基于BIOME-BGC模型的红壤丘陵区湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林GPP和NPP

应用生物地球化学模型BIOME-BGC模型估算了1993～2004年红壤丘陵区湿地松林总第一性生产力(GPP)、净第一性生产力(NPP),并分析GPP、NPP年际变化对气候的响应以及未来气候变化情景下GPP、NPP的响应。结果表明,湿地松林1993～2004年GPP、NPP的总量变化波动于1777～2160g Cm-2a-1之间和453～828gCm-2a-1之间,平均值分别为1941g Cm-2a-1和695gCm-2a-1。在研究时段内,GPP、NPP有缓慢增长趋势,GPP、NPP总量平均值从1990年代初期(1993～1996年)的1826、687gCm-2a-1上升到21世纪初期(2001～2004年)的2026、693gCm-2a-1。这主要是由于研究时段内GPP、NPP对降水缓慢增长的正响应造成的。未来气候变化情景分析表明,CO2浓度倍增不利于湿地松林GPP、NPP的增长,但均不超过1.5%。在CO2浓度不增加条件下,GPP正向响应了降水单独变化和温度升高1.5℃且降水增加情景,正向响应NPP的情景条件是降水的单独变化;当CO2浓度倍增和气候改变时,预测的GPP正向响应了降水的变化,同时正向响应了温度升高1.5℃且降水变化;正向响应NPP的情景条件是降水的变化。

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)挥发性化学物质的昼夜节律释放

用TCT-GC/MS分析了马尾松、湿地松挥发性有机化合物的昼夜节律变化。结果表明:马尾松昼夜节律中检测到的挥发物主要是萜烯类化合物,其中单萜种类最多,且α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量约占整个挥发物的80%,其次是含氧化合物等。这些挥发物的释放高峰多数在10:30,少数在1:30;整个变化中有两个低峰期,即13:30和22:30。湿地松中检测到的挥发物组分与马尾松相似,多数释放高峰在12:00~15:00之间;另一些在6:00;α-蒎烯的释放高峰在3:00,而此时其它挥发性化合物的释放量最低。挥发物的释放也受到外界环境的影响,一定范围内随着温度的升高、湿度的减小,其释放量增加。

湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)的生态生物学特征

湿地松具有抗旱耐瘠薄、早期生长快的特点，因而被广泛引种并常用作植被恢复的先锋树种。通过广东省鹤山丘陵综合试验站的研究发现，湿地松纯林后期生长较慢，群落结构简单，生物多样性指数偏低，较易发生病虫害；湿地松落叶养分含量低，分解慢，不利于植被恢复过程中土壤肥力的提高。因此应根据不同目的营造不同类型的湿地松人工纯林或混交林，并对现有大面积的湿地松纯林进行林分改造。

施氮对湿地松(Pinus elliottii)林土壤呼吸和相关因子的影响

人类活动引起陆地生态系统氮输入水平持续升高,对全球碳循环产生影响。为探究氮素对土壤呼吸的影响,2010年6月至2012年1月,采用氮添加试验对亚热带湿地松林的土壤呼吸进行了研究。试验共设置4种氮添加水平:对照CK,0 g m^(-2)a^(-1);低氮LN,5g m^(-2)a^(-1);中氮MN,15 g m^(-2)a^(-1);高氮HN,30 g m^(-2)a^(-1);每月上、下旬采用Li-cor 8100测定土壤呼吸速率。结果表明:(1)氮添加对土壤呼吸有着显著的抑制作用,LN、MN和HN处理的土壤呼吸年累积量较CK处理分别降低了26.6%、23.7%和29.5%,而施氮处理间的土壤呼吸无显著差异;(2)林分生长期间(6-9月),施氮第1年的土壤呼吸所受抑制作用显著高于第2年同期的水平,显示施氮对土壤呼吸的影响随时间的推移而降低;(3)湿地松林土壤呼吸存在明显的季节动态,最大值出现在8月(356.32 mgCO_2 m^(-2)h^(-1)),最小值出现在1月(99.12 mg CO_2 m^(-2)h^(-1)),施氮处理并不改变土壤呼吸的季节性变化规律;(4)CK处理林分中,土壤呼吸与土壤温度间存在极显著的指数关系,而与土壤湿度无显著相关。施氮处理没有改变土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间的相互关系,但抑制了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10));(5)施氮处理显著减少了林分凋落物量、土壤微生物碳、氮量,并轻微抑制了细根生物量,这些改变导致了土壤呼吸的下降。上述结果表明施氮会显著抑制亚热带湿地松林的土壤呼吸速率,而这种抑制作用将随着时间的推移而降低。

