were protocol prescriptions,and the remaining 18.2%were both independent and protocol prescriptions.Conclusions:Midwives who have an undergraduate degree,supervisor nurse position,and 5 years of practice in Grade C hospitals are considered eligible to apply for prescriptive authority.Partial prescriptive authority could be granted after regulated training in fundamental theories and practices,which could improve the independence and professionalism of midwifery.

Trial eligibility in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Does it support clinical practice in underrepresented subgroups?

Although hepatocellular carcinoma is considered a highly lethal malignancy,recent therapeutic advances have been achieved during the last 10 years.This scenario resulted in an unprecedented improvement in survival for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma,almost reaching 20-26 mo of overall survival after first-second line sequential treatment.The advent of the combination of atezolizumab with bevacizumab showed,for the first time,superiority over sorafenib with improvement in overall survival.However,first and second-line trials were correctly based on the premise that a strict selection of patients enhances the power to capture the positive effect of treatment by excluding competing risks for mortality such as liver failure,decompensated cirrhosis or other underlying medical conditions.As a result,the inclusion criteria used in clinical trials do not support the use of novel therapies in several real-world scenarios involving underrepresented subgroups,such as patients with unpreserved liver function,other comorbid conditions,a history of solid-organ transplantation,autoimmune disorders and those with a high risk of bleeding.The present text aims at discussing treatment strategies in these subgroups.

Potential role of an athlete-focused echocardiogram in sports eligibility

Sudden cardiac death(SCD)of an athlete is a rare but tragic event and sport activity might play a trigger role in athletes with underlying structural or electrical heart diseases.Preparticipation screenings(PPs)have been conceived for the potential to prevent SCD in young athletes by early identification of cardiac diseases.The European Society of Cardiology protocol for PPs includes history collection,physical examination and baseline electrocardiogram,while further examinations are reserved to individuals with abnormalities at first-line evaluation.Nevertheless,transthoracic echocardiography has been hypothesized to have a primary role in the PPs.This review aims to describe how to approach an athlete-focused echocardiogram,highlighting what is crucial to focus on for the different diseases(cardiomyopathies,valvulopathies,congenital heart disease,myocarditis and pericarditis)and when is needed to pay attention to overlap diagnostic zone(“grey zone”)with the athlete's heart.Once properly tested,focused echocardiography by sports medicine physicians may become standard practice in larger screening practices,potentially available during first-line evaluation.

AI Inventions: The Best Mode Requirement, Is It up for Redefinition, Minimizing Potential Innovation Bias and Optimizing Visual Aids?

From the author, there are not less than a dozen of rather significant recent publications in scientific editions anticipating some aspects of importance to innovation such as “bigger data”, AI, IP, and frontier technology with a central massive contribution in 2020 on AI, IP, and EI. Nonetheless, the IP associated with AI remains still barely covered in scientific publications. Especially patent discussion tends to be rather a legal matter. Another trilogy, 2013, “Business Strategy-IP Strategy-R&D Strategy: An All-in-One Business Model” proposed by the author, marked the advent, and customized implementation of a new strategy level. After the two trilogies’ volumes, the AI-IP “accessibility” chapter was a logical step brought to the attention of a larger public by the author. The time now to bring to light another chapter, namely the IP eligibility of AI innovation steps in ad hoc inventions. The main objectives of this short, principally illustrated communication, are to: 1) Revise the best mode requirement status, i.e. the best way to enable the reproducibility of claimed matter, reviewing its need for improvement when AI is involved. And proposing a unique sequence of evolution inspired by IP’s current and evolving practices. 2) Give a new dimension to visual aids to help the Best Mode description, demystify AI complexity, and underline frontier traits that may hinder a confident adoption or well-argued rejection. 3) Further illustrations take into account the fact that IoT, AI, and 3D can be simpler than perceived. 4) Finally ATA©, Adjacent Technology Analysis, is timely refreshed in a unique challenging, indeed tumultuous, environment. 5) Bias, such as semantic ones is consistently monitored. 6) Overall leaving space for innovative pleasurable interpretation. The emphasis is on educational, illustrative and demonstrative value.