QTL detection for growth traits in Pinus elliottii var. elliottii and P. caribaea var. hondurensis

Quantitative trait locus （QTL） detection was carried out for growth traits in 122 F1 progenies of Pinus elliottiivar. elliottii （PEE） x tR caribaea var. hondurensis （PCH） hybrid. The PCH male parent linkage map contained 108 mark- ers in 16 linkage groups, while the PEE female parent contained 93 markers in 19 linkage groups. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP）, microsatellite （SSR）, expressed sequence tag polymorphism （ESTP） and inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） were selected from an existing linkage map. Growth traits investigated were height at age five （HT05） and six years （HT06）, diameter at breast height at age five （DBH05） and six years （DBH06） and annual growth from age five to six years of height （AGHT） and diameter at breast height （AGDBH）. KruskaI-Wallis and interval mapping approaches were used to estimate levels of significance, the number of QTLs, the percentage of the phenotypic varia- tion explained by each of QTLs and their positions on the genetic linkage maps. Twenty six QTLs with significance levels p 〈 0.05 were detected on the parental maps for the six growth traits, which explained more than 15% of the phenotypic variation, suggesting an existence of major-effect genes. Several QTLs had the pleiotropy controlling more than one sin- gle growth trait. Overall, the proportion of phenotypic variation explained by QTLs ranged from 5.9% to 40.6% for HT05 and HT06, from 6.6% to 42.0% for DBH05 and DBH06 and from 5.8% to 22.3% for AGHT and AGDBH. The results from this study provide a basis for marker-aided selection （MAS） in PEE x PCH hybrids.

Benefit Assessment on Early Tapping of Pinus elliottii

The early growth of Pinus elliottii is rapid,so how to make Pinus elliottii generate economic benefit as quickly as possible is becoming increasing important.We conduct tapping test on man-made forest of perennial Pinus elliottii in Huashan forest farm,Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County,Hechi City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.The results show that the economic benefit of early tapping of Pinus elliottii is obvious,with high profitability;NPV(16 089.13)and IRR(39.2%)of forest stand tapped are much higher than that of forest stand not tapped;at the same time,it can bring considerable demand for labor,with good social benefits;tapping has a certain effect on the growth of Pinus elliottii,and turpentine production is closely related to the trunk diameter.

AM Fungi and Piriformospora indica Improve Plant Growth of Pinus elliottii Seedlings

Pinus elliottii is an exotic afforestation pine extensively distributed in southern parts of China.In order to understand whether endophytic fungi can affect seedling growth of P.elliottii,Piriformospora indica(Pi),Funnelifcrmis mosseae(Fm),and Diversispora tortuosa(Dt)were inoculated respectively,and the non-inoculated group was set as control.The growth indexes,the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein,and plant endogenous hormone levels in the leaves of P.elliottii,were analyzed.The results showed that Fm,Dt and Pi colonized the P.elliottii roots to form mycorrhizal structure and chlamydospores arranged in beads respectively.Three fungal inoculants exhibited the stimulated growth responses,whilst Dt illustrated the most positive effect on plant height,single fresh weight,trunk diameter and root system structure,compared with the control.On the other hand,the soluble sugar and soluble protein contents were increased distinctively in mycorrhizal plants.The endogenous IAA,GA3,ZR contents were increased,while the ABA contents were reduced in mycorrhizal plants versus non-mycorrhizal plants.The fungi-induced endogenous hormone changes triggered plant growth improvement of P.elliottii seedlings.This research unraveled the positive effect of AM fungi and P.indica on growth of pine seedlings,while,more application of endophytic fungi to fields needs to be explored.

Monthly Changes in the Resin Yield of Semi-sib Families of Pinus elliottii

Monthly changes in the resin yield of semi-sib families of Pinus elliottii during 2013-2015 were studied.The results showed that from April to October,the resin yield of the P.elliottii families was the lowest in April and the highest in July.There were significant differences between various families in terms of resin yield.The change of resin yield was closely related to temperature,and the higher the temperature was,the higher the resin yield was.P.elliottii mainly produced resin from June to September.