飞行人员住院疾病谱分析

飞行人员是航空兵部队战斗力的主体,研究飞行人员住院疾病谱的构成及演变对于掌握新时期航卫工作特点规律有着重要的意义.我们统计分析了2008-2012年在我院住院飞行人员的疾病谱,并根据年度、机种及飞行时间进行分组,统计分析疾病谱的流行趋势、机种及飞行时间对疾病谱构成的影响,为新时期航卫保障提供参考依据.

飞行员改装体检疾病谱分析

歼（强）击机飞行员是空军战斗力的主体，及时掌握了解歼击机飞行员的身体状况，对于做好航卫保障工作有重要的意义。我们对2009年在我科进行改装体检的100名飞行员病历资料进行统计分析，为新时期航卫保障提供参考依据。一。

飞行人员强直性脊柱炎五例

一、临床资料 例1,患者,男性,47岁,运-7飞行员,飞行时间4000 h.高血压病史1年.2007年底开始出现腰骶部疼痛,伴晨起腰部僵硬感,活动后好转,严重时疼痛影响睡眠.2008年7月入我院,查体:脊柱四肢无畸形,活动无受限,骶髂部压痛(+),余未见异常.人院后查血沉、抗“O”和类风湿因子正常,HLA-B 27阳性;骶髂关节X片示:双侧骶髂关节面硬化,关节腔无狭窄;骶髂关节CT未见异常.疑似强直性脊柱炎,飞行暂时不合格出院.地面观察6个月后于2008年12月返院复查,主诉同前,查体同前.骶髂关节CT及MRI示:双侧骶髂关节髂骨面骨皮质略增厚.诊断:强直性脊柱炎.因该患者合并高血压病,最终结论:飞行不合格.

飞行人员脑海绵状血管瘤放飞一例

一、临床资料 患者，男性，40岁，运输机通信教员，飞行时间2000h。2011年11月，因腹泻在解放军第二一一医院住院，查头颅CT发现左侧脑室后角旁大小约1CITI异常密度增高影。进一步检查头颅MRI，提示异常结节影。影像学考虑为“海绵状血管瘤”。患者无任何不适。20u年12月，为进一步诊治及明确结论转送我院。经头颅MRI证实左侧侧脑室后角旁海绵状血管瘤存在。神经外科会诊后认为海绵状血管瘤位置较深，手术风险大，且无症状，不必手术。

招飞体检69例心电图单纯电轴偏移的检查及鉴定结果

心电轴偏移是招飞体检心电图(electrocardiogram,ecg)检查主要淘汰原因之一[1-2] .做好心电轴偏移受检者的健康合格鉴定,有利于提高招飞质量和体检合格率.我们对2004～2008年华北地区招飞体检中进入ecg检测,并因心电轴偏移超标而被淘汰的69人进行胸部x线片、左右心室的影像学检查,现将检查结果报告如下:

高性能战斗机飞行员颅内蛛网膜囊肿一例

一、临床资料 患者男性, 38岁,高性能战斗机飞行员,飞行时间1700 h.2003年8月在海军总医院改装高性能战斗机体检时,头颅MRI检查示：左侧中颅窝蛛网膜囊肿,大小约5.0 cm×3.6 cm×3.4 cm,无不适主诉,无头痛、癫痫等病史,各项常规检查和脑电图正常,高空及加速度耐力良好,前庭功能正常,结论为改装合格.

飞行员腰椎许莫氏结节X线分析

许莫氏结节是椎间盘组织经断裂的软骨终板疝入椎体内形成的软骨结节,典型的许莫氏结节多为体检时偶然发现,没有临床症状.飞行员患腰椎许莫氏结节,虽无明显临床症状,但许莫氏结节形成可能会影响腰椎椎间盘的黏弹性,从而影响飞行员抗荷、抗振动的能力,加速腰椎、椎间盘的退变而引起临床症状.现将我中心2012年以来检出的50名飞行员腰椎无痛性许莫氏结节X线资料分析如下.