Heritability Analysis of Growth Traits and Selection of Semi-sib Families of Pinus elliottii

Growth traits of semi-sib families of Pinus elliottii were studied.The results showed that there were extremely significant differences between the P.elliottii families in terms of tree height,DBH and volume( P < 0.01),and the families could be selected effectively.Both family heritability and single plant heritability of growth traits of P.elliottii were high.The family heritability of tree height,DBH and volume was 0.799,0.779 and 0.770 respectively,and their single plant heritability was 0.683,0.829 and 0.742 respectively.Among them,the family heritability of tree height was the highest,while the single plant heritability of DBH was the highest.The Duncan analysis of growth traits of the P.elliottii families revealed that families 12,7,15,4 and 6 were superior families and can be used as high-yield families.

Study on Pinus elliottii Plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm of Jingmen City

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the ecological and economic benefits of Pinus elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm, Jingmen City. [Methods] P. elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm in Jingmen City were selected as the research object, and the appearance and quantitative characteristics of P. elliottii community were studied and analyzed by a sampling method. [Results] Phanerophytes were the most in the P. elliottii community, accounting for 50%. In the community, except P. elliottii, the importance values of native plants were higher. The order of species diversity of P. elliottii community in Pengchang Forest Farm was herb layer, tree layer and shrub layer. The stress resistance of the community was weak, and strong intraspecific competition existed in P. elliottii. It is recommended to thin P. elliottii trees with insufficient lighting, poor growth potential and severely damaged tree body, and interplant Phoebe zhennan after thinning the P. elliottii plantations, so as to create a coniferous and broad-leaved evergreen mixed forest. [Conclusions] This study provides scientific support for thinning, tending, and forest management of P. elliottii plantations.

Antifungal Activity of Oleoresin and Fractions of Pinus elliottii Engelm and Pinus tropicalis against Phytopathogens

Microorganism resistance to the existing products is yet another difficulty that agriculturalists have to deal with. In this context, the search for new agricultural products that can fight phytopathogens has become increasingly important. Plants have played an important role in this process, because they can serve as a source of new compounds for drug discovery. Plants belonging to the genus Pinus produce an oleoresin that protects the plant against herbivores and pathogens. With a view to developing products that can combat fungal pathogens without harming the environment, this work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oleoresins and fractions of Pinus elliottii Engelm and Pinus tropicalis against phytopathogens. The methodology based on NCCLS M38-A standards aided antifungal activity assessment. The microdilution method helped to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). The oleoresins of P. elliottii and P. tropicalis afforded the most significant results—they displayed fungicidal activity against all the tested species. MIC values were promising, especially the MIC of the oleoresin of P. elliottii against S. rolfsii (1.95 μg·mL-1). The MIC values of the oleoresins of P. elliottii and P. tropicalis ranged from 1.95 to 1000 μg·mL-1 and from 31.25 to 250 μg·mL-1, respectively. Fraction PT2 of P. tropicalis furnished the best results among all the assayed fractions: MIC values lay between 125 and 500 μg·mL-11. In conclusion, the oleoresin of P. tropicalis is a promising source of new antifungal agents for application in the treatment of phytopathogenic infections.

Growth Responses of Young Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) to N, P and K Fertilizers in Red-Yellow Soil in Jiangxi Province, China

During 1991-1995,the growth responses of young slash pine to N,P and K fertilizers and rational rate and ration of fertilizer in yellow-red soil at Fengshushan Forest Farm Jiangxi Province were studied.N fertilizer decreased the growth of slash pine,while P no only significanlty improved the increment of bottom diameter,height and crown diameter,but also caused earlier canopy closure of the stand.It also had a sustainable effect in the next two years.Slash pine had the most significant response to the treatment of 200 kg P2O5 ha^-1 ,in which tree height,bottom diameter and crown diameter(EW and SN) were increased by 22%,35%,20% and 18% i 1994,21%,25%,10% and 10% in 1995,respectively,compared to the control.Although there was no remarkable response to K fertilizer,good growth response to the application of 100 kg P2O5 plus 100 kg K2O ha^-1 existed and tree hieght ,bottom diameter and rown diameter(EW and SN ) were increased by 31%,14%,23% and 21%,respectively,in 1993 ,compared to the control.

湿地松无性系松脂组分分析及评价

为从湿地松种子园现有的速生材用无性系中选择产脂力强、松脂品质高的优良无性系,并高效利用湿地松良种资源。该研究以湿地松第一代种子园内36个无性系为材料,测定其树脂质量流速以及胸径生长量,进一步采用GC-MS分析其松脂组分,并基于上述指标利用相关性分析、聚类分析对参试的36个无性系进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)共鉴别出了21种松脂成分,包括8种单萜成分和13种二萜成分。(2)相关性分析显示,树脂质量流速(RMR)与单萜含量显著正相关,与枞酸型树脂酸呈弱的负相关,与海松酸型树脂酸无明显关联。(3)从松节油含量、树脂质量流速、枞酸型树脂酸、海松酸型树脂酸4个维度对参试无性系进行聚类分析,可将36个无性系分为三大类,并且各类型间差异显著,第1类的表现要远好于其他两类。(4)在产脂力高的基础上,6-44、4-11-1、1-38、3-64四个无性系单萜含量高,4-11-1、3-64、2-0420、3-468四个无性系海松酸型树脂酸含量高,而无性系2-173枞酸型树脂酸含量较高。该研究定性分析了湿地松的松脂组分,定量评估了36个无性系的产脂力与组分含量,为湿地松脂用无性系的选择奠定了基础。

湘西石漠化区湿地松-马褂木人工混交林林分结构及土壤理化性质研究

为探究湘西石漠化区湿地松-马褂木人工混交林林分结构及土壤理化性质,该研究以湘西石漠化地区湿地松-马褂木人工针阔混交林为对象,利用植物群落学分析和野外取样检测的方法,分析林分结构和土壤理化性质,运用Winklemass 1.0计算林分空间结构参数,并用三维离散随机变量分析了优势种的空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)林分内胸径(DBH)≥2 cm的林木株数为897 plants·hm^(-2),隶属于15科16属。主林层为湿地松,平均DBH为32.3 cm,重要值为44.2%;次林层为阔叶树,中幼龄林木居多,其中樟树、马褂木为优势树种,重要值分别为17.1%和13.2%。此外,还存在较多处于劣势生态位的天然更新种。(2)林木的水平分布格局偏向于随机分布(W=0.503);林分整体趋向于中庸偏劣势过渡的态势(U=0.505);种间隔离程度较高(M=0.689),林木混交状况良好。空间结构参数的三维离散随机变量表明,湿地松87.3%为优势和亚优势,马褂木41.7%为亚优势、26.9%为中庸态势,樟树23.5%为中庸态势、56.8%为劣势和绝对劣势。(3)林分土壤pH值趋于中性;与撂荒地相比,林分土壤的容重、持水量、孔隙度、有机碳、全钾、全氮、全磷等因子均明显改善,但整体而言,林分土壤仍然较为贫瘠,局部土壤紧实,保水能力差。综上表明,湿地松、马褂木作为先锋树种生长43年后,林分有向异龄林、强度混交林演替的趋势;林分内中幼龄阔叶树株数占比较大,近熟林出现断层,老龄针叶树占据优势生态区位,需抽针补阔、间针育阔,择伐劣势木,促使林分向阳生性阔叶树为主、中生性和耐阴性阔叶树为次的林分结构演替。该研究结果为湘西石漠化区的植被恢复、人工林结构优化和土壤改良提供了理论依据。

杉木和湿地松容器育苗轻基质配方优选

为了降低容器育苗轻基质成本,提高林区易获取轻基质比例,将泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩、发酵牛粪、发酵松鳞、发酵木屑、砻糠按不同体积比配制成7种不同配方基质,每立方米基质施加N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为18%、6%和12%的控释肥4 kg,研究其对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata和湿地松Pinus elliottii 1年生实生容器苗成活率和生长量的影响。结果表明,不同配方基质对1年生实生容器苗苗高、地径生长量和成活率均有显著影响,综合生长性状和成本,筛选出适合培育1年生杉木和湿地松实生容器苗的最优基质配方均为泥炭∶珍珠岩∶发酵牛粪∶发酵木屑∶发酵松鳞=0.3∶0.1∶0.2∶0.15∶0.25。尽管筛选的配方与传统配方(泥炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=0.4∶0.3∶0.3)在苗木生长量和成活率上没有显著差异,但育苗成本降低了25%。以上研究结果可为南方地区杉木和湿地松容器苗高效培育提供理论指导。

不同松树树种段木栽培茯苓产量对林分郁闭度的响应

【目的】探明林分郁闭度和不同松树树种段木组合栽培对茯苓产量的影响,为提高茯苓栽培产量提供科学依据。【方法】以茯苓为研究对象,选择低、中、高3种郁闭度林分,分别采用湿地松、马尾松和火炬松3种松树段木栽培茯苓,考察松树不同松种与林分郁闭度组合处理茯苓菌核个数、单个鲜重和总鲜重,通过方差分析和多重比较筛选树种与林分郁闭度的最佳搭配方案。【结果】湿地松段木栽培茯苓水溶性多糖含量为0.49%,马尾松和火炬松段木栽培均为0.26%。湿地松和马尾松段木栽培,中郁闭度林分茯苓单个鲜重和总鲜重显著高于低郁闭度;火炬松段木栽培,高郁闭度林分茯苓总鲜重低于中郁闭度且显著低于低郁闭度。【结论】湿地松、马尾松和火炬松3种松树段木栽培的茯苓综合品质良好,其中,以湿地松段木栽培茯苓的可溶性多糖含量最高。3种郁闭度林分环境下最佳段木栽培搭配方式:低郁闭度林分+火炬松段木,中/高郁闭度林分+湿地松或马尾松段木。

湿加松TIFY基因家族的鉴定、分类与分析

湿加松Pinus elliottii×P.caribaea产脂量高、干形通直、抗逆性强,是我国南方重要的脂材两用人工林造林树种。TIFY基因家族在植物中广泛存在,在植物的生长发育、应对非生物胁迫和激素信号转导网络调控中发挥着重要作用。为了研究TIFY基因家族在湿加松割脂过程中的作用,利用生物信息学方法,在湿加松割脂处理转录组中共鉴定出67个TIFY基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、基因特征、系统进化关系、保守基序、保守结构域及表达模式进行分析。理化性质分析表明,湿加松TIFY蛋白在蛋白质长度、等电点、不稳定性指数等均存在差异,均为亲水性蛋白。亚细胞定位预测表明,多数(60个)TIFY蛋白均定位于细胞核。跨膜结构预测表明,TIFY蛋白均不含有跨膜结构。通过多序列比对和系统进化树结果,将这些成员划分为4个亚家族,包括TIFY(18个)、ZML(7个)、PPD(2个)和JAZ(40个)。保守基序和保守结构域分析结果表明,每个TIFY转录因子都至少有一个TIFY结构域,不同亚家族间有不同的结构域和保守基序特点。基因表达分析显示,56.73%的PpTIFY基因家族成员具有显著表达变化,主要表现为差异上调表达,表明PpTIFY基因家族可能参与应对响应割脂胁迫和树脂生物合成的转录调控。

湿地松太空诱变育种及优株选择

为缩短湿地松良种选育周期,探索湿地松种子太空诱变育种效果,湖南茂源林业有限责任公司将600粒湿地松0-1027号优良家系种子搭载“神州八号”飞船,经过16 d共397 h太空辐射诱变后,与600粒对照种子一起播种育苗,获得太空诱变苗268株,对照苗358株,造林后连续9年对其生长性状进行调查与分析。结果表明:造林第9年,诱变组单株材积高于对照组单株材积均值的有76株,高于对照组单株材积最大值的有12株。共选择出7株湿地松优良变异株,其单株材积、胸径、树高较对照组均值分别大110.5%~139.4%、28.7%~41.1%、25.7%~41.5%,较对照组最大值分别大18.9%~33.9%、2.6%~12.5%、1.1%~22.7%。

湿地松无性系种子园结实性状初步分析

以荆门市彭场林场湿地松无性系种子园为研究对象,对无性系结实性状进行调查,分析不同无性系间结实性状的差异性,并筛选出高结实无性系,为湿地松种子园去劣留优疏伐提供参考。结果表明:不同无性系间球果长度、球果直径、单个鲜果重和单株球果总产量均存在极显著差异,单株产种量存在显著差异,而单果出种量的差异不显著。利用单株产种量开展优良无性系的初步选择,选出排名前3位的高结实无性系,为现阶段优良无性系初步筛选提供依据。

湿地松连作对土壤肥力及其生长量的影响

为了研究连作对湿地松纯林土壤肥力及林分生产力的影响,以湖北省荆门市彭场林场中湿地松人工林为研究对象,调查并分析连作林分和非连作林分林地土壤养分含量变化和林木生长量及根系差异。结果表明:0~10 cm土层中非连作林分土壤氮、磷、有机质含量均高于连作林分,>10~20 cm土层中非连作林分土壤的氮和磷含量高于连作林分;非连作林分林木根的长度和表面积均高于连作林分;利用解析木数据拟合林木树高、胸径和单株材积生长曲线,15 a前连作和非连作林分的树高和胸径没有明显差异,但非连作林分的单株材积高于连作林分,而25 a时,非连作林分的胸径和单株材积明显高于连作林分。可见,湿地松连作会导致土壤肥力退化,林分生产力下降,对于连作林分土壤肥力维持至关重要。